2819 lines
92 KiB
HTML
2819 lines
92 KiB
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://swisskyrepo.github.io/HardwareAllTheThings/firmware/firmware-dumping/">
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<link rel="prev" href="../../enumeration/jtag/">
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<link rel="next" href="../firmware-reverse-engineering/">
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<title>Firmware Dumping - Hardware All The Things</title>
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<style>
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Skip to content
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Hardware All The Things
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Firmware Dumping
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<a href="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/HardwareAllTheThings" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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🔌 Hardware All The Things
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JTAG
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SWD
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UART
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Enumeration
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Chip identification
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</a>
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FCC ID
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JTAG
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</span>
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</a>
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Firmware
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Firmware
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Firmware Dumping
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Firmware Dumping
|
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</span>
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Table of contents
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="#flash-memory-types" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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|
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Flash Memory Types
|
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|
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|
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</a>
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|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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|
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Flash a new firmware into the microcontroller
|
||
|
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</span>
|
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|
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</a>
|
||
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|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#dump-flash-using-debug-port" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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|
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Dump flash using debug port
|
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|
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</span>
|
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|
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#dump-flash-via-spi" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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|
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Dump Flash via SPI
|
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|
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</span>
|
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|
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#convert-ihex-to-elf" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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|
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Convert ihex to elf
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#explore-filesystem" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Explore Filesystem
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Explore Filesystem">
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<a href="#common-filesystem" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Common Filesystem
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</a>
|
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|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#tools" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Tools
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#write-new-firmware" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Write new firmware
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#type-of-firmware" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Type of firmware
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#check-entropy" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Check entropy
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#encrypted-firmware" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Encrypted firmware
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#over-the-air-updates" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Over-the-air updates
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#references" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
References
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../firmware-reverse-engineering/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Firmware Reverse Engineering
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Gadgets
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
Gadgets
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/arduino/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Arduino
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/bruschetta-board/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Bruschetta
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/bus-pirate/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Bus Pirate
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/ch341a/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
CH341A
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/esp32/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
ESP32
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/flipper-zero/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Flipper Zero
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/goodfet/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
GoodFET
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/hydrabus/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
HydraBus
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/hydraflash/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
HydraFlash
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/hydranfc/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
HydraNFC
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/hydrausb3/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
HydraUSB3
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/icopy-x/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
iCopy-X
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/logic-analyzer/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Logic Analyzer
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/m5stack/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Evil M5Core2
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/memory-programmer/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Memory Programmer
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/micro-bit/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Micro::bit
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/proxmark/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Proxmark
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/pwnagotchi/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Pwnagotchi
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../gadgets/raspberry-pi/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Raspberry Pi
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
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|
||
|
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</li>
|
||
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|
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|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Other
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
Other
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../other/default-iot-passwords/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Default IoT Passwords
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
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|
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|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../other/electronic-components/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Electronic Components
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
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|
||
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../other/links-and-hardware-kits/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Links & Hardware Kits
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_7" id="__nav_7_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Protocols
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
Protocols
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/bluetooth/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Bluetooth
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/can/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
CAN Bus
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/dnp3/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
DNP3
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/gps/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
GPS
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/http/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
HTTP
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/i2c/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
I2C
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/lora/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
LoRa
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/mms/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
MMS (IEC 61850)
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/modbus/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Modbus
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/mqtt/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
MQTT
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/ntag215-amiibo/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
NFC - Amiibo
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/signaling-system-7/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
SS7 - Signaling System No. 7
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/spi/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
SPI
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/upnp/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
UPnP
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/usb/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
USB
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/zigbee/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
ZigBee
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
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|
||
|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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||
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||
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||
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|
||
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||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7_17" >
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_7_17" id="__nav_7_17_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Rfid nfc
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_17_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7_17">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
Rfid nfc
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/rfid-nfc/hf-mifare-classic/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
HF - Mifare Classic
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/rfid-nfc/hf-mifare-desfire/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
HF - Mifare DESFire
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/rfid-nfc/hf-mifare-ultralight/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
HF - Mifare UltraLight
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/rfid-nfc/hf-vigik/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
HF - Vigik
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/rfid-nfc/lf-hid-indala/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
LF - HID & Indala
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/rfid-nfc/readme/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
NFC - RFID
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7_18" >
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_7_18" id="__nav_7_18_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Wifi
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_18_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7_18">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
Wifi
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/wifi/wifi-basics/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Wifi - Basics
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/wifi/wifi-corporate/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Wifi - Enterprise Network
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/wifi/wifi-other/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Wifi - Additional Tricks and Tools
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/wifi/wifi-wep/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Wifi - WEP Cracking
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../protocols/wifi/wifi-wpa/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Wifi - WPA Cracking
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Radio frequency
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
Radio frequency
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../radio-frequency/limesdr-bts/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
GSM Network: LimeSDR
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../radio-frequency/sdr/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
SDR
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Secure boot
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
Secure boot
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../secure-boot/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Secure Boot
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Side channel
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
Side channel
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="../../side-channel/fault-injection/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Fault Injection
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
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|
||
|
|
|
||
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|
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|
||
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|
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|
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</ul>
|
||
|
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</nav>
|
||
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|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
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|
||
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
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</div>
|
||
|
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</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
|
||
|
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<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
||
|
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<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
||
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|
||
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|
|
||
|
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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||
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|
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|
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|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
|
Table of contents
|
||
|
|
</label>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#flash-memory-types" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Flash Memory Types
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#flash-a-new-firmware-into-the-microcontroller" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Flash a new firmware into the microcontroller
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#dump-flash-using-debug-port" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Dump flash using debug port
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#dump-flash-via-spi" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Dump Flash via SPI
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#convert-ihex-to-elf" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Convert ihex to elf
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
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<a href="#explore-filesystem" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Explore Filesystem
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Explore Filesystem">
|
||
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#common-filesystem" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Common Filesystem
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#tools" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Tools
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#write-new-firmware" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Write new firmware
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#type-of-firmware" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Type of firmware
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#check-entropy" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Check entropy
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#encrypted-firmware" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Encrypted firmware
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#over-the-air-updates" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
Over-the-air updates
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
|
|
<a href="#references" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
|
References
|
||
|
|
</span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
|
||
|
|
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/HardwareAllTheThings/blob/main/docs/firmware/firmware-dumping.md" title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4zm10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1z"/></svg>
|
||
|
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</a>
|
||
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|
||
|
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|
||
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/HardwareAllTheThings/raw/main/docs/firmware/firmware-dumping.md" title="View source of this page" class="md-content__button md-icon">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 18c.56 0 1 .44 1 1s-.44 1-1 1-1-.44-1-1 .44-1 1-1m0-3c-2.73 0-5.06 1.66-6 4 .94 2.34 3.27 4 6 4s5.06-1.66 6-4c-.94-2.34-3.27-4-6-4m0 6.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5M9.27 20H6V4h7v5h5v4.07c.7.08 1.36.25 2 .49V8l-6-6H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4.5a8.2 8.2 0 0 1-1.23-2"/></svg>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h1 id="firmware-dumping">Firmware Dumping</h1>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="flash-memory-types">Flash Memory Types</h2>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>NOR Flash (SOIC8 package)<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>SPI Flash</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>Mostly error "Fault-free" memory</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>Used for embedded device that need fast execution, but low storage capacity</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>NAND Flash (TSOP48 package)</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>eMMC Flash (BGA{153} package)</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>UFS Universal Flash Storage</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="flash-a-new-firmware-into-the-microcontroller">Flash a new firmware into the microcontroller</h2>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>Using <a href="https://github.com/avrdudes/avrdude">avrdudes/avrdude</a>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c"># send raw data firmware</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">avrdude</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">m328p</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="n">usbasp</span> <span class="n">-P</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyUSB0</span> <span class="n">-b</span> <span class="n">9600</span> <span class="n">-U</span> <span class="n">flash</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">w</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">flash_raw</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="c"># send ihex firmware</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">avrdude</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="n">arduino</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">atmega328p</span> <span class="n">-P</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyUSB</span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="n">-b115200</span> <span class="n">-u</span> <span class="n">-V</span> <span class="n">-U</span> <span class="n">flash</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">w</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">CHALLENGE</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">hex</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">avrdude</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="n">usbasp</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">m328p</span> <span class="o">-F</span> <span class="n">-U</span> <span class="n">flash</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">hex</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">i</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="c"># default</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">avrdude</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="n">usbasp</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">m328p</span> <span class="n">-C</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">etc</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">avrdude</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">conf</span> <span class="n">-U</span> <span class="n">flash</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">w</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">hardcodedPassword</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ino</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">arduino_standard</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">hex</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>Using <a href="https://github.com/raspberrypi/picotool">raspberrypi/picotool</a>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c"># extension indicates the type (bin, uf2)</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">picotool</span> <span class="n">load</span> <span class="n">firmware</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="dump-flash-using-debug-port">Dump flash using debug port</h2>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>Using <a href="https://github.com/avrdudes/avrdude">avrdudes/avrdude</a>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">avrdude</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">m328p</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="n">usbasp</span> <span class="n">-P</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyUSB0</span> <span class="n">-b</span> <span class="n">9600</span> <span class="n">-U</span> <span class="n">flash</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">flash_raw</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">r</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">avrdude</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">m328p</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="n">arduino</span> <span class="n">-P</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyACM0</span> <span class="n">-b</span> <span class="n">115200</span> <span class="n">-U</span> <span class="n">flash</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">flash_raw</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">r</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">avrdude</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">atmega328p</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="n">arduino</span> <span class="n">-P</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyACM0</span> <span class="n">-b</span> <span class="n">115200</span> <span class="n">-D</span> <span class="n">-U</span> <span class="n">flash</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">r </span><span class="o">-F</span> <span class="n">-v</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>Using <a href="https://github.com/openocd-org/openocd">openocd-org/openocd</a></p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>Determine code space in the microcontroller (for example nRF51822 - Micro:bit), save as <code>dump_img.cfg</code>:
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">init</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="n">reset</span> <span class="n">init</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">halt</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="n">dump_image</span> <span class="n">image</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span> <span class="n">0x00000000</span> <span class="n">0x00040000</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="n">exit</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></li>
|
||
|
|
<li>Dump with openocd
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">openocd</span> <span class="o">-f</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">maki</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tools</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">hardware</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">openocd</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tcl</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">interface</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">stlink-v2</span><span class="p">-</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">cfg</span> <span class="o">-f</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">maki</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tools</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">hardware</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">openocd</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tcl</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">nrf51</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">cfg</span> <span class="o">-f</span> <span class="n">dump_fw</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">cfg</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>Using <a href="https://github.com/raspberrypi/picotool">raspberrypi/picotool</a></p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>Build PicoTool, you will need the pico-sdk
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="c"># PicoSDK</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="n">git</span> <span class="n">clone</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">github</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">raspberrypi</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">pico-sdk</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">git</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="nb">cd </span><span class="n">pico-sdk</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="n">git</span> <span class="n">submodule</span> <span class="n">update</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-init</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="c"># Picotool</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7" href="#__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="nb">cd </span><span class="p">..</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8" href="#__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="n">git</span> <span class="n">clone</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">github</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">raspberrypi</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">picotool</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">git</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9" href="#__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="nb">cd </span><span class="n">picotool</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10" href="#__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="n">mkdir</span> <span class="n">build</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11" href="#__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="nb">cd </span><span class="n">build</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12" href="#__codelineno-5-12"></a><span class="n">cmake</span> <span class="n">-DPICO_SDK_PATH</span><span class="p">=../</span><span class="n">pico-sdk</span> <span class="p">..</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13" href="#__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="n">make</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></li>
|
||
|
|
<li>Dump the program or the whole flash memory
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="p">./</span><span class="n">picotool</span> <span class="n">save</span> <span class="o">-F</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="n">Saving</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[==============================]</span> <span class="n">100</span><span class="p">%</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="n">Wrote</span> <span class="n">73312</span> <span class="n">bytes</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="p">./</span><span class="n">picotool</span> <span class="n">save</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-all</span> <span class="o">-F</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">out2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="n">Saving</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[==============================]</span> <span class="n">100</span><span class="p">%</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7" href="#__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="n">Wrote</span> <span class="n">2097152</span> <span class="n">bytes</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">out2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="dump-flash-via-spi">Dump Flash via SPI</h2>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>Using <a href="https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom">flashrom/flashroom</a>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">apt-get</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">build-essential</span> <span class="n">pciutils</span> <span class="n">usbutils</span> <span class="n">libpci-dev</span> <span class="n">libusb-dev</span> <span class="n">libftdi1</span> <span class="n">libftdi-dev</span> <span class="n">zlib1g-dev</span> <span class="n">subversion</span> <span class="n">libusb</span><span class="p">-</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">0</span><span class="p">-</span><span class="n">0-dev</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">svn</span> <span class="n">co</span> <span class="n">svn</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">flashrom</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">org</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">flashrom</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">trunk</span> <span class="n">flashrom</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="nb">cd </span><span class="n">flashrom</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="n">make</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="n">flashrom</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">ft232_spi</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">232h</span> <span class="n">-r</span> <span class="n">spidump</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="n">flashrom</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">linux_spi</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">=/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">spidev0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">spispeed</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">512</span> <span class="n">-r</span> <span class="n">spi_dump</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8" href="#__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="n">flashrom</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">serprog</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">=/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">ttyACM0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">spispeed</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">160k</span> <span class="n">-r</span> <span class="n">dump_spi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="s2">"MX25L6406E/MX25L6408E"</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>Using HydraBus: <a href="https://github.com/hydrabus/hydrafw/blob/master/contrib/hydra_spi_dump/hydra_spi_dump.py">hydrabus/hydrafw/hydra_spi_dump.py</a>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="p">./</span><span class="n">hydra_spi_dump</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">firmware</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span> <span class="n">1024</span> <span class="n">0x000000</span> <span class="n">fast</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="convert-ihex-to-elf">Convert ihex to elf</h2>
|
||
|
|
<blockquote>
|
||
|
|
<p>The Intel HEX is a transitional file format for microcontrollers, (E)PROMs, and other devices. The documentation states that HEXs can be converted to binary files and programmed into a configuration device.</p>
|
||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
||
|
|
<p>Each line in the ihex file starts with :</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>a colon :</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>followed by ONE BYTE = record length</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>followed by TWO BYTES = offset to load</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>followed by ONE BYTE = Record Type</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>Last BYTE in the line = Checksum</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<p>Convert .hex(ihex format) to .elf file with <code>avr-objcopy</code> or with an online tool <a href="http://matrixstorm.com/avr/hextobin/ihexconverter.html">http://matrixstorm.com</a></p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">avr-objcopy</span> <span class="n">-I</span> <span class="n">ihex</span> <span class="n">-O</span> <span class="n">elf32-avr</span> <span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">hex</span> <span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">elf</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="c"># or </span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">objcopy</span> <span class="n">-I</span> <span class="n">ihex</span> <span class="n">chest</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">hex</span> <span class="n">-O</span> <span class="n">binary</span> <span class="n">chest</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span> <span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">xxd</span> <span class="n">chest</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
||
|
|
<p>Alternative with Python <code>bincopy</code></p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">bincopy</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2" href="#__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3" href="#__codelineno-10-3"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4" href="#__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bincopy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BinFile</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5" href="#__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_ihex_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6" href="#__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">as_binary</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
||
|
|
<p>Quick strings on .hex</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="nb">cat </span><span class="n">defaultPassword</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ino</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">arduino_standard</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">hex</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="n">tr</span> <span class="n">-d</span> <span class="s2">":"</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="n">tr</span> <span class="n">-d</span> <span class="s2">"\n"</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="n">xxd</span> <span class="n">-r</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="n">strings</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
||
|
|
<p>Inspect the assembly with <code>avr-objdump -m avr -D chest.hex</code>.\
|
||
|
|
Emulate : <code>qemu-system-avr -S -s -nographic -serial tcp::5678,server=on,wait=off -machine uno -bios chest.bin</code></p>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="explore-filesystem">Explore Filesystem</h2>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="common-filesystem">Common Filesystem</h3>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>SquashFS</strong> : It is a compressed read-only filesystem commonly used in Linux-based Firmware. It provides a good flexibility because it supports creating writable overlay filesystems, allowing changes to be made to the filesystem at runtime.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>CramFS</strong> (Compressed ROM Filesystem) : Simple read-only filesystem, that supports compression.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>ROMFS</strong> (Read-Only Memory Filedystem) : Simple filesystem that is strictly read-only, and do not provide compression support.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>YAFFS/YAFFS2</strong> (Yet Another Flash Filesystem) : This filesystem is specifically designed for NAND Flash memory. In particular, it incorporates ECC management for ensuring data integrity. Filesystem integrity is also maintained by storing metadata redundantly.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>JFFS/JFFS2</strong> (Journalized Flash Filesystem) : This filesystem is also designed for NAND Flash memory. JFFS utilizes a journaling mechanism to track changes to the filesystem, ensuring data consistency and integrity even in the event of sudden power loss or system crashes. It also supports ECC.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>UBIFS</strong> (Unsorted Block Image Filesystem) : UBIFS is a successor to JFFS2 and is optimized for NAND flash memory. It offers improved performance, reliability, and scalability, with features such as compression, encryption, and fast mounting. UBIFS supports multiple partitions.</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<table>
|
||
|
|
<thead>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<th>Filesystem</th>
|
||
|
|
<th>RO/RW</th>
|
||
|
|
<th>Magic</th>
|
||
|
|
<th>Tool</th>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
</thead>
|
||
|
|
<tbody>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td>SquashFS</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>RO</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>sqsh, hsqs, qshs, sqsl</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>unsquashfs, 7zip</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td>JFFS(2)</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>RW</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>0x07C0 (v1), 0x72b6(v2)</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>jefferson</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td>YAFFS(2)</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>RW</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>0x5941ff53</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>unyaffs</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td>CramFS</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>RO</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>0x28cd3d45</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>uncramfs, 7zip</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td>UBIFS</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>RW</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>0x06101831</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>ubi_reader</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td>RomFS</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>RO</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>0x7275</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>/</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td>CPIO</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>RO</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>"070707"</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>cpio, 7zip</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
</tbody>
|
||
|
|
</table>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="tools">Tools</h3>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p><a href="#">unix/strings</a>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">strings</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3" href="#__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">strings</span> <span class="n">-e</span> <span class="n">l</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4" href="#__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="n">The</span> <span class="n">strings</span> <span class="n">-e</span> <span class="n">flag</span> <span class="n">specifies</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">characters</span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="n">-el</span> <span class="n">specifies</span> <span class="n">little-endian</span> <span class="n">characters</span> <span class="n">16-bits</span> <span class="n">wide</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="n">UTF</span><span class="p">-</span><span class="n">16</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5" href="#__codelineno-12-5"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6" href="#__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">strings</span> <span class="n">-tx</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7" href="#__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="n">The</span> <span class="n">-t</span> <span class="n">flag</span> <span class="n">will</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">offset</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">within</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="n">-tx</span> <span class="n">will</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">it</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">hex</span> <span class="n">format</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">T-to</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">octal</span> <span class="n">and</span> <span class="n">-td</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">decimal</span><span class="p">.</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p><a href="#">unix/dd</a>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1" href="#__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">dd</span> <span class="k">if</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">firmware</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span> <span class="n">of</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">firmware</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">chunk</span> <span class="n">bs</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">1</span> <span class="n">skip</span><span class="p">=$((</span><span class="n">0x200</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="p">=$((</span><span class="n">0x400</span><span class="p">-</span><span class="n">0x200</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2" href="#__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="k">If</span> <span class="n">we</span> <span class="n">wanted</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">run</span> <span class="n">it</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="n">little</span> <span class="n">faster</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">we</span> <span class="n">could</span> <span class="n">increase</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">block</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3" href="#__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">dd</span> <span class="k">if</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">firmware</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span> <span class="n">of</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">firmware</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">chunk</span> <span class="n">bs</span><span class="p">=$((</span><span class="n">0x100</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="n">skip</span><span class="p">=$((</span><span class="n">0x200</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">0x100</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="p">=$(((</span><span class="n">0x400</span><span class="p">-</span><span class="n">0x200</span><span class="p">)/</span><span class="n">0x100</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p><a href="https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk">ReFirmLabs/binwalk</a>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1" href="#__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">binwalk</span> <span class="n">-Me</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2" href="#__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">binwalk</span> <span class="n">-Y</span> <span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">elf</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3" href="#__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="n">DECIMAL</span> <span class="n">HEXADECIMAL</span> <span class="n">DESCRIPTION</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4" href="#__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="p">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5" href="#__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="n">3708</span> <span class="n">0xE7C</span> <span class="n">ARM</span> <span class="n">executable</span> <span class="n">code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">16-bit</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Thumb</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">little</span> <span class="n">endian</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="n">least</span> <span class="n">522</span> <span class="n">valid</span> <span class="n">instructions</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p><a href="https://github.com/onekey-sec/unblob">onekey-sec/unblob</a>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1" href="#__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="n">docker</span> <span class="n">run</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-rm</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-pull</span> <span class="n">always</span> <span class="n">-v</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">extract-dir</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">on</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="p">:/</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">output</span> <span class="n">-v</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">files</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">on</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="p">:/</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">input</span> <span class="n">ghcr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">onekey-sec</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">unblob</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">latest</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">file</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2" href="#__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="n">docker</span> <span class="n">run</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-rm</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-pull</span> <span class="n">always</span> <span class="n">ghcr</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">onekey-sec</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">unblob</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">latest</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-help</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p><a href="https://github.com/plougher/squashfs-tools">squashfs-tools/unsquashfs</a>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1" href="#__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">unsquashfs</span> <span class="o">-f</span> <span class="n">-d</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">media</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">seagate</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">squashfs</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p><a href="https://github.com/onekey-sec/jefferson/">onekey-sec/jefferson</a> - JFFS2 filesystem extraction tool
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1" href="#__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="n">pip</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">jefferson</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2" href="#__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="n">jefferson</span> <span class="n">filesystem</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">img</span> <span class="n">-d</span> <span class="n">outdir</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3" href="#__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="n">jefferson</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">jffs2</span> <span class="n">-d</span> <span class="n">jffs2</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p><a href="https://github.com/whataday/unyaffs">whataday/unyaffs</a> - YAFFS2 filesystem extraction tool
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1" href="#__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="n">unyaffs</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">-l</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="n">layout</span><span class="p">>]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">-t</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">-v</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">-V</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="n">image_file_name</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">[<</span><span class="n">base</span> <span class="n">dir</span><span class="p">>]</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2" href="#__codelineno-18-2"></a> <span class="n">-l</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="n">layout</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="nb">set </span><span class="n">flash</span> <span class="n">memory</span> <span class="n">layout</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3" href="#__codelineno-18-3"></a> <span class="n">layout</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">detect</span> <span class="n">chunk</span> <span class="n">and</span> <span class="n">spare</span> <span class="n">size</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4" href="#__codelineno-18-4"></a> <span class="n">layout</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">2K</span> <span class="n">chunk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">64</span> <span class="n">byte</span> <span class="n">spare</span> <span class="n">size</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5" href="#__codelineno-18-5"></a> <span class="n">layout</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">4K</span> <span class="n">chunk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">128</span> <span class="n">byte</span> <span class="n">spare</span> <span class="n">size</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-18-6" name="__codelineno-18-6" href="#__codelineno-18-6"></a> <span class="n">layout</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">8K</span> <span class="n">chunk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">256</span> <span class="n">byte</span> <span class="n">spare</span> <span class="n">size</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-18-7" name="__codelineno-18-7" href="#__codelineno-18-7"></a> <span class="n">layout</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">4</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">16K</span> <span class="n">chunk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">512</span> <span class="n">byte</span> <span class="n">spare</span> <span class="n">size</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-18-8" name="__codelineno-18-8" href="#__codelineno-18-8"></a> <span class="n">-t</span> <span class="n">list</span> <span class="n">image</span> <span class="n">contents</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-18-9" name="__codelineno-18-9" href="#__codelineno-18-9"></a> <span class="n">-v</span> <span class="n">verbose</span> <span class="n">output</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-18-10" name="__codelineno-18-10" href="#__codelineno-18-10"></a> <span class="n">-V</span> <span class="n">print</span> <span class="n">version</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="write-new-firmware">Write new firmware</h2>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>Repack firmware
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1" href="#__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="n">mksquashfs4</span> <span class="n">squashfs-root</span> <span class="n">myrootfs</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
|
|
<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2" href="#__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="n">dd</span> <span class="k">if</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">myrootfs</span> <span class="n">of</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">bin</span> <span class="n">bs</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">1</span> <span class="n">seek</span><span class="p">=<</span><span class="n">offset</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="n">conv</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">notrunc</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<p>Flashrom write
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1" href="#__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="n">flashrom</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">ft2232_spi</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">232H</span> <span class="n">-w</span> <span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">bin</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div></p>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="type-of-firmware">Type of firmware</h2>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li><code>SREC</code> - Motorola S-Record : All S-record file lines start with a capital S.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><code>Intel HEX</code> lines all start with a colon.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><code>TI-TXT</code> is a Texas Instruments format, usually for the MSP430 series. Memory addresses are prepended with an <strong>@</strong>, and data is represented in hex.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><code>Raw</code> NAND dumps</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="check-entropy">Check entropy</h2>
|
||
|
|
<p>High entropy = probably encrypted (or compressed). Low entropy = probably not</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1" href="#__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">binwalk</span> <span class="n">-E</span> <span class="nb">fw</span>
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="encrypted-firmware">Encrypted firmware</h2>
|
||
|
|
<p><img alt="" src="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5894c269e4fcb5e65a1ed623/1581004558438-UJV08PX8O5NVAQ6Z8HXI/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kHSRIhhjdVQ3NosuzDMrTulZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWQUxwkmyExglNqGp0IvTJZamWLI2zvYWH8K3-s_4yszcp2ryTI0HqTOaaUohrI8PIYASqlw8FVQsXpiBs096GedrrOfpwzeSClfgzB41Jweo/Picture2.png?format=1000w" /></p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/blog/2020/2/6/mindshare-dealing-with-encrypted-router-firmware">MINDSHARE: DEALING WITH ENCRYPTED ROUTER FIRMWARE</a></li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="over-the-air-updates">Over-the-air updates</h2>
|
||
|
|
<p>TODO</p>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nruUuDalNR0">Extracting Firmware from Embedded Devices (SPI NOR Flash) - Flashback Team - 9 sept. 2022</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="https://youtu.be/wVPochUgTvw">Real Hardware Hacking for S$30 or Less - Joe FitzPatrick - 31 march 2020</a></li>
|
||
|
|
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