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Rootless mode (Experimental)

Rootless mode allows running BuildKit daemon as a non-root user.

Distribution-specific hint

Using Ubuntu kernel is recommended.

Ubuntu

No preparation is needed.
overlayfs snapshotter is enabled by default (Ubuntu-specific kernel patch).

Debian GNU/Linux

Add kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone=1 to /etc/sysctl.conf (or /etc/sysctl.d) and run sudo sysctl -p
To use overlayfs snapshotter (recommended), run sudo modprobe overlay permit_mounts_in_userns=1 (Debian-specific kernel patch, introduced in Debian 10). Put the configuration to /etc/modprobe.d for persistence.

Arch Linux

Add kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone=1 to /etc/sysctl.conf (or /etc/sysctl.d) and run sudo sysctl -p

Fedora 31 and later

As runc still does not work on cgroup v2 environment like Fedora 31, you need to substitute runc with crun. Run rm -f $(which buildkit-runc) && ln -s $(which crun) /usr/local/bin/buildkit-runc .
If you want to use runc, you need to configure the system to use cgroup v1. Run sudo grubby --update-kernel=ALL --args="systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=0" and reboot.

Fedora 30

No preparation is needed

RHEL/CentOS 8

No preparation is needed

RHEL/CentOS 7

Add user.max_user_namespaces=28633 to /etc/sysctl.conf (or /etc/sysctl.d) and run sudo sysctl -p
Old releases (<= 7.6) require extra configuration steps.

Container-Optimized OS from Google

⚠️ Currently unsupported. See #879.

Known limitations

No support for overlayfs snapshotter, except on Ubuntu and Debian kernels. We are planning to support fuse-overlayfs snapshotter instead for other kernels.
Network mode is always set to network.host.
No support for containerd worker

Running BuildKit in Rootless mode

RootlessKit needs to be installed.

$ rootlesskit buildkitd

$ buildctl --addr unix:///run/user/$UID/buildkit/buildkitd.sock build ...

Containerized deployment

Kubernetes

See ../examples/kubernetes.

Docker

$ docker run --name buildkitd -d --security-opt seccomp=unconfined --security-opt apparmor=unconfined moby/buildkit:rootless --oci-worker-no-process-sandbox
$ buildctl --addr docker-container://buildkitd build ...

About `--oci-worker-no-process-sandbox`

By adding --oci-worker-no-process-sandbox to the buildkitd arguments, BuildKit can be executed in a container without adding --privileged to docker run arguments. However, you still need to pass --security-opt seccomp=unconfined --security-opt apparmor=unconfined to docker run.

Note that --oci-worker-no-process-sandbox allows build executor containers to kill (and potentially ptrace depending on the seccomp configuration) an arbitrary process in the BuildKit daemon container.

To allow running rootless buildkitd without --oci-worker-no-process-sandbox, run docker run with --security-opt systempaths=unconfined. (For Kubernetes, set securityContext.procMount to Unmasked.)

The --security-opt systempaths=unconfined flag disables the masks for the /proc mount in the container and potentially allows reading and writing dangerous kernel files, but it is safe when you are running buildkitd as non-root.

Change UID/GID

The moby/buildkit:rootless image has the following UID/GID configuration:

Actual ID (shown in the host and the BuildKit daemon container)	Mapped ID (shown in build executor containers)
1000	0
100000	1
...	...
165535	65536

$ docker exec buildkitd id
uid=1000(user) gid=1000(user)
$ docker exec buildkitd ps aux
PID   USER     TIME   COMMAND
    1 user       0:00 rootlesskit buildkitd --addr tcp://0.0.0.0:1234
   13 user       0:00 /proc/self/exe buildkitd --addr tcp://0.0.0.0:1234
   21 user       0:00 buildkitd --addr tcp://0.0.0.0:1234
   29 user       0:00 ps aux
$ docker exec cat /etc/subuid
user:100000:65536

To change the UID/GID configuration, you need to modify and build the BuildKit image manually.

$ vi Dockerfile
$ make images
$ docker run ... moby/buildkit:local-rootless ...

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