Wireless IoT Protocols and Implementations

Protocol	Frequency	Range	Data Rate	Security Features	Common Use Cases
Zigbee	2.4 GHz	10-100 meters	250 kbps	AES-128 encryption, application layer security	Home automation, smart energy
Z-Wave	800-900 MHz	30-100 meters	9.6-100 kbps	AES-128 encryption, application layer security	Home automation, healthcare
Wi-Fi	2.4 & 5 GHz	50+ meters	Up to 6000 Mbps	WPA3, WPA2, WEP, AES encryption, Enterprise security options	High bandwidth applications, home networks
Bluetooth (incl. BLE)	2.4 GHz	1-100 meters	1-3 Mbps (BLE)	AES-128 encryption, application layer security, ECDH for key exchange	Wearables, healthcare, smart homes
LoRaWAN	Various (sub-GHz)	2-5 km (urban), 15+ km (rural)	0.3-50 kbps	AES-128 encryption, end-to-end encryption	Smart cities, agricultural sensors
Sigfox	Sub-GHz	30-50 km	100-600 bps	AES-128 encryption	Low-power applications, asset tracking
NB-IoT	Sub-GHz	1-10 km	250 kbps	E2E encryption, SIM-based security, secure boot	Smart meters, smart city infrastructure
LTE-M (LTE Cat-M1)	Sub-GHz	1-10 km	1 Mbps	E2E encryption, SIM-based security, secure boot	Wearables, vehicle tracking
Thread	2.4 GHz	10-30 meters	250 kbps	AES encryption, secure mesh networking, device authentication	Connected home, security systems
MQTT	-	Depends on network	Depends on network	TLS/SSL support, username/password, ACLs for permissions	Remote sensors, home automation, messaging
CoAP	-	Depends on network	Depends on network	DTLS for security, supports TLS for TCP	Smart homes, energy management

Frequency: The radio frequency at which the protocol operates.
Range: The typical communication range between devices.
Data Rate: The maximum achievable data transmission speed.
Security Features:
- AES-128 encryption: A symmetric key encryption standard that provides good security.
- WPA3/WPA2: Security protocols for Wi-Fi networks, with WPA3 being the latest and most secure.
- ECDH: Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman, a secure key exchange protocol.
- SIM-based security: Utilizes the SIM card for secure key storage and authentication.
- Secure boot: Ensures the device boots using only software that is trusted by the device manufacturer.
- TLS/SSL: Protocols for securing data communications over networks.
- DTLS: Datagram Transport Layer Security, a derivative of TLS designed for datagram protocols.
- ACLs: Access Control Lists, which specify which users or system processes are granted access to objects.