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---
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title: Contact Information | Project Gutenberg
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# Contact Information
From Project Gutenberg, the first producer of free ebooks.
Contact Information
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## Electronic Mail
The best way to get in touch is by email.
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Please select the most appropriate address from this list.
1. help2018 (at) pglaf.org
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# The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg by Michael Hart
The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg by Michael Hart
© August 1992
<!--<div id="toc" class="toc"><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#The_Beginning"><span class="tocnum
ber">1</span> <span class="toctext">The Beginning</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_Beginning_of_the_Gutenberg_Phi
losophy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The Beginning of
the Gutenberg Philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_Project_Gutenberg_Philosophy">
<span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">The Project Gutenberg Phi
losophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_Project_Gutenberg_Philosophy_.
28continued.29"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">The Proje
ct Gutenberg Philosophy (continued)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_Project_Gutenberg_Philosophy_.
28continued.2C_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">The
Project Gutenberg Philosophy (continued, 2)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_Selection_of_Project_Gutenberg
_Etexts"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">The Selection of
Project Gutenberg Etexts</span></a></li>
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## The Beginning
Project Gutenberg began in 1971 when Michael Hart was given an operator's acc
ount with $100,000,000 of computer time in it by the operators of the Xerox Sigm
a V mainframe at the Materials Research Lab at the University of Illinois.
This was totally serendipitous, as it turned out that two of a four opera
tor crew happened to be the best friend of Michael's and the best friend of his
brother. Michael just happened "to be at the right place at the right time" at t
he time there was more computer time than people knew what to do with, and those
operators were encouraged to do whatever they wanted with that fortune in "spar
e time" in the hopes they would learn more for their job proficiency.
At any rate, Michael decided there was nothing he could do, in the way of
"normal computing," that would repay the huge value of the computer time he had
been given ... so he had to create $100,000,000 worth of value in some other ma
nner. An hour and 47 minutes later, he announced that the greatest value created
by computers would not be computing, but would be the storage, retrieval, and s
earching of what was stored in our libraries.
</p><p>He then proceeded to type in the "Declaration of Independence" and tried
to send it to everyone on the networks ... which can only be described today as
a not so narrow miss at creating an early version of what was later called the "
Internet Virus."
A friendly dissuasion from this yielded the first posting of a document i
n electronic text, and Project Gutenberg was born as Michael stated that he had
"earned" the $100,000,000 because a copy of the Declaration of Independence woul
d eventually be an electronic fixture in the computer libraries of 100,000,000 o
f the computer users of the future.
## The Beginning of the Gutenberg Philosophy
The premise on which Micheal Hart based Project Gutenberg was: anything that can be entered into a computer can be reproduced indefinitely ... what Micheal termed "Replicator Technology" The concept of Replicator Technology is simple; once a book or any other item (including pictures, sounds, and even 3-D items can be stored in a computer), then any number of copies can and will be available. Everyone in the world, or even not in this world (given satellite transmission) can have a copy of a book that has been entered into a computer.
This philosophical premise has created several offshoots: 1.Electronic Texts (Etexts) created by Project Gutenberg are to be made available in the simplest, easiest to use forms available.
Suggestions to make them less readily available are not to be treated lightly. Therefore, Project Gutenberg Etexts are made available in what has become known as "Plain Vanilla ASCII," meaning the low set of the American Standard Code for Information Interchange: ie the same kind of character you read on a normal printed page — italics, underlines, and bolds have been capitalized.
The reason for this is that 99% of the hardware and software a person is likely to run into can read and search these files.
Any other system of etext storage is going to fall short of an audience of 99%.
This does not mean there are not other valid mean of doing the etext business ... after all, over half the computers are DOS, so one could address a wide audience by just doing DOS. Plain Vanilla ASCII, however, addresses the audience with Apples and Ataris all the way to the old homebrew Z80 computers, while an audience of Mac, UNIX and mainframers is still included.
In this same vein, Project Gutenberg selects etexts targeted a bit on the "bang for the buck" philosophy ... we choose etexts we hope extremely large portions of the audience will want and use frequently. We are constantly asked to prepare etext from out of print editions of esoteric materials, but this does not provide for usage by the audience we have targeted, 99% of the general public.
Also in the same vein, Project Gutenberg has avoided requests, demands, and pressures to create "authoritative editions." We do not write for the reader who cares whether a certain phrase in Shakespeare has a ":" or a ";" between its clauses. We put our sights on a goal to release etexts that are 99.9% accurate in the eyes of the general reader. Given the preferences your proofreaders have, and the general lack of reading ability the public is currently reported to have, we probably exceed those requirements by a significant amount. However, for the person who wants an "authoritative edition" we will have to wait some time until this becomes more feasible. We do, however, intend to release many editions of Shakespeare and the other classics for the comparative study on a scholarly level, before the end of the year 2001, when we are scheduled to complete our 10,000 book Project Gutenberg Electronic Public Library.
Project Gutenberg has been a part of celebrations of the 100th Anniversary of Public Libraries, starting in 1995. Project Gutenberg hopes to found "The Public Domain Register," after the 100th Anniversary of The U.S. Copyright Register in 1997.
We hope you will be part of it, too. You are all invited.
Footnote:
Our eventual goal is to provide Public Domain Etext editions a short time after they enter the Public Domain. Of course, the period before a copyrighted work entered the Public Domain was extended from 28 years (with a 28 year extension available) to 50 years more than the life of the author, so this put a kink, to put it mildly, into our plans. (The original copyright was for 14 years, in the U.S.) Thus, a person could originally do a reasonable prediction that anything under copyright would be in the Public Domain while it could be used, under the new law it is impossible to predict the length of a copyright, and the likelihood of a new book entering the Public Domain during the lifetime of the average reader is minimal. (Suppose you might be 25 when you read a new book and the author is 50: wait the average 25 years for the author to die (what a thought!*) Now you have to wait another 50 years to have access to that book; it doesn't matter when it was written (unless it is an old one ... before the period the law retroacted to) ... so you would have to wait (on the average) until you were 100 years old. A 25-year-old under the original law would only have to wait for 14 years ... until the age of 39. Quite a difference; between the ages of 39 and 100. Not only that, but the copyright laws would have to stay the same for all that time ... something in serious doubt, seeing how much they have changed in the recent century.
## The Project Gutenberg Philosophy (continued)
The Project Gutenberg Philosophy is to make information, books and other materials available to the general public in forms a vast majority of the computers, programs and people can easily read, use, quote, and search.
This has several ramifications:
1. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should cost so little that no one will really care how much they cost. They should be a general size that fits on the standard media of the time ...
2. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should be so easily used that no one should ever have to care about how to use, read, quote and search them ...
## The Project Gutenberg Philosophy (continued)
[...] This has several ramifications:
1. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should cost so little that no one will really care how much they cost. They should be a general size that fits on the standard media of the time.
i.e. when we started, the files had to be very small as a normal 300 page book took one meg of space which no one in 1971 could be expected to have (in general). So doing the U.S. Declaration of Independence (only 5K) seemed the best place to start. This was followed by the Bill of Rights — then the whole US Constitution, as space was getting large (at least by the standards of 1973). Then came the Bible, as individual books of the Bible were not that large, then Shakespeare (a play at a time), and then into general work in the areas of light and heavy literature and references.
By the time Project Gutenberg got famous, the standard was 360K disks, so we did books such as Alice in Wonderland or Peter Pan because they could fit on one disk. Now 1.44 is the standard disk and ZIP is the standard compression; the practical filesize is about three million characters, more than long enough for the average book.
However, pictures are still so bulky to store on disk that it will still be a while before we include even the lowres Tenniel illustrations in Alice and Looking-Glass. However we ARE very interested in doing them, and are only waiting for advances in technology to release a test edition. The market will have to establish SOME standards for graphics, however, before we can attempt to reach general audiences, at least on the graphics level.
To illustrate our faith in graphics, and in the future, we have gone one step further in our pursuit of what we named "Replicator Technology" TM a few years ago. We would like the end of this phase of Project Gutenberg (with a first 3D application of Replicator Technology), by doing CAT, MRI and XRAY Fluoroscopy scans of something, perhaps a painting, and printing 3D copies. If anyone can get us access to a hundred year old masterpiece ... the average book.
## The Project Gutenberg Philosophy (continued, 2)
[...] This has several ramifications:
2. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should so easily used that no one should ever have to care about how to use, read, quote and search them.
This has created a need to present these Project Gutenberg Etexts in "Plain Vanilla ASCII" as we have come to call it over the years.
The reason for this is simple ... it is the only text mode that is easy on both the eyes and the computer.
However, this encourages others to improve our etexts in a variety of ways and to distribute them in a variety of the available media, as follows:
Once an etext is created in Plain Vanilla ASCII, it is the foundation for as many editions as anyone could hope to do in the future. Anyone desiring an etext edition matching, or not matching, a particular paper edition can readily do the changes they like without having to prepare that whole book again. They can use the Project Gutenberg Etext as a foundation, and then build in any direction they like.
Thus any complaints about how we do italics, bold, and the underscoring, or whether we should use this or that markup formula are sent back with encouragement to do it any ways any person wants it, and with the basic work already done, with our compliments.
The same goes for media. We have had a long-standing work ethic of providing our etexts in any medium people wanted: Amiga, Apple, Atari ... to IBM, to Mac, to TRS-80 ...
However, now that our etexts are carried in so many BBS's, networks and other locations, it is easier to download the file in a manner that puts them in your format than we can make and mail a disk, so we don't really do that too much.
The major point of all this is that years from now Project Gutenberg Etexts are still going to be viable, but program after program, and operating system after operating system are going to go the way of the dinosaur, as will all those pieces of hardware running them. Of course, this is valid for all Plain Vanilla ASCII etexts ... not just those your access has allowed you to get from Project Gutenberg. The point is that a decade from now we probably won't have the same operating systems, or the same programs and therefore all the various kinds of etexts that are not Plain Vanilla ASCII will be obsolete. We need to have etexts in files a Plain Vanilla search/reader program can deal with; this is not to say there should never be any markup ... just those forms of markup should be easily convertible into regular, Plain Vanilla ASCII files so their utility does not expire when programs to use them are no longer with us. Remember all the trouble with CONVERT programs to get files changed from old word processor programs into Plain Vanilla ASCII?
Do you want to go through all that again with every book a whole world ever puts into etext?
The value of Plain Vanilla ASCII is obvious ... so is very much of the value of most of the various markup systems we have in the world. But until some real standards arrive — we would be limiting our options a great deal if we do not keep copies of all etexts in Plain Vanilla ASCII as well.
We don't have anything against markup. Not vice versa.
Alice in Wonderland, the Bible, Shakespeare, the Koran and many others will be with us as long as civilization ... an operating system, a program, a markup system ... will not.
This includes the many requests we have for compression in particular formats. There are only two formats we know of that are suitable for transfer to a wide general audience: Plain Vanilla ASCII (.txt files) and ZIPped files of them, (.zip files). Requests for other compression formats must be ignored as they are appropriate only for small portions of our target audience. However, (programmers take note: we will need help) we are planning to put some compression links on our files so they can be transmitted in any of an assortment compression formats on the fly. i.e. we should be able to generate any kind of file asked for, but we can keep only one copy of each etext on our servers ... as the .Z compression format does in a similar manner today.
## The Selection of Project Gutenberg Etexts
There are three portions of the Project Gutenberg Library, basically be described as:
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The Light Literature Collection is designed to get persons to the computer in the first place, whether the person may be a pre-schooler or a great-grandparent. We love it when we hear about kids or grandparents taking each other to an etexts to Peter Pan when they come back from watching HOOK at the movies, or when they read Alice in Wonderland after seeing it on TV. We have also been told that nearly every Star Trek movie has quoted current Project Gutenberg etext releases (from Moby Dick in The Wrath of Khan; a Peter Pan quote finishing up the most recent, etc.) not to mention a reference to Through the Looking-Glass in JFK. This was a primary concern when we chose the books for our libraries.
We want people to be able to look up quotations they heard in conversation, movies, music, other books, easily with a library containing all these quotations in an easy to find etext format.
With Plain Vanilla ASCII you will be easily able to search an entire library, without any program more sophisticated than a plain search program. In fact, these Project Gutenberg Etext files are so plain that you can do a search on them without even using an intermediate search program (i.e. a program between you and the disk) Norton's and other direct disk access programs can search every one of your files without you even naming them, pointing to an etext directory, or whatever. You can simply search a raw output from the disk ... I do this on a half gigabyte disk partition, containing all our editions.

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About Project Gutenberg
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Project Gutenberg is an online library of free eBooks.
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---
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title: PG- Partners and Affiliates
permalink: /information/partners_affiliates_resources.html
title: Partners and Affiliates | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /about/partners_affiliates_resources.html
---
# Partners, Affiliates and Resources
From Project Gutenberg, the first producer of free eBooks.
Partners, Affiliates and Resources
==================================
Project Gutenberg is happy to be a part of other organizations' efforts. On these pages, we list some of our affiliates. In addition, we are aware of some products or services which seek to promote the distribution of free or low-cost literature, or which otherwise distribute Project Gutenberg eBooks.
## Partners
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## Sister Projects
@ -43,63 +40,13 @@ The Project Gutenberg self publishing portal is available at [self.gutenberg.org
[Project Runeberg](http://runeberg.org). Nordic literature. Historically, this was the first site to ask Michael Hart to use a name similar to Project Gutenberg for a sister project.
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---
layout: default
title: 2D Art how_to (old) | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /attic/2DArt.html
---
2DArt-How-to (old)
==================
This page is partially or entirely outdated: Please see current guidance in the [help section](/help/)
## Photographic Depictions of 2D Art are in the Public Domain
In the United States, copyright is founded on the notion of authorship. In
situations where little or no authorship is involved in creating a work, no
new copyright is granted.
For Project Gutenberg's purposes, this means that photographic reproductions
of two-dimensional art, even recent ones, are not copyrightable. This includes
things such as:
- Large-size lithographs of art work (such as posters)
- Art books with prints of various art work
- Photographs of works appearing in otherwise copyrighted works (such as a new textbook)
- The original artwork itself needs to be in the public domain, in order
for this to apply. So, if a contemporary painting is copyrighted, then
the photograph would also be copyrighted. Conversely, for works in the
public domain, photographs of those works are also in the public domain.
This applies to two-dimensional art work -- things such as paintings, posters,
murals, and so forth. (Yes, paintings have 3D elements but are primarily
two-dimensional.)
This finding is based on the U.S. case, Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. v. Corel
Corporation (1999). There, a U.S. District Court ruled that photographic
reproductions of two-dimensional works of art, where the goal is to make as
accurate a reproduction of the work as possible, were not 'original works,' and
therefore not copyrightable.
By no means does this apply to all photographs of artwork, but only those where
the artistic capacity of the photographer in choosing angle, composing the
subject matter, selecting lighting, etc., has been subjugated to the
overarching goal of reproducing the artwork as accurately as possible.
As such, the same finding might apply to other types of work or art.

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layout: default
title: PG-2D Art how_to
permalink: /how_to/2DArt.html
title: 2D Art how_to | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /attic/2DArt.html
---
# 2DArt-How-to
From Project Gutenberg, the first producer of free eBooks.
2DArt-How-to
============
## Photographic Depictions of 2D Art are in the Public Domain
In the United States, copyright is founded on the notion of authorship. In
@ -39,4 +39,3 @@ the artistic capacity of the photographer in choosing angle, composing the
subject matter, selecting lighting, etc., has been subjugated to the
overarching goal of reproducing the artwork as accurately as possible.
As such, the same finding might apply to other types of work or art.

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---
layout: default
title: Copyright Confirmation | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /attic/copyright_confirmation.html
---
Copyright Confirmation How-To (old)
===================================
This page is partially or entirely outdated: Please see current guidance in the [help section](/help/)
There are many eBooks on the Internet which are not yet part of the Project Gutenberg collection. In order for Project Gutenberg to distribute them, copyright research must be performed. As described in the [Copyright How-To](/help/copyright_how_to.html), our research is quite diligent.
We have a simple procedure for cases where an eBook exists, but the original printed source is unknown. The procedure is:
1. Get a physical book which is copyright-clearable (i.e., per the How-To).
2. Compare the first and last pages of each chapter of the physical book to the eBook that you have. Keep a listing of **all** differences.
3. Submit the physical book + the changes in the eBook for copyright clearance (via the [submission form](https://copy.pglaf.org). If the differences are minor (such as punctuation or spelling changes), all items will be cleared, and we will be able to distribute the eBook.

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---
layout: default
title: PG- Copyright Confirmation
permalink: /how_to/copyright_confirmation.html
title: Copyright Confirmation | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /attic/copyright_confirmation.html
---
# Copyright Confirmation How-To
Copyright Confirmation How-To
=============================
From Project Gutenberg, the first producer of free eBooks.
There are many eBooks on the Internet which are not yet part of the Project Gutenberg collection. In order for Project Gutenberg to distribute them, copyright research must be performed. As described in the [Copyright How-To](/how_to/copyright_how_to.html), our research is quite diligent.
There are many eBooks on the Internet which are not yet part of the Project Gutenberg collection. In order for Project Gutenberg to distribute them, copyright research must be performed. As described in the [Copyright How-To](/help/copyright_how_to.html), our research is quite diligent.
We have a simple procedure for cases where an eBook exists, but the original printed source is unknown. The procedure is:
1. Get a physical book which is copyright-clearable (i.e., per the How-To).
2. Compare the first and last pages of each chapter of the physical book to the eBook that you have. Keep a listing of **all** differences.
3. Submit the physical book + the changes in the eBook for copyright clearance (via the [submission form](https://copy.pglaf.org). If the differences are minor (such as punctuation or spelling changes), all items will be cleared, and we will be able to distribute the eBook.

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---
layout: default
title: Copyright FAQ (old) | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /attic/copyright_faq.html
---
Copyright FAQ (old)
===================
This page is partially or entirely outdated: Please see current guidance in the [help section](/help/)
<div class="contents">
<h1>Contents</h1>
<ol>
<li><a href="#copyright">Copyright</a>
<ol class="inner_1">
<li><a href="#what-is-copyright">What is copyright?</a></li>
<li><a href="#does-copyright-differ-from-country-to-country-from-state-to-state">Does copyright differ from country to country? From state to state?</a></li>
<li><a href="#what-are-the-copyright-laws-outside-the-us">What are the copyright laws outside the U.S.?</a></li>
<li><a href="#why-does-project-gutenberg-advise-only-on-us-copyright-issues">Why does Project Gutenberg advise only on U.S. copyright issues?</a></li>
<li><a href="#i-dont-live-in-the-us-do-these-rules-apply-to-me">I don't live in the U.S. Do these rules apply to me?</a></li>
<li><a href="#what-is-the-public-domain">What is the public domain?</a></li>
<li><a href="#what-can-i-do-with-a-text-that-is-in-the-public-domain">What can I do with a text that is in the public domain?</a></li>
<li><a href="#how-does-a-book-enter-the-public-domain">How does a book enter the public domain?</a></li>
<li><a href="#how-does-a-copyright-lapse">How does a copyright lapse?</a></li>
<li><a href="#what-books-are-in-the-public-domain">What books are in the public domain?</a></li>
<li><a href="#my-book-says-that-its-copyright-1894-is-it-in-the-public-domain">My book says that it's "Copyright 1894". Is it in the public domain?</a></li>
<li><a href="#how-can-a-copyright-owner-release-a-work-into-the-public-domain">How can a copyright owner release a work into the public domain?</a></li>
<li><a href="#when-is-an-author-not-the-owner-of-a-copyright-on-his-or-her-works">When is an author not the owner of a copyright on his or her works?</a></li>
<li><a href="#what-does-project-gutenberg-mean-by-eligible">What does Project Gutenberg mean by "eligible"?</a></li>
<li><a href="#i-have-a-manuscript-from-1900-is-it-eligible">I have a manuscript from 1900. Is it eligible?</a></li>
<li><a href="#how-come-my-paper-book-of-shakespeare-says-its-copyright-1988">How come my paper book of Shakespeare says it's "Copyright 1988"?</a></li>
<li><a href="#what-makes-a-new-copyright">What makes a "new copyright"?</a></li>
<li><a href="#i-have-a-1990-book-that-i-know-was-originally-written-in-1840-but-the-publisher-is-claiming-a-new-copyright-what-should-i-do">I have a 1990 book that I know was originally written in 1840, but the publisher is claiming a new copyright. What should I do?</a></li>
<li><a href="#i-have-a-1990-reprint-of-an-1831-original-is-it-eligible">C.19. I have a 1990 reprint of an 1831 original. Is it eligible?</a></li>
<li><a href="#i-have-a-text-that-i-know-was-based-on-a-book-older-than-95-years-but-i-dont-have-the-title-page-can-i-submit-it-to-pg">I have a text that I know was based on a book older than 95 years, but I don't have the title page. Can I submit it to PG?</a></li>
<li><a href="#how-does-project-gutenberg-clear-books-for-copyright">How does Project Gutenberg "clear" books for copyright?</a></li>
<li><a href="#i-want-to-produce-a-particular-book-will-it-be-copyright-cleared">I want to produce a particular book. Will it be copyright cleared?</a></li>
<li><a href="#i-have-some-extra-material-images-introduction-preface-missing-chapter-that-should-go-into-an-existing-pg-text-do-i-have-to-copyright-clear-my-edition-before-submitting-it">I have some extra material (images, introduction, preface, missing chapter) that should go into an existing PG text. Do I have to copyright-clear my edition before submitting it?</a></li>
<li><a href="#i-see-some-project-gutenberg-ebooks-that-are-copyrighted-whats-up-with-that">I see some Project Gutenberg eBooks that are copyrighted. What's up with that?</a></li>
<li><a href="#what-are-non-renewed-books">What are "non-renewed" books?</a></li>
<li><a href="#how-can-i-get-project-gutenberg-to-clear-a-non-renewed-book">How can I get Project Gutenberg to clear a non-renewed book?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
## Copyright
### What is copyright?
Copyright is a limited monopoly granted to the author of a work. It gives the author the exclusive right, among other things, to make copies of the work, hence the name.
### Does copyright differ from country to country? From state to state?
Copyright laws are constantly changing all over the world. Each country has its own copyright laws, some within the framework of international treaties, some not. Within the U.S., copyright laws are federal, and do not vary from state to state.
### What are the copyright laws outside the U.S.?
Sorry, we can't advise on copyright law outside the U.S. We can point you to resources like [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/okbooks.html](https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/okbooks.html) which tries to summarize the various copyright regimes, but we can't guarantee that these are accurate. Even when they are accurate, it is very hard to express some of the subtleties of copyright law in a summary &#8212; for example, the question of what constitutes "publication" for copyright purposes is sometimes unclear.
### Why does Project Gutenberg advise only on U.S. copyright issues?
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is registered in the U.S. as a 501(c)(3) organization, and our two posting servers are situated in the U.S., so we are subject to U.S. copyright law, and only to U.S. copyright law.
Because copyright laws are so tangled and different between countries, not only in the broad sweep but also in the detail, and because Project Gutenberg is subject only to U.S. copyright law, we just don't have the expertise, time or resources to research and advise on the law in other countries.
### I don't live in the U.S. Do these rules apply to me?
Your country's copyright laws are different from those in the U.S., and understanding and dealing with them is up to you. If you have a book that is in the public domain in your country, but not in the U.S., it is perfectly legal for you to publish it personally there, but we can't.
Similarly, it may be legal for us to publish it here, but not for you to publish it, or perhaps even copy it, where you are.
There are organizations in other countries operating in more liberal copyright regimes that may be able to publish texts that we cannot. For example, [Project Gutenberg of Australia](https://www.gutenberg.net.au) can accept some works not eligible in the U.S.
### What is the public domain?
The public domain is the set of cultural works that are free of copyright, and belong to everyone equally.
### What can I do with a text that is in the public domain?
Anything you want! You can copy it, publish it, change its format, distribute it for free or for money. You can translate it to other languages (and claim a copyright on your translation), write a play based on it (if it's a novel), or a novelization (if it's a play). You can take one of the characters from the novel and write a comic strip about him or her, or write a screenplay and sell that to make a movie.
You don't need to ask permission from anyone to do any of this. When a text is in the public domain, it belongs as much to you as to anyone.
(However, when some character or part of the work is also trademarked, as in the case of Tarzan, it may not be possible to release new works with that trademark, since trademark does not expire in the same way as copyright. If you propose to base new works on public domain material, you should investigate possible trademark issues first.)
### How does a book enter the public domain?
A book, or other copyrightable work, enters the public domain when its copyright lapses or when the copyright owner releases it to the public domain.
U.S. Government documents can never be copyrighted in the first place; they are "born" into the public domain.
There are certain other exceptional cases: for example, if a substantial number of copies were printed and distributed in the U.S. before March, 1989 without a copyright notice, and the work is of entirely American authorship, or was first published in the United States, the work is in the public domain in the U.S.
### How does a copyright lapse?
Copyrights are issued for limited periods. When that period is up, the book enters the public domain.
Copyrights can lapse in other ways. Some books published without a copyright notice, for example, have fallen into the public domain.
### What books are in the public domain?
Any book published anywhere before longer than 95 years ago is in the public domain in the U.S. This is the rule we use most.
U.S. Government publications are in the public domain. This is the rule under which we have published, for example, presidential inauguration speeches.
Books can be released into the public domain by the owners of their copyrights.
Some books published without a copyright notice in the U.S. prior to March 1st, 1989 are in the public domain.
Some books published before 1964, and whose copyright was not renewed, are in the public domain.
If you want to rely on anything except the 95-year rule, things can get complicated, and the rules do change with time. Please refer to our [Public Domain and Copyright How-To](/how_to/copyright_how_to.html) for more detailed information.
### My book says that it's "Copyright 1894". Is it in the public domain?
Yes.
Its copyright date is 1894, which is longer than 95 years ago, so its copyright has lapsed, in the U.S.A., at least &#8212; other countries have other rules.
### How can a copyright owner release a work into the public domain?
A simple written statement, which may be placed into the work as released, is sufficient. When a copyright holder places a book into the public domain and wants PG to publish it, all we need is a letter or in-book statement saying that they are or were the holder of the copyright, and that they have released it into the public domain.
### When is an author not the owner of a copyright on his or her works?
An author may sell, assign, license, bequeath or otherwise transfer his or her copyright to another party, such as a publisher or heir.
### What does Project Gutenberg mean by "eligible"?
A book is eligible for inclusion in the archives if we can legally publish it.
We can legally publish any material that is in the public domain in the U.S. ([C.10](#C.10) ), or for which we have the permission of the copyright holder.
### I have a manuscript from 1900. Is it eligible?
Maybe not.
Works that were created but not "published" before 1978 will not enter the public domain before the end of 2002. This gets complicated, and it's not too common. If you have such a case, ask about it.
A borderline example is the classic "Seven Pillars of Wisdom" by T. E. Lawrence, which was actually printed and privately distributed, but not "published", in 1922. It's not in the public domain until publication+95 years, as long as it was published prior to 1977. For Project Gutenberg, we have experts to help make these assessments, to ensure due diligence is applied to all public domain determination.
### How come my paper book of Shakespeare says it's "Copyright 1988"?
Shakespeare was published long enough ago to be indisputably in the public domain everywhere, so how can a Shakespeare text be copyrighted?
There are two possibilities:
1. The author or publisher has changed or edited the text enough to qualify as a "new edition", which gets a "new copyright".
2. The publisher has added extra material, such as an introduction, critical essays, footnotes, or an index. This extra material is new, and the publisher owns the copyright on it.
The problem with these practices is that a publisher, having added this copyrighted material, or edited the text even in a minor way, may simply put a copyright notice on the whole book, even though the main part of it &#8212; the text itself &#8212; is in the public domain! And as time goes on, the number of original surviving books that can be proved to be in the public domain grows smaller and smaller; and meanwhile publishers are cranking out more and more editions that have copyright notices. Eventually it becomes harder and harder to prove that a particular book is in the public domain, since there are few 95+-year copies available as evidence.
Among the most important things PG does is preventing this creeping perpetuation of copyright by proving, once and for all, that a particular edition of a particular book is in the public domain, so that it can never be locked up again as the private property of some publisher. We do this by filing a copy of the TP&amp;V, the title page where the copyright notice must be placed, so that if anyone ever challenges the work's public domain status, we can point to a proven public domain copy.
### What makes a "new copyright"?
1. New edition
When a text is in the public domain, anyone--from you to the world's biggest publisher--can edit it and republish the edited version. When the edits are substantial enough, the edited work is deemed a "new edition", and gets a new copyright, dating from the time the new edition was created.
How substantial must the edits be to qualify as a "new edition"? That is for a court to decide in any particular case. Changing some punctuation or Americanizing British spelling would not qualify a work for a new edition. Theorizing something about Shakespeare and rewriting lots of lines in "Hamlet" to emphasize your point would make a new edition. In between those extremes is a grey area, where each new edition would have to be considered on a case-by-case basis.
A special case, that isn't quite a new edition, is when someone "marks up" a public domain text in, for example, HTML. Where this happens, the text is in the public domain, but the markup is copyrighted. We've already seen that when an editor adds footnotes to a public domain text, he owns copyright on the footnotes but not on the text: similarly, when he adds markup to the text, he owns copyright on the markup.
2. Translation
Translation is a common and justified special case of a new edition. When someone translates a public domain work from one language to another, they get a new copyright on the translation (but not on the original, of course, which stays in the public domain so that lots more people can use it.)
### I have a 1990 book that I know was originally written in 1840, but the publisher is claiming a new copyright. What should I do?
From a practical point of view, there's not much you can do about it. It's a Catch-22 situation: in order to prove that the new printing should be in the public domain, you need a provably public domain copy to compare against the allegedly copyrighted edition, and if you have that, you don't need the modern edition anyway.
### I have a 1990 reprint of an 1831 original. Is it eligible?
Yes, as long as we can show that it is a reprint, which usually means that it has to say that it's a reprint somewhere on the TP&amp;V.
However, we need to be very careful in a case like this. Commonly, the book itself is eligible, but introductions, indexes, footnotes, glossaries, commentaries and other such extras may have been added by the modern publisher, so you should not include them except where you can prove that they are part of the reprinted material.
### I have a text that I know was based on a book older than 95 years, but I don't have the title page. Can I submit it to PG?
Unfortunately, no.
What you "know" isn't proof that we could take into court if we were challenged about it in 20 years, and the whole problem of "new copyright" ([C.17](C.17)) makes it effectively impossible to tell for sure what is and isn't copyrighted anyway, without reliable evidence like the title page.
You need to find a matching paper edition for proof. See [this FAQ entry](/wiki/Gutenberg:Volunteers%27_FAQ#V.62._I.27ve_found_an_eligible_text_elsewhere_on_the_Net.2C_but_it.27s_not_in_the_PG_archives._Can_I_just_submit_it_to_PG.3F" title="Gutenberg:Volunteers' FAQ).
### How does Project Gutenberg "clear" books for copyright?
Usually, we just look at the TP&amp;V. If it was published more than 95 years ago, or says it is a reprint of a edition from more than 95 years ago, that's all we have to do.
In other cases, we may look up library publication data to prove, say, that a book published in the U.S. without a copyright notice was indeed published in the years when a copyright notice was required. Or we may simply see that a particular text was published by the U.S. Government.
The bottom line is the question: if someone comes to us claiming to hold the copyright on a text, do we have proof to show that they're wrong?
Whatever proof or search we have to do, we then file it, either on paper or electronically, so that the proof will be available in 20 or 50 years' time, or whenever the challenge is made.
### I want to produce a particular book. Will it be copyright cleared?
If it was published before 95 years ago, you will have no problem with its clearance. If you're relying on one of the other rules, it may just be too much work to try and prove its public domain status.
### I have some extra material (images, introduction, preface, missing chapter) that should go into an existing PG text. Do I have to copyright-clear my edition before submitting it?
Yes.
Otherwise we would have no proof that the extra material you're adding isn't copyrighted by someone. It's quite common for modern publishers to add introductions or illustrations to a public-domain novel, and we need the same standard of proof for these additions that we do for the main text.
This doesn't apply to an occasional word or two that was omitted by mistake when the text was first typed. For example, you don't need to clear another edition just to restore the words "thus perfected the" and "eliminating all" to the sentence:
And while we Country, we were also sorts of tediums, disputable possibilities, and deadlocks from the game.
while fixing typos.
### I see some Project Gutenberg eBooks that are copyrighted. What's up with that?
Authors or publishers may grant Project Gutenberg an unlimited license to republish their works. In this kind of case, the copyright holders still retain their rights, but grant permission for us to share these eBooks with the world.
These copyrighted PG publications can still be copied, but the permissions granted are spelled out in their headers, and usually forbid anyone to republish them commercially.
### What are "non-renewed" books?
Works published before 1964 needed to have their copyrights renewed in their 28th year, or they'd enter into the public domain. Some books originally published outside of the US by non-Americans are exempt from this requirement, under GATT. Some works from before 1964 were automatically renewed.
### How can I get Project Gutenberg to clear a non-renewed book?
As of early 2004, you probably can't. Because of all of the checks we need to do to ensure that the book wasn't renewed, or wasn't one of the exceptions that was automatically renewed, we just don't have the time to do it. But we're working on it. In April 2004, with the help of hundreds of volunteers at Distributed Proofreaders, we finally posted all Copyright Renewal records for books from 1950 through 1977, and this will be a big help for checking non-renewals in future.

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Administrivia, by Michael Hart
==============================
Project Gutenberg does not want to get bogged down in administrivia, thus we have administrators who have no desire for political powers, financial rewards, or to write more than the most minimal guidelines for the Project Gutenberg volunters. (See FAQ #0 for the freedom of the volunteers to do what they want as much as possible.)
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---
layout: default
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# Administrivia by Michael Hart
@ -31,6 +31,3 @@ We want Project Gutenberg to stand for opening, not closing, doors.
Written by Michael S. Hart
June 20, 2004. Updated October 23, 2004.

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No Cost, or Freedom?
====================
The word free in the English language does not distinguish between free of charge and freedom.
Free of charge means that you don't have to pay for the book you received.
Freedom denotes that you may do as you like with the book you received.
This distinction is immaterial if you just want to read a book privately, but it becomes of utmost importance if you want to work with the book:
- you are a teacher and want to use the book in class,
- you wrote a thesis about the book and want to distribute the book along with your thesis,
- you have a literary web site and want to distribute the book to your audience,
- or you are a writer and want to adapt the book for the stage.
If the book you got is just free of charge but protected under U.S. copyright law, you may do none of the above things. You may not even make a copy of the book and give it to your best friend. But if the book you got is free as in freedom you may do anything you like with that book. Clearly free as in freedom beats free of charge.
Fortunately almost all Project Gutenberg eBooks are free of charge and free as in freedom for readers within the United States (if you are not in the United States, you will need to determine what copyright law protects where you are located).
Here are some real world examples of what people did with Project Gutenberg eBooks.
A few Project Gutenberg eBooks are protected by U.S. copyright law. You can tell by reading the license inside the book. You may download our copyrighted books and give copies away, but might be limited in commercial uses and derivative works.
## Why are these books free?
[Copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright) For the most part, copyright protection under U.S. law on the materials distributed by Project Gutenberg has expired. (They may still be copyrighted in other countries). So anybody located in the United States may make verbatim or non-verbatim copies of those works.
## Read More About Copyrights
- [Wikipedia: Copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright)
- [Wikipedia: Public Domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Domain)
- [Wikipedia: United States Copyright Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_copyright_law)

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---
layout: default
title: PG- Free Ebook Mean
permalink: /information/free_ebook.html
title: PG- No Cost, or Freedom?
permalink: /background/free_ebook.html
---
# No Cost or Freedom?
# No Cost, or Freedom?
The word free in the English language does not distinguish between free of charge and freedom.
@ -21,11 +20,11 @@ This distinction is immaterial if you just want to read a book privately, but it
If the book you got is just free of charge but protected under U.S. copyright law, you may do none of the above things. You may not even make a copy of the book and give it to your best friend. But if the book you got is free as in freedom you may do anything you like with that book. Clearly free as in freedom beats free of charge.
Fortunately almost all Project Gutenberg ebooks are free of charge and free as in freedom for readers within the United States (if you are not in the United States, you will need to determine what copyright law protects where you are located).
Fortunately almost all Project Gutenberg eBooks are free of charge and free as in freedom for readers within the United States (if you are not in the United States, you will need to determine what copyright law protects where you are located).
Here are some real world examples of what people did with Project Gutenberg ebooks.
Here are some real world examples of what people did with Project Gutenberg eBooks.
A few Project Gutenberg ebooks are protected by U.S. copyright law. You can tell by reading the license inside the book. You may download our copyrighted books and give copies away, but might be limited in commercial uses and derivative works.
A few Project Gutenberg eBooks are protected by U.S. copyright law. You can tell by reading the license inside the book. You may download our copyrighted books and give copies away, but might be limited in commercial uses and derivative works.
## Why are these books free?
[Copyright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright) For the most part, copyright protection under U.S. law on the materials distributed by Project Gutenberg has expired. (They may still be copyrighted in other countries). So anybody located in the United States may make verbatim or non-verbatim copies of those works.

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The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg, by Michael Hart
================================================================
© August 1992
## The Beginning
Project Gutenberg began in 1971 when Michael Hart was given an
operator's account with $100,000,000 of computer time in it by the
operators of the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the Materials Research
Lab at the University of Illinois.
This was totally serendipitous, as it turned out that two of a four
operator crew happened to be the best friend of Michael's and the best
friend of his brother. Michael just happened "to be at the right place
at the right time" at the time there was more computer time than
people knew what to do with, and those operators were encouraged to do
whatever they wanted with that fortune in "spare time" in the hopes
they would learn more for their job proficiency.
At any rate, Michael decided there was nothing he could do, in the way
of "normal computing," that would repay the huge value of the computer
time he had been given ... so he had to create $100,000,000 worth of
value in some other ma nner. An hour and 47 minutes later, he
announced that the greatest value created by computers would not be
computing, but would be the storage, retrieval, and s earching of what
was stored in our libraries. </p><p>He then proceeded to type in the
"Declaration of Independence" and tried to send it to everyone on the
networks ... which can only be described today as a not so narrow miss
at creating an early version of what was later called the "Internet
Virus."
A friendly dissuasion from this yielded the first posting of a
document i n electronic text, and Project Gutenberg was born as
Michael stated that he had "earned" the $100,000,000 because a copy of
the Declaration of Independence woul d eventually be an electronic
fixture in the computer libraries of 100,000,000 o f the computer
users of the future.
## The Beginning of the Gutenberg Philosophy
The premise on which Micheal Hart based Project Gutenberg was:
anything that can be entered into a computer can be reproduced
indefinitely ... what Micheal termed "Replicator Technology" The
concept of Replicator Technology is simple; once a book or any other
item (including pictures, sounds, and even 3-D items can be stored in
a computer), then any number of copies can and will be
available. Everyone in the world, or even not in this world (given
satellite transmission) can have a copy of a book that has been
entered into a computer.
This philosophical premise has created several offshoots: 1.Electronic
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The reason for this is that 99% of the hardware and software a person
is likely to run into can read and search these files.
Any other system of etext storage is going to fall short of an
audience of 99%.
This does not mean there are not other valid mean of doing the etext
business ... after all, over half the computers are DOS, so one could
address a wide audience by just doing DOS. Plain Vanilla ASCII,
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mainframers is still included.
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Footnote:
Our eventual goal is to provide Public Domain Etext editions a short
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plans. (The original copyright was for 14 years, in the U.S.) Thus, a
person could originally do a reasonable prediction that anything under
copyright would be in the Public Domain while it could be used, under
the new law it is impossible to predict the length of a copyright, and
the likelihood of a new book entering the Public Domain during the
lifetime of the average reader is minimal. (Suppose you might be 25
when you read a new book and the author is 50: wait the average 25
years for the author to die (what a thought!*) Now you have to wait
another 50 years to have access to that book; it doesn't matter when
it was written (unless it is an old one ... before the period the law
retroacted to) ... so you would have to wait (on the average) until
you were 100 years old. A 25-year-old under the original law would
only have to wait for 14 years ... until the age of 39. Quite a
difference; between the ages of 39 and 100. Not only that, but the
copyright laws would have to stay the same for all that time
... something in serious doubt, seeing how much they have changed in
the recent century.
## The Project Gutenberg Philosophy (continued)
The Project Gutenberg Philosophy is to make information, books and
other materials available to the general public in forms a vast
majority of the computers, programs and people can easily read, use,
quote, and search.
This has several ramifications:
1. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should cost so little that no one will
really care how much they cost. They should be a general size that
fits on the standard media of the time ...
2. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should be so easily used that no one
should ever have to care about how to use, read, quote and search them
...
## The Project Gutenberg Philosophy (continued)
[...] This has several ramifications:
1. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should cost so little that no one will
really care how much they cost. They should be a general size that
fits on the standard media of the time.
i.e. when we started, the files had to be very small as a normal 300
page book took one meg of space which no one in 1971 could be expected
to have (in general). So doing the U.S. Declaration of Independence
(only 5K) seemed the best place to start. This was followed by the
Bill of Rights — then the whole US Constitution, as space was getting
large (at least by the standards of 1973). Then came the Bible, as
individual books of the Bible were not that large, then Shakespeare (a
play at a time), and then into general work in the areas of light and
heavy literature and references.
By the time Project Gutenberg got famous, the standard was 360K disks,
so we did books such as Alice in Wonderland or Peter Pan because they
could fit on one disk. Now 1.44 is the standard disk and ZIP is the
standard compression; the practical filesize is about three million
characters, more than long enough for the average book.
However, pictures are still so bulky to store on disk that it will
still be a while before we include even the lowres Tenniel
illustrations in Alice and Looking-Glass. However we ARE very
interested in doing them, and are only waiting for advances in
technology to release a test edition. The market will have to
establish SOME standards for graphics, however, before we can attempt
to reach general audiences, at least on the graphics level.
To illustrate our faith in graphics, and in the future, we have gone
one step further in our pursuit of what we named "Replicator
Technology" TM a few years ago. We would like the end of this phase of
Project Gutenberg (with a first 3D application of Replicator
Technology), by doing CAT, MRI and XRAY Fluoroscopy scans of
something, perhaps a painting, and printing 3D copies. If anyone can
get us access to a hundred year old masterpiece ... the average book.
## The Project Gutenberg Philosophy (continued, 2)
[...] This has several ramifications:
2. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should so easily used that no one
should ever have to care about how to use, read, quote and search
them.
This has created a need to present these Project Gutenberg Etexts in
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" as we have come to call it over the years.
The reason for this is simple ... it is the only text mode that is
easy on both the eyes and the computer.
However, this encourages others to improve our etexts in a variety of
ways and to distribute them in a variety of the available media, as
follows: Once an etext is created in Plain Vanilla ASCII, it is the
foundation for as many editions as anyone could hope to do in the
future. Anyone desiring an etext edition matching, or not matching, a
particular paper edition can readily do the changes they like without
having to prepare that whole book again. They can use the Project
Gutenberg Etext as a foundation, and then build in any direction they
like.
Thus any complaints about how we do italics, bold, and the
underscoring, or whether we should use this or that markup formula are
sent back with encouragement to do it any ways any person wants it,
and with the basic work already done, with our compliments. The same
goes for media. We have had a long-standing work ethic of providing
our etexts in any medium people wanted: Amiga, Apple, Atari ... to
IBM, to Mac, to TRS-80 ... However, now that our etexts are carried
in so many BBS's, networks and other locations, it is easier to
download the file in a manner that puts them in your format than we
can make and mail a disk, so we don't really do that too much.
The major point of all this is that years from now Project Gutenberg
Etexts are still going to be viable, but program after program, and
operating system after operating system are going to go the way of the
dinosaur, as will all those pieces of hardware running them. Of
course, this is valid for all Plain Vanilla ASCII etexts ... not just
those your access has allowed you to get from Project Gutenberg. The
point is that a decade from now we probably won't have the same
operating systems, or the same programs and therefore all the various
kinds of etexts that are not Plain Vanilla ASCII will be obsolete. We
need to have etexts in files a Plain Vanilla search/reader program can
deal with; this is not to say there should never be any markup
... just those forms of markup should be easily convertible into
regular, Plain Vanilla ASCII files so their utility does not expire
when programs to use them are no longer with us. Remember all the
trouble with CONVERT programs to get files changed from old word
processor programs into Plain Vanilla ASCII?
Do you want to go through all that again with every book a whole world
ever puts into etext?
The value of Plain Vanilla ASCII is obvious ... so is very much of the
value of most of the various markup systems we have in the world. But
until some real standards arrive — we would be limiting our options a
great deal if we do not keep copies of all etexts in Plain Vanilla
ASCII as well. We don't have anything against markup. Not vice versa.
Alice in Wonderland, the Bible, Shakespeare, the Koran and many others
will be with us as long as civilization ... an operating system, a
program, a markup system ... will not.
This includes the many requests we have for compression in particular
formats. There are only two formats we know of that are suitable for
transfer to a wide general audience: Plain Vanilla ASCII (.txt files)
and ZIPped files of them, (.zip files). Requests for other compression
formats must be ignored as they are appropriate only for small
portions of our target audience. However, (programmers take note: we
will need help) we are planning to put some compression links on our
files so they can be transmitted in any of an assortment compression
formats on the fly. i.e. we should be able to generate any kind of
file asked for, but we can keep only one copy of each etext on our
servers ... as the .Z compression format does in a similar manner
today.
## The Selection of Project Gutenberg Etexts
There are three portions of the Project Gutenberg Library, basically
be described as:
Light Literature; such as Alice in Wonderland, Through the
Looking-Glass, Peter Pan, Aesop's Fables, etc.
Heavy Literature; such as the Bible or other religious documents,
Shakespeare, Moby Dick, Paradise Lost, etc.
References; such as Roget's Thesaurus, almanacs, and a set of
encyclopedia, dictionaries, etc.
The Light Literature Collection is designed to get persons to the
computer in the first place, whether the person may be a pre-schooler
or a great-grandparent. We love it when we hear about kids or
grandparents taking each other to an etexts to Peter Pan when they
come back from watching HOOK at the movies, or when they read Alice in
Wonderland after seeing it on TV. We have also been told that nearly
every Star Trek movie has quoted current Project Gutenberg etext
releases (from Moby Dick in The Wrath of Khan; a Peter Pan quote
finishing up the most recent, etc.) not to mention a reference to
Through the Looking-Glass in JFK. This was a primary concern when we
chose the books for our libraries.
We want people to be able to look up quotations they heard in
conversation, movies, music, other books, easily with a library
containing all these quotations in an easy to find etext format.
With Plain Vanilla ASCII you will be easily able to search an entire
library, without any program more sophisticated than a plain search
program. In fact, these Project Gutenberg Etext files are so plain
that you can do a search on them without even using an intermediate
search program (i.e. a program between you and the disk) Norton's and
other direct disk access programs can search every one of your files
without you even naming them, pointing to an etext directory, or
whatever. You can simply search a raw output from the disk ... I do
this on a half gigabyte disk partition, containing all our editions.

309
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---
layout: default
title: PG- History and Philosophy
permalink: /background/history_and_philosophy.html
---
# The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg by Michael Hart
The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg by Michael Hart
© August 1992
## The Beginning
Project Gutenberg began in 1971 when Michael Hart was given an
operator's account with $100,000,000 of computer time in it by the
operators of the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the Materials Research
Lab at the University of Illinois.
This was totally serendipitous, as it turned out that two of a four
operator crew happened to be the best friend of Michael's and the best
friend of his brother. Michael just happened "to be at the right place
at the right time" at the time there was more computer time than
people knew what to do with, and those operators were encouraged to do
whatever they wanted with that fortune in "spare time" in the hopes
they would learn more for their job proficiency.
At any rate, Michael decided there was nothing he could do, in the way
of "normal computing," that would repay the huge value of the computer
time he had been given ... so he had to create $100,000,000 worth of
value in some other ma nner. An hour and 47 minutes later, he
announced that the greatest value created by computers would not be
computing, but would be the storage, retrieval, and s earching of what
was stored in our libraries. </p><p>He then proceeded to type in the
"Declaration of Independence" and tried to send it to everyone on the
networks ... which can only be described today as a not so narrow miss
at creating an early version of what was later called the "Internet
Virus."
A friendly dissuasion from this yielded the first posting of a
document i n electronic text, and Project Gutenberg was born as
Michael stated that he had "earned" the $100,000,000 because a copy of
the Declaration of Independence woul d eventually be an electronic
fixture in the computer libraries of 100,000,000 o f the computer
users of the future.
## The Beginning of the Gutenberg Philosophy
The premise on which Micheal Hart based Project Gutenberg was:
anything that can be entered into a computer can be reproduced
indefinitely ... what Micheal termed "Replicator Technology" The
concept of Replicator Technology is simple; once a book or any other
item (including pictures, sounds, and even 3-D items can be stored in
a computer), then any number of copies can and will be
available. Everyone in the world, or even not in this world (given
satellite transmission) can have a copy of a book that has been
entered into a computer.
This philosophical premise has created several offshoots: 1.Electronic
Texts (Etexts) created by Project Gutenberg are to be made available
in the simplest, easiest to use forms available.
Suggestions to make them less readily available are not to be treated
lightly. Therefore, Project Gutenberg Etexts are made available in
what has become known as "Plain Vanilla ASCII," meaning the low set of
the American Standard Code for Information Interchange: ie the same
kind of character you read on a normal printed page — italics,
underlines, and bolds have been capitalized.
The reason for this is that 99% of the hardware and software a person
is likely to run into can read and search these files.
Any other system of etext storage is going to fall short of an
audience of 99%.
This does not mean there are not other valid mean of doing the etext
business ... after all, over half the computers are DOS, so one could
address a wide audience by just doing DOS. Plain Vanilla ASCII,
however, addresses the audience with Apples and Ataris all the way to
the old homebrew Z80 computers, while an audience of Mac, UNIX and
mainframers is still included.
In this same vein, Project Gutenberg selects etexts targeted a bit on
the "bang for the buck" philosophy ... we choose etexts we hope
extremely large portions of the audience will want and use
frequently. We are constantly asked to prepare etext from out of print
editions of esoteric materials, but this does not provide for usage by
the audience we have targeted, 99% of the general public.
Also in the same vein, Project Gutenberg has avoided requests,
demands, and pressures to create "authoritative editions." We do not
write for the reader who cares whether a certain phrase in Shakespeare
has a ":" or a ";" between its clauses. We put our sights on a goal to
release etexts that are 99.9% accurate in the eyes of the general
reader. Given the preferences your proofreaders have, and the general
lack of reading ability the public is currently reported to have, we
probably exceed those requirements by a significant amount. However,
for the person who wants an "authoritative edition" we will have to
wait some time until this becomes more feasible. We do, however,
intend to release many editions of Shakespeare and the other classics
for the comparative study on a scholarly level, before the end of the
year 2001, when we are scheduled to complete our 10,000 book Project
Gutenberg Electronic Public Library.
Project Gutenberg has been a part of celebrations of the 100th
Anniversary of Public Libraries, starting in 1995. Project Gutenberg
hopes to found "The Public Domain Register," after the 100th
Anniversary of The U.S. Copyright Register in 1997.
We hope you will be part of it, too. You are all invited.
Footnote:
Our eventual goal is to provide Public Domain Etext editions a short
time after they enter the Public Domain. Of course, the period before
a copyrighted work entered the Public Domain was extended from 28
years (with a 28 year extension available) to 50 years more than the
life of the author, so this put a kink, to put it mildly, into our
plans. (The original copyright was for 14 years, in the U.S.) Thus, a
person could originally do a reasonable prediction that anything under
copyright would be in the Public Domain while it could be used, under
the new law it is impossible to predict the length of a copyright, and
the likelihood of a new book entering the Public Domain during the
lifetime of the average reader is minimal. (Suppose you might be 25
when you read a new book and the author is 50: wait the average 25
years for the author to die (what a thought!*) Now you have to wait
another 50 years to have access to that book; it doesn't matter when
it was written (unless it is an old one ... before the period the law
retroacted to) ... so you would have to wait (on the average) until
you were 100 years old. A 25-year-old under the original law would
only have to wait for 14 years ... until the age of 39. Quite a
difference; between the ages of 39 and 100. Not only that, but the
copyright laws would have to stay the same for all that time
... something in serious doubt, seeing how much they have changed in
the recent century.
## The Project Gutenberg Philosophy (continued)
The Project Gutenberg Philosophy is to make information, books and
other materials available to the general public in forms a vast
majority of the computers, programs and people can easily read, use,
quote, and search.
This has several ramifications:
1. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should cost so little that no one will
really care how much they cost. They should be a general size that
fits on the standard media of the time ...
2. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should be so easily used that no one
should ever have to care about how to use, read, quote and search them
...
## The Project Gutenberg Philosophy (continued)
[...] This has several ramifications:
1. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should cost so little that no one will
really care how much they cost. They should be a general size that
fits on the standard media of the time.
i.e. when we started, the files had to be very small as a normal 300
page book took one meg of space which no one in 1971 could be expected
to have (in general). So doing the U.S. Declaration of Independence
(only 5K) seemed the best place to start. This was followed by the
Bill of Rights — then the whole US Constitution, as space was getting
large (at least by the standards of 1973). Then came the Bible, as
individual books of the Bible were not that large, then Shakespeare (a
play at a time), and then into general work in the areas of light and
heavy literature and references.
By the time Project Gutenberg got famous, the standard was 360K disks,
so we did books such as Alice in Wonderland or Peter Pan because they
could fit on one disk. Now 1.44 is the standard disk and ZIP is the
standard compression; the practical filesize is about three million
characters, more than long enough for the average book.
However, pictures are still so bulky to store on disk that it will
still be a while before we include even the lowres Tenniel
illustrations in Alice and Looking-Glass. However we ARE very
interested in doing them, and are only waiting for advances in
technology to release a test edition. The market will have to
establish SOME standards for graphics, however, before we can attempt
to reach general audiences, at least on the graphics level.
To illustrate our faith in graphics, and in the future, we have gone
one step further in our pursuit of what we named "Replicator
Technology" TM a few years ago. We would like the end of this phase of
Project Gutenberg (with a first 3D application of Replicator
Technology), by doing CAT, MRI and XRAY Fluoroscopy scans of
something, perhaps a painting, and printing 3D copies. If anyone can
get us access to a hundred year old masterpiece ... the average book.
## The Project Gutenberg Philosophy (continued, 2)
[...] This has several ramifications:
2. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should so easily used that no one
should ever have to care about how to use, read, quote and search
them.
This has created a need to present these Project Gutenberg Etexts in
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" as we have come to call it over the years.
The reason for this is simple ... it is the only text mode that is
easy on both the eyes and the computer.
However, this encourages others to improve our etexts in a variety of
ways and to distribute them in a variety of the available media, as
follows: Once an etext is created in Plain Vanilla ASCII, it is the
foundation for as many editions as anyone could hope to do in the
future. Anyone desiring an etext edition matching, or not matching, a
particular paper edition can readily do the changes they like without
having to prepare that whole book again. They can use the Project
Gutenberg Etext as a foundation, and then build in any direction they
like.
Thus any complaints about how we do italics, bold, and the
underscoring, or whether we should use this or that markup formula are
sent back with encouragement to do it any ways any person wants it,
and with the basic work already done, with our compliments. The same
goes for media. We have had a long-standing work ethic of providing
our etexts in any medium people wanted: Amiga, Apple, Atari ... to
IBM, to Mac, to TRS-80 ... However, now that our etexts are carried
in so many BBS's, networks and other locations, it is easier to
download the file in a manner that puts them in your format than we
can make and mail a disk, so we don't really do that too much.
The major point of all this is that years from now Project Gutenberg
Etexts are still going to be viable, but program after program, and
operating system after operating system are going to go the way of the
dinosaur, as will all those pieces of hardware running them. Of
course, this is valid for all Plain Vanilla ASCII etexts ... not just
those your access has allowed you to get from Project Gutenberg. The
point is that a decade from now we probably won't have the same
operating systems, or the same programs and therefore all the various
kinds of etexts that are not Plain Vanilla ASCII will be obsolete. We
need to have etexts in files a Plain Vanilla search/reader program can
deal with; this is not to say there should never be any markup
... just those forms of markup should be easily convertible into
regular, Plain Vanilla ASCII files so their utility does not expire
when programs to use them are no longer with us. Remember all the
trouble with CONVERT programs to get files changed from old word
processor programs into Plain Vanilla ASCII?
Do you want to go through all that again with every book a whole world
ever puts into etext?
The value of Plain Vanilla ASCII is obvious ... so is very much of the
value of most of the various markup systems we have in the world. But
until some real standards arrive — we would be limiting our options a
great deal if we do not keep copies of all etexts in Plain Vanilla
ASCII as well. We don't have anything against markup. Not vice versa.
Alice in Wonderland, the Bible, Shakespeare, the Koran and many others
will be with us as long as civilization ... an operating system, a
program, a markup system ... will not.
This includes the many requests we have for compression in particular
formats. There are only two formats we know of that are suitable for
transfer to a wide general audience: Plain Vanilla ASCII (.txt files)
and ZIPped files of them, (.zip files). Requests for other compression
formats must be ignored as they are appropriate only for small
portions of our target audience. However, (programmers take note: we
will need help) we are planning to put some compression links on our
files so they can be transmitted in any of an assortment compression
formats on the fly. i.e. we should be able to generate any kind of
file asked for, but we can keep only one copy of each etext on our
servers ... as the .Z compression format does in a similar manner
today.
## The Selection of Project Gutenberg Etexts
There are three portions of the Project Gutenberg Library, basically
be described as:
Light Literature; such as Alice in Wonderland, Through the
Looking-Glass, Peter Pan, Aesop's Fables, etc.
Heavy Literature; such as the Bible or other religious documents,
Shakespeare, Moby Dick, Paradise Lost, etc.
References; such as Roget's Thesaurus, almanacs, and a set of
encyclopedia, dictionaries, etc.
The Light Literature Collection is designed to get persons to the
computer in the first place, whether the person may be a pre-schooler
or a great-grandparent. We love it when we hear about kids or
grandparents taking each other to an etexts to Peter Pan when they
come back from watching HOOK at the movies, or when they read Alice in
Wonderland after seeing it on TV. We have also been told that nearly
every Star Trek movie has quoted current Project Gutenberg etext
releases (from Moby Dick in The Wrath of Khan; a Peter Pan quote
finishing up the most recent, etc.) not to mention a reference to
Through the Looking-Glass in JFK. This was a primary concern when we
chose the books for our libraries.
We want people to be able to look up quotations they heard in
conversation, movies, music, other books, easily with a library
containing all these quotations in an easy to find etext format.
With Plain Vanilla ASCII you will be easily able to search an entire
library, without any program more sophisticated than a plain search
program. In fact, these Project Gutenberg Etext files are so plain
that you can do a search on them without even using an intermediate
search program (i.e. a program between you and the disk) Norton's and
other direct disk access programs can search every one of your files
without you even naming them, pointing to an etext directory, or
whatever. You can simply search a raw output from the disk ... I do
this on a half gigabyte disk partition, containing all our editions.

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---
layout: default
title: Background, History and Philosophy | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /background/index.html
---
Background, History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg
=======================================================
How did Project Gutenberg begin, and grow? What motivated
its founder, Michael Hart? What are some of the core beliefs?
Project Gutenberg has a long history, which predates the modern
Internet and continues until today. The essays and documents in this
section provide some of the background of Project Gutenberg, and also
describe the basis for how Project Gutenberg operates.
[The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg by Michael Hart](/background/history_and_philosphy.html) (1992)
[Mission Statement](/background/mission_statement.html) (2004)
[Principal of Minimal regulation](/background/minimal_regulation.html) (2004)
[Administrativia](/background/administrivia.html) (2004)
[No Cost, or Freedom?](/background/free_ebook.md) (2012)
### Other items about Project Gutenberg
- eBook: [Project Gutenberg (1971-2008)](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27045) by Marie Lebert, covering the history of Project Gutenberg. Other titles by Marie Lebert cover other aspects of eBooks, in English, French and Spanish. Two of these are translations. A third is an album celebrating Project Gutenberg's 40th anniversary:
- [Le Projet Gutenberg (1971-2008)](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27046) [in French]
- [El Proyecto Gutenberg (1971-2009)](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31633) [in Spanish]
- [Project Gutenberg 4 July 1971 - 4 July 2011](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36616). Album with pictures in PDF.
- Article: [The Second Gutenberg Interview with Michael Hart](http://samvak.tripod.com/busiweb29.html) by Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. (May 2002).
- Article: [Project Gutenberg's Anabasis](http://samvak.tripod.com/busiweb39.html) by Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. (January 5, 2004).
- Interview: [The Ubiquitous Project Gutenberg Interview](http://samvak.tripod.com/busiweb46.html) with Michael Hart, its Founder by Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. (November 11, 2005).

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---
layout: default
title: Background, History and Philosophy | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /background/index.html
---
Background, History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg
=======================================================
How did Project Gutenberg begin, and grow? What motivated
its founder, Michael Hart? What are some of the core beliefs?
Project Gutenberg has a long history, which predates the modern
Internet and continues until today. The essays and documents in this
section provide some of the background of Project Gutenberg, and also
describe the basis for how Project Gutenberg operates.
[The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg by Michael Hart](/background/history_and_philosphy.html) (1992)
[/background/mission_statement.html](Mission Statement) (2004)
[Principal of Minimal regulation](/background/minimal_regulation.html) (2004)
[Administrativia](/background/administrivia.html) (2004)
[No Cost, or Freedom?](/background/free_ebook.md) (2012)
### Other items about Project Gutenberg
- eBook: [Project Gutenberg (1971-2008)](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27045) by Marie Lebert, covering the history of Project Gutenberg. Other titles by Marie Lebert cover other aspects of eBooks, in English, French and Spanish. Two of these are translations. A third is an album celebrating Project Gutenberg's 40th anniversary:
- [Le Projet Gutenberg (1971-2008)](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27046) [in French]
- [El Proyecto Gutenberg (1971-2009)](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31633) [in Spanish]
- [Project Gutenberg 4 July 1971 - 4 July 2011](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36616). Album with pictures in PDF.
- Article: [The Second Gutenberg Interview with Michael Hart](http://samvak.tripod.com/busiweb29.html) by Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. (May 2002).
- Article: [Project Gutenberg's Anabasis](http://samvak.tripod.com/busiweb39.html) by Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. (January 5, 2004).
- Interview: [The Ubiquitous Project Gutenberg Interview](http://samvak.tripod.com/busiweb46.html) with Michael Hart, its Founder by Sam Vaknin, Ph.D. (November 11, 2005).

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permalink: /background/minimal_regulation.html
---
Project Gutenberg Principle of Minimal Regulation/ Administration, by Michael Hart and Greg Newby
=================================================================================================
Project Gutenberg is founded on the principle of Minimal supervision of our volunteers in their effort to promote our mission:
To encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks.
We have found the best thing Project Gutenberg can do to achieve the mission is often to simply get out of the way and let our volunteers do what they like best, and then help them make any adjustments that might be necessary to get their work to the most readers.
These non-interference principles mean the Project Gutenberg's staff and the organization as a whole can do the most good by setting up a set of tools and infrastructure to create and distribute eBooks, and then let creative and energetic volunteers do work as they see fit.
One of the outcomes of this principle is free experimentation with a lot of new ideas, even if these ideas break with past traditions and methods - or even common sense! Rather than saying, "NO," to people with new ideas, Project Gutenberg strives to say, "YES," and to back it up with assistance to get these new ideas into practical output.
Another outcome of this principle of non-interference is a lack of a need for perfectionism. Project Gutenberg has always been a work in progress, a new way of doing things. Rather than trying to find the one "right way to create and distribute eBooks," we believed in lots of ways, as many different "right" ways as people want to have.
As Project Gutenberg operates on the principle of non-interference--our mission includes keeping the door open to people or projects for the creation of many a different ways of seeing things. The project recognizes a big role for people with more focused interests, or who prefer to work with a specific emphasis. When these interests match with the Gutenberg mission, these people and projects are welcome to function entirely or partially as part of Project Gutenberg, or in a mutually beneficial but non-exclusive way. When interests don't get perfectly matched, Project Gutenberg is a supportive and encouraging force behind any efforts that help fulfill any similar missions.
The Project Gutenberg organization consists of many individuals, all of whom have different motivations and interests. We are working to achieve a common mission: to create and distribute eBooks. Since no single organization or effort can be "just right" for everyone, even with a shared mission, Project Gutenberg works hard to remove all of the barriers that might stand between motivated individuals, groups, or other like minded organizations: these have created standards of their own to work on particular authors, formats, languages, etc. so we can provide you either with the freedom to create your eBooks for your own purposes and standards or to use prearranged standards. We recognize that our volunteers ARE volunteers, and that you should be given as much help or as much leeway, or both, as possible.
The only barrier that Project Gutenberg seeks to maintain is the one that keeps notions such as dogmatism, perfectionism, elitism, format restrictions, content restrictions and so forth from restricting the freedom of people to create, read and distribute the eBooks they are interested in. This leads to a one of the Project Gutenberg mottos:
Break Down the Bars of Ignorance and Illiteracy.
Written by Michael S. Hart and Gregory B. Newby
June 25, 2004. Updated October 23, 2004.

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title: PG- Contact Information
permalink: /about/minimal_regulation.html
title: PG- Principle of Minimal Regulation
permalink: /background/minimal_regulation.html
---
# Project Gutenberg Principle of Minimal Regulation/ Administration by Micheal Hart and Greg Newby
# Project Gutenberg Principle of Minimal Regulation/ Administration by Michael Hart and Greg Newby
From Project Gutenberg, the first producer of free ebooks.
Project Gutenberg is founded on the principle of Minimal supervision of our volunteers in their effort to promote our mission:
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<li><a href="#">Should I keep page numbers in the e-text?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">In the exceptional cases where I keep page numbers, how should I format them?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Should I keep Tables of Contents?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Should I keep Indexes and Glossaries?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">How do I handle a break from one scene to another, where the book uses blank lines, or a row of asterisks?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">How should I treat footnotes?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">My book leaves a space before punctuation like semicolons, question marks, exclamation marks and quotes. Should I do the same?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">My book leaves a space in the middle of contracted words like "do n't", "we 'll" and "he 's". Should I do the same?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">V.106. How should I handle tables?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">How should I format letters or journal entries?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">What can I do with the British pound sign?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">What can I do with the degree symbol?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">How should I handle . . . ellipses?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">How should I handle chapter and section headings?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">My book has advertisements at the end. Should I keep them?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Can I keep Lists of Illustrations, even when producing a plain text file?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Can I include the captions of Illustrations, even when producing a plain text file?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Can I include images with my text file?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#">About formatting poetry</a>
<ol class="inner_1">
<li><a href="#">I'm producing a book of poetry. How should I format it?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">I'm producing a novel with some short quotations from poems. How should I format them?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#">About formatting plays</a>
<ol class="inner_1">
<li><a href="#">How should I format Act and Scene headings?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">How should I format stage directions?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">How should I format blank verse?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#">About some typical formatting issues</a>
<ol class="inner_1">
<li><a href="#">Sample 1: Typical formatting issues of a novel.</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Sample 2: Typical formatting issues of non-fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Sample 3: Typical formatting issues of poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Sample 4: Typical formatting issues of plays</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#">About problems with the printed books</a>
<ol class="inner_1">
<li><a href="#">I found some distasteful or offensive passages in a book I'm producing. Should I omit them?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Some paragraphs in my book, where a character is speaking, have quotes at the start, but not at the end. Should I close those quotes?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">The spelling in my book is British English (colour, centre). Should I change these to American spellings?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">I'm nearly sure that some words in my printed book are typos. Should I change them?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Having investigated what looks like a typo, I find it isn't. Do I need to do anything?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Aarrgh! Some pages are missing! Do I have to abandon the book?</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Some words are spelled inconsistently in my book (e.g. sometimes "surprise", sometimes "surprize"). Should I make them consistent?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>

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---
layout: default
title: PG- Linking Pages
permalink: /information/linking_pages.html
---
# Information About Linking to our Pages
<div class="box_shadow">This page contains information for webmasters who want to link to our site. If you just want to browse our site, you don't need to read this page.</div>
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1. [Rules](#rules)
2. [Do Not Link Directly to the eBook Files](#do-not-link-directly-to-the-ebook-files)
3. [Canonical URLs to Books and Authors](#canonical-urls-to-books-and-authors)
4. [Image Inlining](#image-inlining)
5. [Independent Project Gutenberg Search Sites](#independent-project-gutenberg-search-sites)
/>
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---
layout: default
title: Collection Development Policy - Project Gutenberg
permalink: /policy/collection_development.htm
title: Collection Development | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /policy/collection_development.html
---
Project Gutenberg is a library of free electronic books (eBooks).
The Project Gutenberg collection has been built by the efforts of volunteers who,
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Collection Development Policy
=============================
Project Gutenberg is a library of free electronic books (eBooks). The
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enormous variety and usefulness, worthy of cherishing and keeping
free. We realize that the application of these propositions may mean
the dissemination of ideas and manners of expression that are
repugnant to many persons. We do not state these propositions in the
comfortable belief that what people read is unimportant. We believe
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Project Gutenberg worked with many different content types, including audio books, digitized sheet music, some
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Project Gutenberg worked with many different content types, including
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copyrighted items that were donated by contemporary authors. By the
early 2000s, it was clear that Project Gutenberg was not as
well-suited for those different content types as for public domain
literature. There are now many other outlets for these other types of
works, including a self-publishing portal for contemporary authors
that is operated by a Project Gutenberg affiliate.
Project Gutenberg will not remove or deprecate these previous
items. They were all donated and accepted with the best of intentions,
and with the understanding that Project Gutenberg would provide for
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## Status of this policy
The Project Gutenberg collection development policy was approved by the Board of Directors of the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation (PGLAF) in November 2019. It was also endorsed by the Trustees of the Distributed Proofreaders Foundation.
The Project Gutenberg collection development policy was approved by
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Foundation (PGLAF) in November 2019. It was also endorsed by the
Trustees of the Distributed Proofreaders Foundation.
Day-to-day operation of the Project Gutenberg website, along with associated workflows and procedures, is by
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Day-to-day operation of the Project Gutenberg website, along with
associated workflows and procedures, is by volunteers. The specific
mechanisms applied to grow the Project Gutenberg collection are
subject to change over time, within the guidance included in
collection development policy.

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---
layout: default
title: Policies | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /policy/index.html
---
Policies
========
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[Linking](linking.html): Policy and advice on linking to Project Gutenberg.
[Permissions how-to](permission.html): Almost everything is allowed, without asking permission!
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[Trademark license](license.html): the "small print" of how the Project Gutenberg name may be used.

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---
layout: default
title: PG-Project Gutenberg License
permalink: /how_to/project_gutenberg_license.html
title: License | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /policy/license.html
---
# The Project Gutenberg License
The Project Gutenberg License
=============================
<div class="contents">
<ol>

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---
layout: default
title: Linking to Our Site | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /policy/linking.html
---
Information About Linking to Project Gutenberg
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Rules
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---
layout: default
title: Linking to our Site | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /policy/linking.html
---
Linking to Project Gutenberg
============================
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---
layout: default
title: PG- Permission FAQ
permalink: /how_to/permission.html
title: Permission How-to | Project Gutenberg
permalink: /policy/permission.html
---
# Permission How-To
Permission How-To
=================
<div class="contents">
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Project_Gutenberg_Permissions.2C_Licensing_and_other_Common_Requests">1 Project Gutenberg Permissions, Licensing and other Common Requests</a>
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