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Empire
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Empire/lib/common/helpers.py

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"""
Misc. helper functions used in Empire.
Includes:
validate_ip() - uses iptools to validate an IP
validate_ntlm() - checks if the passed string is an NTLM hash
generate_ip_list() - generates an IP range list from a variety of inputs
random_string() - returns a random string of the specified number of characters
randomize_capitalization() - randomizes the capitalization of a string
chunks() - used to split a string into chunks
strip_python_comments() - strips Python newlines and comments
enc_powershell() - encodes a PowerShell command into a form usable by powershell.exe -enc ...
powershell_launcher() - builds a command line powershell.exe launcher
parse_powershell_script() - parses a raw PowerShell file and return the function names
strip_powershell_comments() - strips PowerShell newlines and comments
get_powerview_psreflect_overhead() - extracts some of the psreflect overhead for PowerView
get_dependent_functions() - extracts function dependenies from a PowerShell script
find_all_dependent_functions() - takes a PowerShell script and a set of functions, and returns all dependencies
generate_dynamic_powershell_script() - takes a PowerShell script and set of functions and returns a minimized script
parse_credentials() - enumerate module output, looking for any parseable credential sections
parse_mimikatz() - parses the output of Invoke-Mimikatz
get_config() - pulls config information from the database output of normal menu execution
get_listener_options() - gets listener options outside of normal menu execution
get_datetime() - returns the current date time in a standard format
get_file_datetime() - returns the current date time in a format savable to a file
get_file_size() - returns a string representing file size
lhost() - returns the local IP
color() - used for colorizing output in the Linux terminal
unique() - uniquifies a list, order preserving
uniquify_tuples() - uniquifies Mimikatz tuples based on the password
decode_base64() - tries to base64 decode a string
encode_base64() - tries to base64 encode a string
complete_path() - helper to tab-complete file paths
dict_factory() - helper that returns the SQLite query results as a dictionary
KThread() - a subclass of threading.Thread, with a kill() method
slackMessage() - send notifications to the Slack API
"""
import re
import string
import base64
import binascii
import sys
import os
import socket
import sqlite3
import iptools
import threading
import pickle
import netifaces
import random
from time import localtime, strftime
import subprocess
import fnmatch
import urllib, urllib2
###############################################################
#
# Validation methods
#
###############################################################
def validate_ip(IP):
"""
Uses iptools to validate an IP.
"""
try:
validate_IPv4 = iptools.ipv4.validate_ip(IP)
validate_IPv6 = iptools.ipv6.validate_ip(IP)
if validate_IPv4 is True:
return validate_IPv4
elif validate_IPv6 is True:
return validate_IPv6
except Exception as e:
return e
def validate_ntlm(data):
"""
Checks if the passed string is an NTLM hash.
"""
allowed = re.compile("^[0-9a-f]{32}", re.IGNORECASE)
if allowed.match(data):
return True
else:
return False
def generate_ip_list(s):
"""
Takes a comma separated list of IP/range/CIDR addresses and
generates an IP range list.
"""
# strip newlines and make everything comma separated
s = ",".join(s.splitlines())
# strip out spaces
s = ",".join(s.split(" "))
ranges = ""
if s and s != "":
parts = s.split(",")
for part in parts:
p = part.split("-")
if len(p) == 2:
if iptools.ipv4.validate_ip(p[0]) and iptools.ipv4.validate_ip(p[1]):
ranges += "('"+str(p[0])+"', '"+str(p[1])+"'),"
else:
if "/" in part and iptools.ipv4.validate_cidr(part):
ranges += "'"+str(p[0])+"',"
elif iptools.ipv4.validate_ip(part):
ranges += "'"+str(p[0])+"',"
if ranges != "":
return eval("iptools.IpRangeList("+ranges+")")
else:
return None
else:
return None
####################################################################################
#
# Randomizers/obfuscators
#
####################################################################################
def random_string(length=-1, charset=string.ascii_letters):
"""
Returns a random string of "length" characters.
If no length is specified, resulting string is in between 6 and 15 characters.
A character set can be specified, defaulting to just alpha letters.
"""
if length == -1: length = random.randrange(6,16)
random_string = ''.join(random.choice(charset) for x in range(length))
return random_string
def randomize_capitalization(data):
"""
Randomize the capitalization of a string.
"""
return "".join( random.choice([k.upper(), k ]) for k in data )
def chunks(l, n):
"""
Generator to split a string l into chunks of size n.
Used by macro modules.
"""
for i in xrange(0, len(l), n):
yield l[i:i+n]
####################################################################################
#
# Python-specific helpers
#
####################################################################################
def strip_python_comments(data):
"""
*** DECEMBER 2017 - DEPRECATED, PLEASE DO NOT USE ***
Strip block comments, line comments, empty lines, verbose statements,
and debug statements from a Python source file.
"""
# TODO: implement pyminifier functionality
print color("[!] strip_python_comments is deprecated and should not be used")
lines = data.split("\n")
strippedLines = [line for line in lines if ((not line.strip().startswith("#")) and (line.strip() != ''))]
return "\n".join(strippedLines)
####################################################################################
#
# PowerShell-specific helpers
#
####################################################################################
def enc_powershell(raw):
"""
Encode a PowerShell command into a form usable by powershell.exe -enc ...
"""
return base64.b64encode("".join([char + "\x00" for char in unicode(raw)]))
def powershell_launcher(raw, modifiable_launcher):
"""
Build a one line PowerShell launcher with an -enc command.
"""
# encode the data into a form usable by -enc
encCMD = enc_powershell(raw)
return modifiable_launcher + " " + encCMD
def parse_powershell_script(data):
"""
Parse a raw PowerShell file and return the function names.
"""
p = re.compile("function(.*){")
return [x.strip() for x in p.findall(data)]
def strip_powershell_comments(data):
"""
Strip block comments, line comments, empty lines, verbose statements,
and debug statements from a PowerShell source file.
"""
# strip block comments
strippedCode = re.sub(re.compile('<#.*?#>', re.DOTALL), '\n', data)
# strip blank lines, lines starting with #, and verbose/debug statements
strippedCode = "\n".join([line for line in strippedCode.split('\n') if ((line.strip() != '') and (not line.strip().startswith("#")) and (not line.strip().lower().startswith("write-verbose ")) and (not line.strip().lower().startswith("write-debug ")) )])
return strippedCode
####################################################################################
#
# PowerView dynamic generation helpers
#
####################################################################################
def get_powerview_psreflect_overhead(script):
"""
Helper to extract some of the psreflect overhead for PowerView/PowerUp.
"""
if 'PowerUp' in script[0:100]:
pattern = re.compile(r'\n\$Module =.*\[\'kernel32\'\]', re.DOTALL)
else:
# otherwise extracting from PowerView
pattern = re.compile(r'\n\$Mod =.*\[\'wtsapi32\'\]', re.DOTALL)
try:
return strip_powershell_comments(pattern.findall(script)[0])
except:
print color("[!] Error extracting psreflect overhead from script!")
return ""
def get_dependent_functions(code, functionNames):
"""
Helper that takes a chunk of PowerShell code and a set of function
names and returns the unique set of function names within the script block.
"""
dependentFunctions = set()
for functionName in functionNames:
# find all function names that aren't followed by another alpha character
if re.search("[^A-Za-z']+"+functionName+"[^A-Za-z']+", code, re.IGNORECASE):
# if "'AbuseFunction' \"%s" % (functionName) not in code:
# TODO: fix superflous functions from being added to PowerUp Invoke-AllChecks code...
dependentFunctions.add(functionName)
if re.search("\$Netapi32|\$Advapi32|\$Kernel32|\$Wtsapi32", code, re.IGNORECASE):
dependentFunctions |= set(["New-InMemoryModule", "func", "Add-Win32Type", "psenum", "struct"])
return dependentFunctions
def find_all_dependent_functions(functions, functionsToProcess, resultFunctions=[]):
"""
Takes a dictionary of "[functionName] -> functionCode" and a set of functions
to process, and recursively returns all nested functions that may be required.
Used to map the dependent functions for nested script dependencies like in
PowerView.
"""
if isinstance(functionsToProcess, str):
functionsToProcess = [functionsToProcess]
while len(functionsToProcess) != 0:
# pop the next function to process off the stack
requiredFunction = functionsToProcess.pop()
if requiredFunction not in resultFunctions:
resultFunctions.append(requiredFunction)
# get the dependencies for the function we're currently processing
try:
functionDependencies = get_dependent_functions(functions[requiredFunction], functions.keys())
except:
functionDependencies = []
print color("[!] Error in retrieving dependencies for function %s !" %(requiredFunction))
for functionDependency in functionDependencies:
if functionDependency not in resultFunctions and functionDependency not in functionsToProcess:
# for each function dependency, if we haven't already seen it
# add it to the stack for processing
functionsToProcess.append(functionDependency)
resultFunctions.append(functionDependency)
resultFunctions = find_all_dependent_functions(functions, functionsToProcess, resultFunctions)
return resultFunctions
def generate_dynamic_powershell_script(script, functionNames):
"""
Takes a PowerShell script and a function name (or array of function names,
generates a dictionary of "[functionNames] -> functionCode", and recursively
maps all dependent functions for the specified function name.
A script is returned with only the code necessary for the given
functionName, stripped of comments and whitespace.
Note: for PowerView, it will also dynamically detect if psreflect
overhead is needed and add it to the result script.
"""
newScript = ""
psreflect_functions = ["New-InMemoryModule", "func", "Add-Win32Type", "psenum", "struct"]
if type(functionNames) is not list:
functionNames = [functionNames]
# build a mapping of functionNames -> stripped function code
functions = {}
pattern = re.compile(r'\n(?:function|filter).*?{.*?\n}\n', re.DOTALL)
for match in pattern.findall(script):
name = match[:40].split()[1]
functions[name] = strip_powershell_comments(match)
# recursively enumerate all possible function dependencies and
# start building the new result script
functionDependencies = []
for functionName in functionNames:
functionDependencies += find_all_dependent_functions(functions, functionName, [])
functionDependencies = unique(functionDependencies)
for functionDependency in functionDependencies:
try:
newScript += functions[functionDependency] + "\n"
except:
print color("[!] Key error with function %s !" %(functionDependency))
# if any psreflect methods are needed, add in the overhead at the end
if any(el in set(psreflect_functions) for el in functionDependencies):
newScript += get_powerview_psreflect_overhead(script)
return newScript + "\n"
###############################################################
#
# Parsers
#
###############################################################
def parse_credentials(data):
"""
Enumerate module output, looking for any parseable credential sections.
"""
parts = data.split("\n")
# tag for Invoke-Mimikatz output
if parts[0].startswith("Hostname:"):
return parse_mimikatz(data)
# powershell/collection/prompt output
elif parts[0].startswith("[+] Prompted credentials:"):
parts = parts[0].split("->")
if len(parts) == 2:
username = parts[1].split(":",1)[0].strip()
password = parts[1].split(":",1)[1].strip()
if "\\" in username:
domain = username.split("\\")[0].strip()
username = username.split("\\")[1].strip()
else:
domain = ""
return [("plaintext", domain, username, password, "", "")]
else:
print color("[!] Error in parsing prompted credential output.")
return None
# python/collection/prompt (Mac OS)
elif "text returned:" in parts[0]:
parts2 = parts[0].split("text returned:")
if len(parts2) >= 2:
password = parts2[-1]
return [("plaintext", "", "", password, "", "")]
else:
return None
def parse_mimikatz(data):
"""
Parse the output from Invoke-Mimikatz to return credential sets.
"""
# cred format:
# credType, domain, username, password, hostname, sid
creds = []
# regexes for "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" Mimikatz output
regexes = ["(?s)(?<=msv :).*?(?=tspkg :)", "(?s)(?<=tspkg :).*?(?=wdigest :)", "(?s)(?<=wdigest :).*?(?=kerberos :)", "(?s)(?<=kerberos :).*?(?=ssp :)", "(?s)(?<=ssp :).*?(?=credman :)", "(?s)(?<=credman :).*?(?=Authentication Id :)", "(?s)(?<=credman :).*?(?=mimikatz)"]
hostDomain = ""
domainSid = ""
hostName = ""
lines = data.split("\n")
for line in lines[0:2]:
if line.startswith("Hostname:"):
try:
domain = line.split(":")[1].strip()
temp = domain.split("/")[0].strip()
domainSid = domain.split("/")[1].strip()
hostName = temp.split(".")[0]
hostDomain = ".".join(temp.split(".")[1:])
except:
pass
for regex in regexes:
p = re.compile(regex)
for match in p.findall(data):
lines2 = match.split("\n")
username, domain, password = "", "", ""
for line in lines2:
try:
if "Username" in line:
username = line.split(":",1)[1].strip()
elif "Domain" in line:
domain = line.split(":",1)[1].strip()
elif "NTLM" in line or "Password" in line:
password = line.split(":",1)[1].strip()
except:
pass
if username != "" and password != "" and password != "(null)":
sid = ""
# substitute the FQDN in if it matches
if hostDomain.startswith(domain.lower()):
domain = hostDomain
sid = domainSid
if validate_ntlm(password):
credType = "hash"
else:
credType = "plaintext"
# ignore machine account plaintexts
if not (credType == "plaintext" and username.endswith("$")):
creds.append((credType, domain, username, password, hostName, sid))
if len(creds) == 0:
# check if we have lsadump output to check for krbtgt
# happens on domain controller hashdumps
for x in xrange(8,13):
if lines[x].startswith("Domain :"):
domain, sid, krbtgtHash = "", "", ""
try:
domainParts = lines[x].split(":")[1]
domain = domainParts.split("/")[0].strip()
sid = domainParts.split("/")[1].strip()
# substitute the FQDN in if it matches
if hostDomain.startswith(domain.lower()):
domain = hostDomain
sid = domainSid
for x in xrange(0, len(lines)):
if lines[x].startswith("User : krbtgt"):
krbtgtHash = lines[x+2].split(":")[1].strip()
break
if krbtgtHash != "":
creds.append(("hash", domain, "krbtgt", krbtgtHash, hostName, sid))
except Exception as e:
pass
if len(creds) == 0:
# check if we get lsadump::dcsync output
if '** SAM ACCOUNT **' in lines:
domain, user, userHash, dcName, sid = "", "", "", "", ""
for line in lines:
try:
if line.strip().endswith("will be the domain"):
domain = line.split("'")[1]
elif line.strip().endswith("will be the DC server"):
dcName = line.split("'")[1].split(".")[0]
elif line.strip().startswith("SAM Username"):
user = line.split(":")[1].strip()
elif line.strip().startswith("Object Security ID"):
parts = line.split(":")[1].strip().split("-")
sid = "-".join(parts[0:-1])
elif line.strip().startswith("Hash NTLM:"):
userHash = line.split(":")[1].strip()
except:
pass
if domain != "" and userHash != "":
creds.append(("hash", domain, user, userHash, dcName, sid))
return uniquify_tuples(creds)
###############################################################
#
# Miscellaneous methods (formatting, sorting, etc.)
#
###############################################################
def get_config(fields):
"""
Helper to pull common database config information outside of the
normal menu execution.
Fields should be comma separated.
i.e. 'version,install_path'
"""
conn = sqlite3.connect('./data/empire.db', check_same_thread=False)
conn.isolation_level = None
cur = conn.cursor()
# Check if there is a new field not in the database
columns = [i[1] for i in cur.execute('PRAGMA table_info(config)')]
for field in fields.split(','):
if field.strip() not in columns:
cur.execute("ALTER TABLE config ADD COLUMN %s BLOB" % (field))
cur.execute("SELECT %s FROM config" % (fields))
results = cur.fetchone()
cur.close()
conn.close()
return results
def get_listener_options(listenerName):
"""
Returns the options for a specified listenername from the database outside
of the normal menu execution.
"""
try:
conn = sqlite3.connect('./data/empire.db', check_same_thread=False)
conn.isolation_level = None
conn.row_factory = dict_factory
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute("SELECT options FROM listeners WHERE name = ?", [listenerName] )
result = cur.fetchone()
cur.close()
conn.close()
return pickle.loads(result['options'])
except Exception:
return None
def get_datetime():
"""
Return the current date/time
"""
return strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", localtime())
def get_file_datetime():
"""
Return the current date/time in a format workable for a file name.
"""
return strftime("%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S", localtime())
def get_file_size(file):
"""
Returns a string with the file size and highest rating.
"""
byte_size = sys.getsizeof(file)
kb_size = byte_size / 1024
if kb_size == 0:
byte_size = "%s Bytes" % (byte_size)
return byte_size
mb_size = kb_size / 1024
if mb_size == 0:
kb_size = "%s KB" % (kb_size)
return kb_size
gb_size = mb_size / 1024 % (mb_size)
if gb_size == 0:
mb_size = "%s MB" %(mb_size)
return mb_size
return "%s GB" % (gb_size)
def lhost():
"""
Return the local IP.
"""
if os.name != 'nt':
import fcntl
import struct
def get_interface_ip(ifname):
try:
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
return socket.inet_ntoa(fcntl.ioctl(
s.fileno(),
0x8915, # SIOCGIFADDR
struct.pack('256s', str(ifname[:15]))
)[20:24])
except IOError as e:
return ""
ip = ''
try:
ip = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
except socket.gaierror:
pass
except:
print "Unexpected error:", sys.exc_info()[0]
return ip
if (ip == '' or ip.startswith('127.')) and os.name != 'nt':
interfaces = netifaces.interfaces()
for ifname in interfaces:
if "lo" not in ifname:
try:
ip = get_interface_ip(ifname)
if ip != "":
break
except:
print 'Unexpected error:', sys.exc_info()[0]
pass
return ip
def color(string, color=None):
"""
Change text color for the Linux terminal.
"""
attr = []
# bold
attr.append('1')
if color:
if color.lower() == "red":
attr.append('31')
elif color.lower() == "green":
attr.append('32')
elif color.lower() == "blue":
attr.append('34')
return '\x1b[%sm%s\x1b[0m' % (';'.join(attr), string)
else:
if string.strip().startswith("[!]"):
attr.append('31')
return '\x1b[%sm%s\x1b[0m' % (';'.join(attr), string)
elif string.strip().startswith("[+]"):
attr.append('32')
return '\x1b[%sm%s\x1b[0m' % (';'.join(attr), string)
elif string.strip().startswith("[*]"):
attr.append('34')
return '\x1b[%sm%s\x1b[0m' % (';'.join(attr), string)
else:
return string
def unique(seq, idfun=None):
"""
Uniquifies a list, order preserving.
from http://www.peterbe.com/plog/uniqifiers-benchmark
"""
if idfun is None:
def idfun(x): return x
seen = {}
result = []
for item in seq:
marker = idfun(item)
# in old Python versions:
# if seen.has_key(marker)
# but in new ones:
if marker in seen: continue
seen[marker] = 1
result.append(item)
return result
def uniquify_tuples(tuples):
"""
Uniquifies Mimikatz tuples based on the password.
cred format- (credType, domain, username, password, hostname, sid)
"""
seen = set()
return [item for item in tuples if "%s%s%s%s"%(item[0],item[1],item[2],item[3]) not in seen and not seen.add("%s%s%s%s"%(item[0],item[1],item[2],item[3]))]
def decode_base64(data):
"""
Try to decode a base64 string.
From http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2941995/python-ignore-incorrect-padding-error-when-base64-decoding
"""
missing_padding = 4 - len(data) % 4
if missing_padding:
data += b'='* missing_padding
try:
result = base64.decodestring(data)
return result
except binascii.Error:
# if there's a decoding error, just return the data
return data
def encode_base64(data):
"""
Decode data as a base64 string.
"""
return base64.encodestring(data).strip()
def complete_path(text, line, arg=False):
"""
Helper for tab-completion of file paths.
"""
# stolen from dataq at
# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16826172/filename-tab-completion-in-cmd-cmd-of-python
if arg:
# if we have "command something path"
argData = line.split()[1:]
else:
# if we have "command path"
argData = line.split()[0:]
if not argData or len(argData) == 1:
completions = os.listdir('./')
else:
dir, part, base = argData[-1].rpartition('/')
if part == '':
dir = './'
elif dir == '':
dir = '/'
completions = []
for f in os.listdir(dir):
if f.startswith(base):
if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dir,f)):
completions.append(f)
else:
completions.append(f+'/')
return completions
def dict_factory(cursor, row):
"""
Helper that returns the SQLite query results as a dictionary.
From Colin Burnett: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/811548/sqlite-and-python-return-a-dictionary-using-fetchone
"""
d = {}
for idx, col in enumerate(cursor.description):
d[col[0]] = row[idx]
return d
def get_module_source_files():
"""
Get the filepaths of PowerShell module_source files located
in the data/module_source directory.
"""
paths = []
pattern = '*.ps1'
for root, dirs, files in os.walk('data/module_source'):
for filename in fnmatch.filter(files, pattern):
paths.append(os.path.join(root, filename))
return paths
def obfuscate(installPath, psScript, obfuscationCommand):
"""
Obfuscate PowerShell scripts using Invoke-Obfuscation
"""
if not is_powershell_installed():
print color("[!] PowerShell is not installed and is required to use obfuscation, please install it first.")
return ""
# When obfuscating large scripts, command line length is too long. Need to save to temp file
toObfuscateFilename = installPath + "data/misc/ToObfuscate.ps1"
obfuscatedFilename = installPath + "data/misc/Obfuscated.ps1"
toObfuscateFile = open(toObfuscateFilename, 'w')
toObfuscateFile.write(psScript)
toObfuscateFile.close()
# Obfuscate using Invoke-Obfuscation w/ PowerShell
subprocess.call("%s -C '$ErrorActionPreference = \"SilentlyContinue\";Invoke-Obfuscation -ScriptPath %s -Command \"%s\" -Quiet | Out-File -Encoding ASCII %s'" % (get_powershell_name(), toObfuscateFilename, convert_obfuscation_command(obfuscationCommand), obfuscatedFilename), shell=True)
obfuscatedFile = open(obfuscatedFilename , 'r')
# Obfuscation writes a newline character to the end of the file, ignoring that character
psScript = obfuscatedFile.read()[0:-1]
obfuscatedFile.close()
return psScript
def obfuscate_module(moduleSource, obfuscationCommand="", forceReobfuscation=False):
if is_obfuscated(moduleSource) and not forceReobfuscation:
return
try:
f = open(moduleSource, 'r')
except:
print color("[!] Could not read module source path at: " + moduleSource)
return ""
moduleCode = f.read()
f.close()
# obfuscate and write to obfuscated source path
path = os.path.abspath('empire.py').split('empire.py')[0] + "/"
obfuscatedCode = obfuscate(path, moduleCode, obfuscationCommand)
obfuscatedSource = moduleSource.replace("module_source", "obfuscated_module_source")
try:
f = open(obfuscatedSource, 'w')
except:
print color("[!] Could not read obfuscated module source path at: " + obfuscatedSource)
return ""
f.write(obfuscatedCode)
f.close()
def is_obfuscated(moduleSource):
obfuscatedSource = moduleSource.replace("module_source", "obfuscated_module_source")
return os.path.isfile(obfuscatedSource)
def is_powershell_installed():
return (get_powershell_name() != "")
def get_powershell_name():
try:
powershell_location = subprocess.check_output("which powershell", shell=True)
except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
try:
powershell_location = subprocess.check_output("which pwsh", shell=True)
except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
return ""
return "pwsh"
return "powershell"
def convert_obfuscation_command(obfuscate_command):
return "".join(obfuscate_command.split()).replace(",",",home,").replace("\\",",")
class KThread(threading.Thread):
"""
A subclass of threading.Thread, with a kill() method.
From https://web.archive.org/web/20130503082442/http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2004-May/281943.html
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **keywords):
threading.Thread.__init__(self, *args, **keywords)
self.killed = False
def start(self):
"""Start the thread."""
self.__run_backup = self.run
self.run = self.__run # Force the Thread toinstall our trace.
threading.Thread.start(self)
def __run(self):
"""Hacked run function, which installs the trace."""
sys.settrace(self.globaltrace)
self.__run_backup()
self.run = self.__run_backup
def globaltrace(self, frame, why, arg):
if why == 'call':
return self.localtrace
else:
return None
def localtrace(self, frame, why, arg):
if self.killed:
if why == 'line':
raise SystemExit()
return self.localtrace
def kill(self):
self.killed = True
def slackMessage(slackToken, slackChannel, slackText):
url = "https://slack.com/api/chat.postMessage"
data = urllib.urlencode({'token': slackToken, 'channel':slackChannel, 'text':slackText})
req = urllib2.Request(url, data)
resp = urllib2.urlopen(req)
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