metasploit-framework/dev/csw05/csw05.tex

% $Header$

\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{comment}

\mode<presentation>
{
%  \usetheme{}
  % or ...

%  \usecolortheme{seahorse}
%  \usecolortheme{crane}
%  \useinnertheme{inmargin}

%  \setbeamercovered{transparent}
% or whatever (possibly just delete it)

}

\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{times}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
% \usepackage{beamerthemeshadow}

% Love from spoon
\newcommand{\pdfpart}[1]{\label{pdfpart-#1}\pdfbookmark[0]{#1}{pdfpart-#1}\part{#1}}
\newenvironment{sitemize}{\vspace{1mm}\begin{itemize}\itemsep 4pt\small}{\end{itemize}}

% Presentation meta-information
\title{Advances in Exploit Technology}
\author[hdm \& spoonm] {hdm \& spoonm}
\date[CSW 2005] {CanSecWest, 2005}
\subject{Advances in Exploit Technology}

% Add a spacer between each part
\AtBeginPart{\frame{\partpage}}

% Turn off the navigation on the bottom yo
\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}

% Kick this sucker open
\begin{document}

% Throw down the title
\begin{frame}[t]
  \titlepage
\end{frame}


%--------------------------------------%
\pdfpart{Introduction}
%--------------------------------------%

\section{Who are we?}
\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{Who are we?}

	\begin{sitemize}
		\item spoonm
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Full-time student at a Canadian university
			\item Metasploit developer since late 2003
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{itemize}

	\begin{itemize}
		\item H D Moore
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Full-time employee at a network security firm
			\item Metasploit project founder and developer
		\end{sitemize}		
	\end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\section{What is Metasploit?}
\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{What is Metasploit?}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Research project with 8 members 
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Focused on improving the state of security
			\item Provide information and tools for researchers
			\item Resource for IDS and security tool vendors
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}
	
	\begin{sitemize}			
		\item Created the Metasploit Framework
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Open-source exploit dev platform
			\item Includes 60 exploits and 70 payloads
			\item Implements ideas from everywhere
			\item Currently four primary developers
			\item Handful of external contributors
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\section{What is this about?}
\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{What is this about?}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Recent advances in exploit technology
		\item Exploit development trends and XP SP2
		\item Interesting post-exploitation techniques	
		\item Improving the exploit randomness
		\item Metasploit Framework 3.0 architecture
	\end{sitemize}  
\end{frame}


%--------------------------------------%
\pdfpart{Windows Exploitation}
%--------------------------------------%

\section{Exploit Trends}
\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Exploit Trends}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Public Windows exploits are still terrible...		
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Tons of ugly, inflexible, hardcoded crap
			\item Demonstrate no knowledge of underlying flaw
			\item Rarely use information leakage for system targetting
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}
	
	\pause
	\begin{sitemize}	
		\item ...but they have improved over the last year!
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item More exploits are supporting multiple payloads
			\item Return addresses are more reliable
			\item Payloads are getting slightly less ghetto
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}  
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{PoC Community}
	
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item The number of people capable of writing exploits is going up...
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Nearly 250 PoC authors in 2004 (packetstorm, etc)
			\item Win32 exploit dev information has hit critical mass
			\item Exploit development training is in high demand
		\end{sitemize}	
	\end{sitemize}
	
	\pause
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item ...but the number of "hard" exploits made public is the same
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item People are lazy, skilled people tend to horde their code
			\item Example: Microsoft ASN.1 Bit String Heap Corruption
			\item Most "difficult" exploits are disclosed due to leaks
			\item Win32 kernel exploits are still the domain of a few :-)
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\section{Windows XP SP2}
\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Windows XP SP2}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Microsoft's "patch of the year" for 2004
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item SP2 included a handful of anti-exploit changes
			\item The important ones were already in 2003
			\begin{sitemize}
				\item Use of registered system exception handlers
				\item Core services compiled with stack protection
			\end{sitemize}
			\item Page protection is still dependent on hardware
		\end{sitemize}	
	\end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Metasploit and SP2}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Exploit development barely affected by SP2
		\item A handful of XP SP2 and 2003 SEH return addresses
		\item Third-parties are not using Visual Studio 7
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Most commercial applications do not use /GS
			\item Have yet to see one that uses Registered SEH
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}
\end{frame}


\begin{comment}
%--------------------------------------%
\pdfpart{Mac OS X Exploitation}
%--------------------------------------%

\section{PowerPC Processor}
\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{PowerPC Contraints}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Mac OS X runs on the PowerPC processor
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item PowerPC uses fixed-width 32-bit instructions
			\item Data and instruction caches are independent
			\item The instruction cache runs in "incoherent" mode
		\end{sitemize}
		\pause	
	
		\item Stack overflows need to return twice to be exploitable
		\item (Similar to exploits on SPARCs, etc)
	\end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

%%%% FIXME
% These two slides repeat the same 3 bullets or something...
% Also, talk about your new flush foo!
%%%%

\section{Exploits are annoying}
\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{Exploits are annoying }
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Double-return means having to patch other pointers
		\item Code which calls \_exit before sometimes unexploitable
		\item Shellcode must be placed into location not in i-cache
		\item Exploits can have different results between diff CPUs
	\end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\section{Shellcode issues}
\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{Shellcode issues }
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Double-return means having to patch other pointers
		\item Shellcode must be placed into location not in i-cache
		\item Exploits can have different results between diff CPUs
	\end{sitemize}
\end{frame}
\end{comment}

%--------------------------------------%
\pdfpart{Return Addresses}
%--------------------------------------%

\section{Reliability}
\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{Return Address Reliability}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item An exploit is only as good as the return address it uses
		\item Many vulnerabilities only allow one exploit attempt
		\item Returning directly to shellcode is not always possible
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Most Windows exploits use a "bounce" address
			\item Indirect returns are useful on other platforms as well
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}	
\end{frame}

\section{Windows Addresses}
\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{Windows Return Addresses}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Windows stack addresses are usually not predictable
		\item Executable and library addresses {\em are} predictable
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item System libraries are often static between patch levels
			\item Application libraries change even less frequently
			\item Executable addresses only change between app versions
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}
	
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Static system libraries can go a long way...
		\pause
		\item A great example is the "ws2help.dll" library:
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Static across all versions of Windows 2000
			\item Static across Windows XP SP0 and SP1
			\item Used in dozens of exploits in the Framework
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}	
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{The Magic SEH}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Stack overflows rarely exploit return address overwrites
		\item Overwriting the structured exception handler (SEH) is easier
		\item The first exception causes smashed SEH to be called
		\item SEH frame can exist before or after the return address
	\end{sitemize}
{\footnotesize 
	\begin{verbatim}
/* Struction Exception Handler */
typedef struct _EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION
{
	struct _EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION* prev;
	PEXCEPTION_HANDLER              handler;
} EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION, *PEXCEPTION_REGISTRATION;
	\end{verbatim}
}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{The Magic SEH}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Overwrite the frame, trigger exception, got EIP :-)
		\item The prototype for the SEH function is:
	\end{sitemize}
{\footnotesize 	
	\begin{verbatim}
EXCEPTION_DISPOSITION
	__cdecl _except_handler(
		 struct _EXCEPTION_RECORD *ExceptionRecord,
		 void * EstablisherFrame,
		 struct _CONTEXT *ContextRecord,
		 void * DispatcherContext );
	\end{verbatim}
}
	\pause
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item \texttt{EstablisherFrame} points 4 bytes before handler address
		\pause
		\item Passed to exeception handler function \texttt{[esp+8]}
		\pause
		\item Return back to code via \texttt{pop reg, pop reg, ret}
		\pause
		\item The pop + pop + ret combination is easy to find in memory
		\pause
		\item Registered SEH and Windows XP/2003 limit this type of abuse
	\end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\section{Unix Addresses}
\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{Unix Return Addresses}
	
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Linux and BSD	
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Library addresses are usually not predictable
			\item Every executable has a static load address
			\begin{sitemize}
				\item Every distribution compiles its own binaries
				\item Exploits must target specific versions and operating systems
				\item Commercial (binary-only) applications are mostly static
			\end{sitemize}
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}
	
	\pause
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Commercial Unix
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Library addresses are sometimes predictable
			\item Every executable has a static load address
			\begin{sitemize}
				\item These addresses are static per package version
				\item Windows-style return addresses work well
				\item This includes Mac OS X, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, etc
			\end{sitemize}
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}
\end{frame}



\section{Analysis Tools}
\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{Analysis Methods}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Finding solid return addresses involves a few steps
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Load the executable or library into memory
			\item Determine all permutations of the desired opcode
			\item Search memory contents to find these bytes
			\item Determine the virtual address for each offset
		\end{sitemize}		
	\end{sitemize}
	
	\pause
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Many people use a debugger to accomplish this task
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item This is a tedious process to do manually
			\item Limited to one version at a time, even with a plugin
			\item Requires the installation of each tested version
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}	
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{msfpescan}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item msfpescan - a utility included in the Metasploit Framework
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Can analyze any PE executable or DLL in offline mode
			\item Simple to automate and cross-reference results
			\item Does not require a Windows system to run
			\item Easily analyze multiple versions on the command line
			\item Capable of dumping other information as well
			\begin{sitemize}
				\item Imports, Exports, and IAT addresses
				\item Resource information, internal versions
				\item Standard PE header information
			\end{sitemize}
		\end{sitemize}		
	\end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
	\frametitle{Using msfpescan to find addresses}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Install the Metasploit Framework (2.3 or newer)
		\item Place your target executable or DLL into some directory
		\item Use msfpescan to quickly find return addresses:
	\end{sitemize}

{\footnotesize 
\begin{verbatim}
		# Locate any form of pop/pop/ret opcodes
		$ msfpescan -f mod_oiplus.dll -s
		0x1001413c   esi edi ret
		0x10009ea2   esi ecx ret	
		0x100113bd   esi ebx ret

		# Locate any opcodes that take us to [eax]
		$ msfpescan -f mod_oiplus.dll -j eax
		0x1000969d   push eax
		0x100141a3   jmp eax
		0x10010e69   call eax
\end{verbatim} 
}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{Opcode Databases}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Contains opcodes across every executable and DLL in Windows
		\item The new version includes over nine million records
		\item Data is generated directly from the files themselves
		\item Quickly cross-reference return addresses over the entire DB
		\item Publicly available from http://www.metasploit.com/
	\end{sitemize}	
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{Future Development}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Context-aware return address discovery
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Demonstrated by eEye at Black Hat 2004
			\item Similar project in development from Metasploit
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}
	\pause
	
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Executable analysis tools for Solaris, Mac OS X, Linux, BSD
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Usefulness limited compared to Windows platform
			\item Static libraries are great for cross-version exploits
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}	
\end{frame}


%--------------------------------------%
\pdfpart{Post-Exploitation}
%--------------------------------------%

\section{Windows Payloads}

\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{The Meterpreter}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Windows version uses in-memory DLL injection techniques
		\item Dynamically extensible over the network
		\item Extensions are standard Windows DLLs
		\item Loading an extension updates available commands
		\item Support for network encryption
		\item Huge feature set in the public version
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Upload, download, and list files
			\item List, create, and kill processes
			\item Spawn "channelized" commands in the background
			\item Create port forwarding channels to pivot attacks
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}	
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{Ordinal-based Payload Stagers}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Techniques borrowed from Oded's lightning talk from core04
		\item 92 bytes and works on every Windows OS and SP
		\item Staging system can chain any other Windows payload
		\item Implementation also has a few size reductions:
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Optimized module walked finds ws2\_32.dll
			\item Functions are loaded from base + ordinal offset
			\item Chained calls return to the next function
		\end{sitemize}	
	\end{sitemize}	
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{PassiveX}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Payload modifies registry and launches IE
		\item IE loads custom ActiveX control to stage the payload
		\item Communications channel is via HTTP requests
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item Uses standard IE proxy and auth settings
			\item Useful on heavily firewalled DMZ hosts
			\item Providers bi-directional channel for next stage
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}
	
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item Can be used to inject VNC, Meterpreter, etc
		\item Fully-functional and part of version 2.4
	\end{sitemize}	
\end{frame}


\section{Unix Payloads}

\begin{frame}[t]
	\frametitle{Other Network Stagers}
	\begin{sitemize}
		\item UDP-based stager and network shell for Linux
		\item UDP-based DNS request staging system
		\begin{sitemize}
			\item UDP shell depends on the bash --noediting option
			\item Can pass through strict firewall rulesets
		\end{sitemize}
	\end{sitemize}
	
	\begin{sitemize}	
		\item ICMP-based listener and "reverse" payloads
		\item Findsock stagers being replaced by "findrecvtag"
		\item Source code included in Metasploit Framework
	\end{sitemize}	
\end{frame}



%--------------------------------------%
\pdfpart{Improving Attack Randomness}
%--------------------------------------%

%\begin{frame}[t]
%  \frametitle{Outline}
%  \tableofcontents
%\end{frame}

\section{Introduction}
\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Introduction}
  
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Randomness, who cares?
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Make IDS analysts work for their paycheck
      \item Uncover flaws in your exploit code
    \end{sitemize}
    \pause
  \end{sitemize}
  
  \begin{sitemize}  
	\item Adding randomness to exploit code
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Modify attacks by setting protocol options
      \item Randmomize all padding and non-critical data
      \item Helper functions for different types of random data
    \end{sitemize}
	\pause
  \end{sitemize}
  
  \begin{sitemize} 
    \item Adding randomness to machine code
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Avoid "static" payload encoding systems
      \item Substitute like instructions and reorder tasks
      \item Randomize nop sleds and any other opcode fills
    \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}
  
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Polymorphism}
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Viruses morphed to evade signature anti-virus
    \item Shellcode doesn't morph, isn't really polymorphic
    \item Generators produce functionally equivalent permutations
    \item Simple examples: random 0x90 nops, add/sub switching
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\section{Conservative "Polymorphism"}

\subsection{CLET}

% clet was in phrack 61..
\begin{frame}[t]
  %%
  \frametitle{CLET}
  %%
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Generates permutations of decoder stubs
    \item Inserts reversing instructions, nop equivalents
    \item All decoders are C code to generate themselves
    \pause
    \item Pros:
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Well thought out - analyzed attacks against NIDS
      \item Mathematica files output, mathy backing
      \item Specturm analysis - push sled to byte distribution
    \end{sitemize}
    \pause
    \item Cons:
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Complicated system, really hard to build upon
      \item Decoder generation isn't that great
      \item Making compromises for size/robustness
    \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Pex::Poly}

\begin{frame}[t]
  %%
  \frametitle{Metasploit Pex::Poly}
  %%
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item "Conservative Polymorphism"
    \item Uses the inherit variability in shellcode
    \pause
    \item Pros:
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Polymorphizing code is pretty easy
      \item No size or functionality compromises
      \item Bad character and register avoidence
    \end{sitemize}
    \pause
    \item Cons:
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Less thought out, NIDS attacks not deeply analyzed
      \item Hard to push to arbitrary byte distribution
      \item Less "polymorphism", more restrictions
    \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Implementation - Pex::Poly}
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item "Blocks" are dependency graph nodes
    \item "Blocks" consist of 0 or more possibilities
    \item Register pool assignment (mov reg1, reg2)
    \item Gained robustness as a nice effect
    \pause
    \item Current implementation
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Current system is a bit ugly
      \item Hard without writing a real assembler
      \item Want it to be fairly fast
      \pause
      \item Pex::Poly has 3 phases
      \item Dependency iteration and block selection
      \item Instruction offset calculations
      \item Instruction register assignment
    \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Shikata Ga Nai}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Shikata Ga Nai}
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item It's too much work to polyize every payload
    \item Created one decent "polymorphic" encoder
    \pause
    \item Noir's FPU geteip technique
    \item Approximately 1.3 million permutations
    \item Additive feedback xor, encodes it's own end
    \item 27 bytes for the stub, 4 key, 4 encoded
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\newcommand{\incshi}[1]{\includegraphics[height=3in]{#1}}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Shikata dependency iteration}
  \only<9>{\incshi{shi8}}
  \only<8>{\incshi{shi7}}
  \only<7>{\incshi{shi6}}
  \only<6>{\incshi{shi5}}
  \only<5>{\incshi{shi4}}
  \only<4>{\incshi{shi3}}
  \only<3>{\incshi{shi2}}
  \only<2>{\incshi{shi1}}
  \only<1>{\incshi{shi0}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Example output}

\begin{onlyenv}<1>
\begin{verbatim}
00000000  BB6E887A69        mov ebx,0x697a886e
00000005  DDC4              ffree st4
00000007  D97424F4          fnstenv [esp-0xc]
0000000B  58                pop eax
0000000C  29C9              sub ecx,ecx
0000000E  B101              mov cl,0x1
00000010  83E8FC            sub eax,byte -0x4
00000013  31580E            xor [eax+0xe],ebx
00000016  03580E            add ebx,[eax+0xe]
00000019  E2F5              loop 0x10
\end{verbatim}
\end{onlyenv}

\begin{onlyenv}<2>
\begin{verbatim}
00000000  DBC1              fcmovnb st1
00000002  31C9              xor ecx,ecx
00000004  B101              mov cl,0x1
00000006  D97424F4          fnstenv [esp-0xc]
0000000A  5B                pop ebx
0000000B  BAC8E2C8F8        mov edx,0xf8c8e2c8
00000010  83C304            add ebx,byte +0x4
00000013  315313            xor [ebx+0x13],edx
00000016  035313            add edx,[ebx+0x13]
00000019  E2F5              loop 0x10
\end{verbatim}
\end{onlyenv}

\begin{onlyenv}<3>
\begin{verbatim}
00000000  BB7B833BB9        mov ebx,0xb93b837b
00000005  DAC0              fcmovb st0
00000007  D97424F4          fnstenv [esp-0xc]
0000000B  2BC9              sub ecx,ecx
0000000D  5E                pop esi
0000000E  B101              mov cl,0x1
00000010  315E12            xor [esi+0x12],ebx
00000013  83C604            add esi,byte +0x4
00000016  03                db 0x03
00000017  25                db 0x25
00000018  8D                db 0x8D
00000019  D9                db 0xD9
0000001A  4C                dec esp
\end{verbatim}
\end{onlyenv}

\end{frame}

\section{Building a Nop Sled}

\subsection{Tekneek}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Multibyte Nop Sled Concept}
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Optyx released multibyte nop generator at Interz0ne 1
    \item Generates instructions 1 to 6 bytes long, and uses 0x66 prefix
    \item Aligned to 1 byte, land anywhere, end up at the final target
  \end{sitemize}
  \begin{sitemize}
    \pause
    \item Builds the sled from back to front
    \item Prepends to the sled 1 byte at a time
    \item Generates a random byte and checks against tables
    \pause
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Is the instruction length too long?
      \item Is it a valid instruction?
      \item Does it have any bad bytes?
      \item Does it modify restricted registers?
    \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Backwardz}
  {\footnotesize
  \begin{semiverbatim}
  \textbf<11>{bb} \textbf<10,11>{b0} \textbf<9,10,11>{bf} \textbf<8,9,11>{2c} \textbf<7,8,9,11>{b6} \textbf<6,7,9>{27} \textbf<5,9>{67} \textbf<4,5>{2F} \textbf<3>{4A} \textbf<2>{1b} \textbf<1,2>{f9} --- shellcode
  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \textbf<1>{... stc}
  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |____^ \textbf<2>{. sbb edi,ecx}
  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \textbf<3>{......... dec edx}
  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | \textbf<4>{............ das}
  |  |  |  |  |  |  |____^ \textbf<5>{.......... a16 das}
  |  |  |  |  |  | \textbf<6>{.................. daa}
  |  |  |  |  |____^ \textbf<7>{................ mov dh, 0x27}
  |  |  |  |____^ \textbf<8>{................... sub al, 0xb6}
  |  |  |_____________^ \textbf<9>{............. mov edi, 0x6727b62c}
  |  |____^ \textbf<10>{......................... mov al, 0xbf}
  |_____________^ \textbf<11>{................... mov ebx, 0xb62cbfb0}
\end{semiverbatim}
}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Implementation}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{OptyNop2 Implementation}
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Generate random byte and check against tables
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Inefficent, hard to get even distributions
    \end{sitemize}
    \pause

    \item Generate random byte and check against disassembler
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Need a good disassembler
      \item Same problems as tables
    \end{sitemize}
    \pause

    \item Precompiled state transition tables
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Previous byte: 0x90 -> \{0x04, 1, EAX\} ... \# add al,0x90
      \pause
      \item Fairly language independent, C version 100 lines
      \item Very fast, simple, deterministic
      \item Allows for different scoring systems, recursion...
      \pause
      \item Can't support multibyte opcodes, escape groups, etc
      \item Tables are pretty large, about 124k
    \end{sitemize}

  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{OptyNop2 Output}
  {\footnotesize
  \begin{verbatim}
$ ./waka 1000 4 5 | ndisasm -u - | head -700 | tail -20
000003B6  05419F40D4        add eax,0xd4409f41
000003BB  711C              jno 0x3d9
000003BD  9B                wait
000003BE  2C98              sub al,0x98
000003C0  37                aaa
000003C1  24A8              and al,0xa8
000003C3  27                daa
000003C4  E00D              loopne 0x3d3
000003C6  6692              xchg ax,dx
000003C8  2F                das
000003C9  49                dec ecx
000003CA  B34A              mov bl,0x4a
000003CC  F5                cmc
000003CD  BA4B257715        mov edx,0x1577254b
000003D2  700C              jo 0x3e0
000003D4  C0D6B0            rcl dh,0xb0
000003D7  A9FD469342        test eax,0x429346fd
000003DC  67BBB191B23D      a16 mov ebx,0x3db291b1
000003E2  1D9938FCB6        sbb eax,0xb6fc3899
000003E7  43                inc ebx
\end{verbatim}
}

\end{frame}

\subsection{Analysis}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{ADMmutate Distribution - 1}
  \include{admtable}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{ADMmutate Distribution - 2}
  \include{admtable2}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{OptyNop2 Distribution - 1}
  \include{optytable}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{OptyNop2 Distribution - 2}
  \include{optytable2}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{ADMmutate and optyx-mutate Gzip'd}
  {\footnotesize
  \begin{verbatim}
# ADMmutate

$ time ./nops 1000000| gzip -v >/dev/null
 27.3%
real    0m0.241s

# optyx's interz0ne mutate

$ time ./driver nop 1000000 | gzip -v >/dev/null
 29.7%
real    0m0.467s
\end{verbatim}
}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{OptyNop2 Gzip'd}
  {\footnotesize
  \begin{verbatim}
# C version, save ESP and EBP

$ time ./waka 1000000 4 5 | gzip -v >/dev/null
 12.2%
real    0m11.900s

# save just ESP

$ time ./waka 1000000 4 | gzip -v >/dev/null
 11.7%
real    0m11.277s

# save nothing (good way to crash process)

$ time ./waka 1000000 | gzip -v >/dev/null
  8.3%
real    0m12.404s
\end{verbatim}
}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Conclusion}
\begin{frame}[t]
  %%
  \frametitle{Conclusion}
  %%

  \begin{sitemize}
  \item Benefits
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Handles restricted bytes and registers
    \item More versatile sled generation (nop stuffing, etc)
    \item Implementation and theory are simple
  \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}

  \pause

  \begin{sitemize}
  \item Possible Improvements
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Support processor flags (nop stuffing)
    \item Support 2-byte opcodes and escape groups
    \item Improved byte scoring systems and look-ahead
    \item Output according to a given byte distribution
    \item Reduce the table sizes, memory usage
  \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}


%--------------------------------------%
\pdfpart{Metasploit Framework 3.0}
%--------------------------------------%

\section{Introduction}

\begin{frame}[t]
  %%
  \frametitle{Lessons learned}
  %%
  
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item "Hackers" run 98\% win32, 2\% linux/bsd/osx
    \item Portability sucks, win32 sucks, and cygwin sucks
  \end{sitemize}
  \pause
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Version 2.x is difficult to automate
    \item Everyone wants a completely automatic hack tool...
    \pause
    \item ...Everyone else will hate us if we write one
  \end{sitemize}
  \pause
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item External contributors inversely proportional to user base
    \item The ones who complain the loudest contribute the least
    \pause
    \item Don't pick your language in hopes of contributions
    \item Perl is falling short as we grow more complex
  \end{sitemize}
  \pause
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Metasploit 2.0 mostly designed around exploits
    \item Payloads have grown more important and complex
  \end{sitemize}
  
\end{frame}

\section{Architecture}
\subsection{Introduction}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Metasploit 3.0 goals}
  
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item A capable language we \emph{enjoy} writing in
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Portability less important, support major OS's
    \end{sitemize}
    \pause
    \item Embeddable for use in other tools
    \pause
    \item Strong custom automation
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Test suites for the framework itself
      \item Ability to test defensive infrastructure
    \end{sitemize}
    \pause
    \item Staged payloads as first class citizens
    \pause
    \item "Pivoting" through owned hosts
    \pause
    \item Thread designed, not just thread safe
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Ruby to the rescue}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{We love Ruby}
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Used for our prototypes, leading candidate for msf3
    \item Clean, simple language and easy to learn
    \item Strong object model, and we use every inch
    \pause
    \item Library support is decent, often better than Perl
    \item Native Win32 builds, cygwin as backup
    \item 2.x will stay Perl and continue in parallel
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Embedding}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Metasploit embedded}
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Metasploit: A hacker tool framework
    \pause
    \item Tools built upon "framework-core" libraries
    \item Clear and documented SDK and interfaces
    \pause
    \item Similar 2.x interfaces written by us
    \item Automation tools written by you
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}[t, fragile]
  \frametitle{Payload model}
  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Payloads subscribe to unified API layers
    \item APIs emulate and extend the native Ruby APIs
    \item Port existing applications to be remote with no changes
    \item Great for scripting, great for testing
    \pause
    \item Better post-exploitation tools, more fun
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Mirror victims harddrive:
\begin{verbatim}
client.fs.dir.download('./victim', 'c:\\', true)
\end{verbatim}
      \pause
      \item Migrate to a different process
\begin{verbatim}
pid = client.sys.process['calc.exe']
client.core.migrate(pid)
\end{verbatim}
      \pause
      \item Socket support, inefficent network pivoting
      \pause
      \item Support for Unix too, improved tools on their way
    \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Other...}

\begin{frame}[t]
  %%
  \frametitle{Other Stuff}
  %%

  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Threading
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Ruby threads will work in theory
      \item Meterpreter protocol asynchronous
      \item Hopefully you can hack the planet in parallel
    \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}

  \pause

  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Pivoting
    \begin{sitemize}
      \item Pivoting through custom metasploit proxying protocol
      \item Fairly easy to implement, cross platform
      \item More efficent than syscall proxying
      \item "Network paths" should be really slick
    \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}

\end{frame}

\section{Conclusion}

\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle{Conclusion}

  \begin{sitemize}
    \item Should be cool
    \item Give us a year or more to make it
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}

\pdfpart{Questions?}

%%% summary and bib has been removed %%%
\begin{comment}
\section*{Summary}
\begin{frame}[t]
  \frametitle<presentation>{Summary}

  % Keep the summary *very short*.
  \begin{sitemize}
  \item
    The \alert{first main message} of your talk in one or two lines.
  \item
    The \alert{second main message} of your talk in one or two lines.
  \item
    Perhaps a \alert{third message}, but not more than that.
  \end{sitemize}
  
  % The following outlook is optional.
  \vskip0pt plus.5fill
  \begin{sitemize}
  \item
    Outlook
    \begin{sitemize}
    \item
      Something you haven't solved.
    \item
      Something else you haven't solved.
    \end{sitemize}
  \end{sitemize}
\end{frame}



% All of the following is optional and typically not needed. 
\appendix
\section<presentation>*{\appendixname}
\subsection<presentation>*{Materials}

\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]
  \frametitle<presentation>{Materials}
    
  \begin{thebibliography}{10}
    
  \beamertemplatebookbibitems
  % Start with overview books.

  \bibitem{Author1990}
    A.~Author.
    \newblock {\em Handbook of Everything}.
    \newblock Some Press, 1990.
 
    
  \beamertemplatearticlebibitems
  % Followed by interesting articles. Keep the list short. 

  \bibitem{Someone2000}
    S.~Someone.
    \newblock On this and that.
    \newblock {\em Journal of This and That}, 2(1):50--100,
    2000.
  \end{thebibliography}
\end{frame}
\end{comment}

\end{document}