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144 lines
6.9 KiB
Markdown
144 lines
6.9 KiB
Markdown
# Insecure Direct Object References
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> Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) is a security vulnerability that occurs when an application allows users to directly access or modify objects (such as files, database records, or URLs) based on user-supplied input, without sufficient access controls. This means that if a user changes a parameter value (like an ID) in a URL or API request, they might be able to access or manipulate data that they aren’t authorized to see or modify.
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## Summary
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* [Tools](#tools)
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* [Methodology](#methodology)
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* [Numeric Value Parameter](#numeric-value-parameter)
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* [Common Identifiers Parameter](#common-identifiers-parameter)
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* [Weak Pseudo Random Number Generator](#weak-pseudo-random-number-generator)
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* [Hashed Parameter](#hashed-parameter)
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* [Wildcard Parameter](#wildcard-parameter)
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* [IDOR Tips](#idor-tips)
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* [Labs](#labs)
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* [References](#references)
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## Tools
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- [PortSwigger/BApp Store > Authz](https://portswigger.net/bappstore/4316cc18ac5f434884b2089831c7d19e)
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- [PortSwigger/BApp Store > AuthMatrix](https://portswigger.net/bappstore/30d8ee9f40c041b0bfec67441aad158e)
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- [PortSwigger/BApp Store > Autorize](https://portswigger.net/bappstore/f9bbac8c4acf4aefa4d7dc92a991af2f)
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## Methodology
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IDOR stands for Insecure Direct Object Reference. It's a type of security vulnerability that arises when an application provides direct access to objects based on user-supplied input. As a result, attackers can bypass authorization and access resources in the system directly, potentially leading to unauthorized information disclosure, modification, or deletion.
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**Example of IDOR**
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Imagine a web application that allows users to view their profile by clicking a link `https://example.com/profile?user_id=123`:
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```php
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<?php
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$user_id = $_GET['user_id'];
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$user_info = get_user_info($user_id);
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...
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```
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Here, `user_id=123` is a direct reference to a specific user's profile. If the application doesn't properly check that the logged-in user has the right to view the profile associated with `user_id=123`, an attacker could simply change the `user_id` parameter to view other users' profiles:
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```ps1
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https://example.com/profile?user_id=124
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```
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### Numeric Value Parameter
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Increment and decrement these values to access sensitive information.
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* Decimal value: `287789`, `287790`, `287791`, ...
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* Hexadecimal: `0x4642d`, `0x4642e`, `0x4642f`, ...
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* Unix epoch timestamp: `1695574808`, `1695575098`, ...
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**Examples**
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* [HackerOne - IDOR to view User Order Information - meals](https://hackerone.com/reports/287789)
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* [HackerOne - Delete messages via IDOR - naaash](https://hackerone.com/reports/697412)
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### Common Identifiers Parameter
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Some identifiers can be guessed like names and emails, they might grant you access to customer data.
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* Name: `john`, `doe`, `john.doe`, ...
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* Email: `john.doe@mail.com`
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* Base64 encoded value: `am9obi5kb2VAbWFpbC5jb20=`
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**Examples**
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* [HackerOne - Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) - Delete Campaigns - datph4m](https://hackerone.com/reports/1969141)
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### Weak Pseudo Random Number Generator
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* UUID/GUID v1 can be predicted if you know the time they were created: `95f6e264-bb00-11ec-8833-00155d01ef00`
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* MongoDB Object Ids are generated in a predictable manner: `5ae9b90a2c144b9def01ec37`
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* a 4-byte value representing the seconds since the Unix epoch
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* a 3-byte machine identifier
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* a 2-byte process id
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* a 3-byte counter, starting with a random value
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**Examples**
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* [HackerOne - IDOR allowing to read another user's token on the Social Media Ads service - a_d_a_m](https://hackerone.com/reports/1464168)
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* [IDOR through MongoDB Object IDs Prediction](https://techkranti.com/idor-through-mongodb-object-ids-prediction/)
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### Hashed Parameter
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Sometimes we see websites using hashed values to generate a random user id or token, like `sha1(username)`, `md5(email)`, ...
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* MD5: `098f6bcd4621d373cade4e832627b4f6`
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* SHA1: `a94a8fe5ccb19ba61c4c0873d391e987982fbbd3`
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* SHA2: `9f86d081884c7d659a2feaa0c55ad015a3bf4f1b2b0b822cd15d6c15b0f00a08`
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**Examples**
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* [IDOR with Predictable HMAC Generation - DiceCTF 2022 - CryptoCat](https://youtu.be/Og5_5tEg6M0)
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### Wildcard Parameter
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Send a wildcard (`*`, `%`, `.`, `_`) instead of an ID, some backend might respond with the data of all the users.
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* `GET /api/users/* HTTP/1.1`
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* `GET /api/users/% HTTP/1.1`
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* `GET /api/users/_ HTTP/1.1`
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* `GET /api/users/. HTTP/1.1`
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**Examples**
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* [TODO]()
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### IDOR Tips
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* Change the HTTP request: `POST → PUT`
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* Change the content type: `XML → JSON`
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* Transform numerical values to arrays: `{"id":19} → {"id":[19]}`
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* Use Parameter Pollution: `user_id=hacker_id&user_id=victim_id`
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## Labs
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- [PortSwigger - Insecure Direct Object References](https://portswigger.net/web-security/access-control/lab-insecure-direct-object-references)
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## References
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- [From Christmas present in the blockchain to massive bug bounty - Jesse Lakerveld - March 21, 2018](http://web.archive.org/web/20180401130129/https://www.vicompany.nl/magazine/from-christmas-present-in-the-blockchain-to-massive-bug-bounty)
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- [How-To: Find IDOR (Insecure Direct Object Reference) Vulnerabilities for large bounty rewards - Sam Houton - November 9, 2017](https://www.bugcrowd.com/blog/how-to-find-idor-insecure-direct-object-reference-vulnerabilities-for-large-bounty-rewards/)
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- [Hunting Insecure Direct Object Reference Vulnerabilities for Fun and Profit (PART-1) - Mohammed Abdul Raheem - February 2, 2018](https://codeburst.io/hunting-insecure-direct-object-reference-vulnerabilities-for-fun-and-profit-part-1-f338c6a52782)
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- [IDOR - how to predict an identifier? Bug bounty case study - Bug Bounty Reports Explained - September 21, 2023](https://youtu.be/wx5TwS0Dres)
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- [Insecure Direct Object Reference Prevention Cheat Sheet - OWASP - July 31, 2023](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Insecure_Direct_Object_Reference_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet)
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- [Insecure direct object references (IDOR) - PortSwigger - December 25, 2019](https://portswigger.net/web-security/access-control/idor)
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- [Testing for IDORs - PortSwigger - October 29, 2024](https://portswigger.net/burp/documentation/desktop/testing-workflow/access-controls/testing-for-idors)
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- [Testing for Insecure Direct Object References (OTG-AUTHZ-004) - OWASP - August 8, 2014](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_Insecure_Direct_Object_References_(OTG-AUTHZ-004))
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- [The Rise of IDOR - HackerOne - April 2, 2021](https://www.hackerone.com/company-news/rise-idor)
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- [Web to App Phone Notification IDOR to view Everyone's Airbnb Messages - Brett Buerhaus - March 31, 2017](http://buer.haus/2017/03/31/airbnb-web-to-app-phone-notification-idor-to-view-everyones-airbnb-messages/) |