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<h1 id="spi">SPI</h1>
<p>Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), is a type of communication protocol used primarily in microcontroller-based systems
The controller selects a chip it send and receive information to and from. NOR flash chips with an SPI interface are commonly used as firmware boot chip. SPI has one read and one write line. In QSPI mode, 4 lines are used in parallel.</p>
<p>SPI mainly involves four lines or wires:</p>
<ul>
<li>MOSI (Master Out Slave In): This is the line through which the master sends data to the slave.</li>
<li>MISO (Master In Slave Out): Through this line, the slave sends data back to the master.</li>
<li>SCLK (Serial Clock): This line is like a clock ticking, controlled by the master. It helps in timing the data transfer, ensuring both master and slave are synchronized.</li>
<li>SS (Slave Select)/CS (Chip Select): When the master wants to talk to a particular slave, it uses this line to select the slave.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="interact-via-spi">Interact via SPI</h2>
<p><img alt="HydraBus SPI" src="../../assets/hydra-spi.png" /></p>
<ul>
<li>Connect to HydraBus and communicate via the SPI protocol
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">screen</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyACM0</span> <span class="n">115200</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">spi</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="c"># RDID Read Identification Sequence example</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">0x9f</span> <span class="n">hd</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">3</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="c"># Read data from the beginning of the chip</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">0x03</span> <span class="n">0x00</span> <span class="n">0x00</span> <span class="n">0x00</span> <span class="n">hd</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">1024</span> <span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre></div></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="dump-firmware-via-spi">Dump Firmware via SPI</h2>
<h3 id="dump-using-a-raspberry-pi">Dump using a Raspberry Pi</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">raspi-confi</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">Interface</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">SPI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">P4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="c"># NOTE: might need a press/hold the reset button</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="c"># check</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">flashrom</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">linux</span> <span class="n">spi</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">=/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">spidev0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">spispeed</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">1000</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="c"># dump</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">flashrom</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">linux</span> <span class="n">spi</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">=/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">spidev0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">spispeed</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">1000</span> <span class="n">-r</span> <span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>An ESP8266 and ESP32 have several SPI busses available in hardware, SPI0 is hooked up to it's own internal flash and is not intended for use, but the HSPI and VSPI busses can be used in combination with a SOIC-8 clamp to read from SPI NOR chips. cheap clips have a tendency to jump off the chips, pomona 5250 has a better grip.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">python</span> <span class="p">./</span><span class="n">esptool</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">read_flash</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-spi-connection</span> <span class="n">HSPI</span> <span class="n">0</span> <span class="n">0x400000</span> <span class="n">flash_dump</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="dump-with-hydrabus">Dump with HydraBus</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">flashrom</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-programmer</span> <span class="n">serprog</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">=/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyACM0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">spispeed</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">2M</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="s2">&quot;MX25L12833F&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-progress</span> <span class="n">-r</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="dump-with-buspirate">Dump with BusPirate</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="n">flashrom</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">buspirate_spi</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">=/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyUSB0</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="n">flashrom</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">buspirate_spi</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">=/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyUSB0</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="n">W25Q64</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">V</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="n">flashrom</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">buspirate_spi</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">=/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyUSB0</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="n">W25Q64</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">V</span> <span class="n">-r</span> <span class="n">firmware</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="spiffs">SPIFFS</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="nb">cd </span><span class="p">~/.</span><span class="n">arduino15</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">packages</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">esp32</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tools</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">esptool</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">3</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">python</span> <span class="p">./</span><span class="n">esptool</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyUSB0</span> <span class="n">-b</span> <span class="n">460800</span> <span class="n">read_flash</span> <span class="n">0x300000</span> <span class="n">0x0fb000</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">spiffs</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="nb">cd </span><span class="p">~/.</span><span class="n">arduino15</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">packages</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">esp32</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tools</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">mkspiffs</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">3</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="p">./</span><span class="n">mkspiffs</span> <span class="n">-u</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">256</span> <span class="n">-b</span> <span class="n">8192</span> <span class="n">-s</span> <span class="n">1028096</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">spiffs</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">bin</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="esp32-diagrams">ESP32 Diagrams</h2>
<p>Color coded which pins can be connected from the ESP HSPI pins to an SPI flash. The pink interfaces (DQ1 and DQ2) are optional, they are only used in QSPI mode.</p>
<p align="center">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swisskyrepo/HardwareAllTheThings/master/docs/assets/Esp32.png" style="max-width: 400px;"><br />
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swisskyrepo/HardwareAllTheThings/master/docs/assets/Qspi.png" style="max-width: 400px;">
</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn5zajZ4I5E">Hardware Router CTF - Pen Test Partners - 9 mars 2020</a></li>
</ul>
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